Biology 002 Final
A cell is mutated in such a way that it is no longer able to produce uracil. How many different types of amino acids is this cell still able to produce? Use this chart to help you eliminate options. 4 64 None of these answers 12 16
12
The inner most shell of an atom can hold __ electrons 2 8 6 4
2
The human genome is a diploid genome. However, when germ-line cells produce gametes, these specialized cells are haploid. What is the total number of chromosomes found in each of the gametes (egg or sperm) in your body? 22 23 44 46 48
23
The leading strand of a DNA molecule has the following sequence: 5'-CGCATGTAGCGA-3'. Which of the following sequences is complementary to the leading strand shown above? 3'-GCGTACATCGCT-5' 5'-GCGTACATCGCT-3' 3'-AGCGATGTACGC-5' None of these answers is correct 5'-AGCGATGTACGC-3' 5'-GCGTACATCGCT-3'
3'-GCGTACATCGCT-5'
If you have a strand of DNA in which 20% of the bases are adenine, what percentage of guanine do you have? 10% 20% 30% 40%
30%
In what direction do Okazaki fragments replicate? 2' -> 5' None of these answers 3' -> 5' 5' -> 3' 2' -> 3'
5' -> 3'
What is the anticodon corresponding to the codon 5'-GUA-3' 5'-CAU-3' 5'-UAC-3' None of these answers 5'-AUG-3' 5'-UTC-3'
5'-UAC-3'
What is the pH of pure water?
7
A mutation is __ A permanent change to the information carried by the DNA molecule A temporary mistake None of these answers A temporary change A single change in a base
A permanent change to the information carried by the DNA molecule
Fill in each of the letters (A-E) with the correct transcription factor. A) The transcription factor, __ , found on the TATA binding protein (TBP), recognizes and binds to the TATA box B) The binding of the TBP allows binding of the transcription factor ____ C) General transcription factor __ is recruited and binds to the complex to create a binding site D) ___ then pries open the double helix at the transcription start point and binds to the binding site to release other general transcription factors and start transcription E) transcription factor ___ stabilizes RNA polymerase while in contact with the TBP and prevents contact of DNA outside of the promoter region A) TFIIE B) TFIIH C) TFIIE D) TFIIB E) TFIIF A) TFIID B) TFIIB C) TFIIE D) TFIIH E) TFIIF A) TFIIH B) TFIID C) TFIIF D) TFIIB E) TFIIE A) TFIIB B) TFIID C) TFIIE D) TFIIH E) TFIIF
A) TFIID B) TFIIB C) TFIIE D) TFIIH E) TFIIF
Integrin proteins, which link intracellular actin filaments to extracellular matrix protein, belong to which class of plasma membrane proteins? Anchors Transporters Receptors Enzymes Ion channel
Anchors
Membrane proteins, like membrane lipids, can move laterally by exchanging positions with other membrane components. Which type of membrane protein is expected to be the least mobile? Anchors Channels Receptors Enzymes
Anchors
These organisms may be found in extreme environments such as in the hot acid of volcanic springs. Bacteria Eukaryotes None of these. Fungus Archaea
Archaea
Which amino acids have side chains that are positively charged? Arginine Lysine Histidine Aspartic Acid
Arginine Lysine
What is the function of snRNPs U1 within the spliceosome? None of these answers Escorts U5 Binds to the exon Binds to the 5' splice site Binds to the branch point
Binds to the 5' splice site
All of the following can be viewed with a light microscope EXCEPT Nucleus None of the above Cell Wall Neutron Chloroplast
Neutron
(Q035) A. thaliana, or Arabidopsis, is a common weed. Biologists have selected it over hundreds of thousands of other flowering plant species to serve as an experimental model organism because it can withstand extremely cold climates. it can reproduce in 8-10 weeks. it produces thousands of offspring per plant. Both "it can reproduce in 8-10 weeks" and "it produces thousands of offspring per plant" are true.
Both "it can reproduce in 8-10 weeks" and "it produces thousands of offspring per plant" are true.
Which of the following represents the correct order of enzyme participation in DNA replication? None of these answers is correct DNA Polymerase I > DNA ligase > DNA Polymerase III > DNA Helicase DNA Polymerase I > DNA Helicase > RNA Primases > DNA ligase DNA Helicase > RNA Primases > DNA Polymerase > DNA ligase RNA Primases > DNA Polymerase > DNA Helicase > DNA ligase
DNA Helicase > RNA Primases > DNA Polymerase > DNA ligase
When comparing gene transcription and DNA replication, which statement is incorrect? RNA polymerase can start a RNA chain without a primer No proofreading function for RNA polymerases - transcription is 1000X more error-prone DNA in polymerized in the 5' to 3' direction, whilst RNA in read in the 3' to 5' direction. None of these choices Polymerase uses nucleotides to make new material.
DNA in polymerized in the 5' to 3' direction, whilst RNA in read in the 3' to 5' direction.
Which of these proteins are not involved directly in a prokaryotic replication machine? None of these answers DNA polymerase II Helicase RNA Primase DNA Polymerase I DNA Polymerase III
DNA polymerase II
What is the first mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA following DNA polymerization? thymine dimers None of these answers mismatch repair DNA polymerase proofreading nucleotide excision repair
DNA polymerase proofreading
Which type of reaction creates order in the universe, by having a positive ΔG? How are they able to occur? Energetically Unfavorable, they take place only when they are coupled to a second reaction with a negative ΔG Energetically Favorable, they take place only when they are coupled to a second reaction with a negative ΔG Energetically Unfavorable, they take place only when they are coupled to a second reaction with a positive ΔG Energetically Unfavorable, they take place only when they are coupled to a second reaction with a neutral ΔG
Energetically Unfavorable, they take place only when they are coupled to a second reaction with a negative ΔG
The measure of a system's disorder is called the ______ of the system, and the greater the disorder, the greater the entropy Entropy Catabolism Anabolism Metabolism
Entropy
Study the image of comparative gene expression below. The WT points represent gene expression levels in a normal (wildtype) organism, whilst the Mut points represent gene expression levels in a mutant organism. Which statement is false? The expression of gene 3 in the mutant is about twice as much as gene 1 expression in the wild type Gene 3 is expressed at high levels None of these answers is false Gene 2 is expressed at intermediate levels Gene 2 is expressed at low levels
Gene 2 is expressed at intermediate levels
(Q007) Which DNA base pair is represented in Figure 5-7? A-T T-A G-C C-G
G-C
Which DNA base pair is represented in Figure 5-7? A-T T-A G-C C-G None of the above
G-C
The organelle shown in the figure is the ___________ and one of its main functions is to ___________. a) endoplasmic reticulum; make proteins for secretion b) endoplasmic reticulum; package and modify proteins for secretion c) Golgi apparatus; make proteins for secretion d) Golgi apparatus; package and modify proteins for secretion e) None of these answers
Golgi apparatus; package and modify proteins for secretion
Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells? Griffith Watson and Crick Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Hershey and Chase
Griffith
The presence of just an activated activator complex and the appropriate polymerase enzyme at the promoter, the bacterial lac operon will yield: High gene expression Very low gene expression None of these answers No gene expression Basal gene expression
High gene expression
What packs the DNA into a repeating array of DNA-protein particles called nucleosomes, which further fold up into even more compact chromatin structures Histones Chromatin Enzymes Heterochromatin
Histones
(Q028) __________ play an important role in organizing lipid molecules with long hydrocarbon tails into biological membranes. Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Hydrophobic forces Van der Waals attractions
Hydrophobic forces
Someone you know has developed a mutation that leads to skin cancer and is pregnant. They are worried that their child will be born with the cancer mutation they have while carrying the baby. Should they be worried? Yes, the mutations can be passed on to the child through the placenta. No, the mutations causing the cancer are in somatic cells, not reproductive germ cells. None of these answers. Yes, the cancer can spread to the baby. No, UV light only affects adult, somatic cells.
No, the mutations causing the cancer are in somatic cells, not reproductive germ cells.
With regard to process of splicing, which one statement is false? It occurs only in Eukaryotes The parts of a mRNA which are kept are called exons By employing a spliceosome, a mature mRNA is developed from a pre-mRNA Splicing always takes place within the nucleus Noncoding regions are removed from DNA and coding regions are kept
Noncoding regions are removed from DNA and coding regions are kept
Select all that apply. Which of the following is not an activated carrier? ATP NADH FADH2 Acetyl Coa None of the above
None of the above
In response to starvation, what gland releases the hormone Cortisol? Kidneys Liver Hypothalamus Higher centers of the brain Anterior pituitary None of these answers
None of these answers
What does RNA polymerase do in prokaryotic DNA replication? Unzips DNA to transcribe it Unzips DNA to translate it Unzips RNA to transcribe it Unzips RNA to translate it None of these answers
None of these answers
The Shine-Delgano sequence present in bacterial mRNA is essential for the initiation of translation because: None of these answers It is complementary to an RNA sequence in the small ribosomal subunit It attracts the first amino acid tRNA It attracts the large ribosomal subunit It is complementary to an RNA sequence in the large ribosomal subunit
It is complementary to an RNA sequence in the small ribosomal subunit
Which one statement is correct about the ribosome structure of prokaryotes? Large subunit contains 16s and 23 rRNA and 34 proteins Small subunit contains 5s rRNA and 21 proteins Large subunit contains 5s and 23 rRNA and 34 proteins Large subunit contains 5s and 16 rRNA and 34 proteins Small subunit contains 23s rRNA and 21 proteins
Large subunit contains 5s and 23 rRNA and 34 proteins
Which of the following are forms of membrane proteins associating with the lipid bilayer? Ttransmembrane Lipid linked Monolayer associated α Helix Protein-attatched
Lipid linked Protein-attatched
Which of the following organelles has a single membrane? Lysosome None of the above Mitochondria Chloroplast Nucleus
Lysosome
With respect to MR. GREy +, what does the plus sign represent? Metabolism and DNA Mutation and DNA Membrane and DNA Made of Cell(s) and DNA
Made of cell(s) and DNA
Which one represents the role of RNA polymerase I? Making RNA of ribosomes Making tRNA, and many regulatory RNAs Moving forward the transcription to make Protein Making regulatory RNAs All are of the answers are correct
Making RNA of ribosomes
Generally, you would use the unit of _____ to measure a typical plant or animal cell? Micrometers Nanometers Meters Millimeters
Micrometers
The term ______ can be defined as the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule and _____ involves the addition of electrons to an atom. Oxidation, Reduction Oxidation, Respiration Reduction, Oxidation Respiration, Oxidation
Oxidation, Reduction
Of the bonds learned in this chapter, which specific type of bonds holds adjacent amino acids together? Hydrogen Bonds Covalent bonds Ionic bonds Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds
Which of the membrane lipids does contain a fatty acid tail? hosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine A glycolipid Cholesterol
Phosphatidylserine A glycolipid
To begin transcription, eukaryotic RNA polymerase II requires a set of general transcription factors. Which of the following is not a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II? Sigma Factor TFIIC TFIIE Transcription factor II H TATA-binding protein
Sigma Factor TFIIC
Which of the following is responsible for initiation of RNA polymerase activity in prokaryotes? Rho factor Sigma factor TATA box None of these answers Initiation site
Sigma factor
(Q028) Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which chromatin-remodeling complexes "loosen" the DNA wrapped around the core histones? They use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to change the relative position of the DNA and the core histone octamer. They chemically modify the DNA, changing the affinity between the histone octamer and the DNA. They remove histone H1 from the linker DNA adjacent to the core histone octamer. They chemically modify core histones to alter the affinity between the histone octamer and the DNA.
They use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to change the relative position of the DNA and the core histone octamer.
Which of the following are examples of general protein function? Select all that may apply. Structural Proteins Transport Proteins Receptor Proteins Gene Regulatory Proteins
Transport Proteins Receptor Proteins Gene Regulatory Proteins
Hydrophobic molecules, by contrast, are insoluble in water because all or almost all of their atoms are uncharged and nonpolar; they, therefore, cannot form favorable interactions with water molecules. True False
True
Photosynthetic bacteria do not contain chloroplasts. True False
True
(Q039) Both glycoproteins and proteoglycans contribute to the carbohydrate layer on the surface of the cell. Which of the following statements about glycoproteins is FALSE? They can be secreted into the extracellular environment. They have only one transmembrane domain. They have long carbohydrate chains. They are recognized by lectins.
They have long carbohydrate chains.
How do changes in histone modifications lead to changes in chromatin structure? They directly lead to changes in the positions of the core histones. They change the affinity between the histone octamer and the DNA. They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin. They cause the histone N-terminal tails to become hyperextended. None of the above
They help recruit other proteins to the chromatin.
(Q020) Protein structures have several different levels of organization. The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence. The secondary and tertiary structures are more complicated. Consider the definitions below and select the one that best fits the term "protein domain." a small cluster of α helices and β sheets the tertiary structure of a substrate-binding pocket a complex of more than one polypeptide chain a protein segment that folds independently
a protein segment that folds independently
mRNAs are designed for what cellular function? serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis regulate gene expression form the core of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis None of these answers code for proteins
code for proteins
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted into other types of energy. Cells harvest some of the potential energy in the chemical bonds of foodstuffs to generate stored chemical energy in the form of activated carrier molecules, which are often employed to join two molecules together in __________ reactions. oxidation hydrolysis condensation dehydrogenation None of the above
condensation
Most ___________ are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called __________. a) Macromolecules, monomers b) molecules, monomers c) monomers, macromolecules d) monomers, molecules
a) Macromolecules, monomers
Covalent bonds in macromolecules are primarily important for, a) None of these answers b) breaking apart monomers. c) interactions with other macromolecules. d) forming the three-dimensional folded conformation. e) enzyme-substrate binding.
a) None of these answers
What would happen if chromosomes did not have telomeres? a) Without telomeres, every cell division would mean that some amount of important genetic information would be clipped off and lost b)Without telomeres, every cell would continuously divide without regulation c)Without telomeres, every cell would replicate twice as slowly All of the above
a) Without telomeres, every cell division would mean that some amount of important genetic information would be clipped off and lost
Materials are transported from one organelle to another by ... a) transport vesicles. b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. c) Golgi apparatus d) rough endoplasmic reticulum. e) None of the above
a) transport vesicles.
All of the biological molecules listed below contain high-energy phosphate bonds. Which one is the key driver of most phosphorylation reactions and the transfer of metabolic energy? glucose-P creatine-P acetyl-P adenosine-P3 None of the above
adenosine-P3
A mutation in DNA can affect the amino acid sequence because it affects the code found in The nuclease tRNA mRNA None of these answers rRNA
mRNA
Which terms are equal? In a Venn diagram they would be fully overlapping! Eukarya None of these. Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes
none of these
All of the carbohydrate on the glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids is located on the __ of the plasma membrane, where it forms a sugar coating called the __ outside, glycocalyx inside, glycocalyx outside, glycoprotein inside, glycoprotein
outside, glycocalyx
Ionic bond formed between two atoms is a result of the donation or acceptance of electrons from the other atom sharing of neutrons sharing of electrons donation or acceptance of neutrons from the other atom donation or acceptance of protons from the other atom
donation or acceptance of electrons from the other atom
(Q040) Which of the following methods would be the most suitable to assess whether your protein exists as a monomer or in a complex? gel-filtration chromatography gel electrophoresis western blot analysis ion-exchange chromatography
gel-filtration chromatography
(Q033) Which of the following are examples of isomers? glucose and galactose alanine and glycine adenine and guanine glycogen and cellulose
glucose and galactose
Which of the following is true for the unsaturated tails of lipids in a membrane? are hydrophilic. are unstable and tend to break apart. have kinks in them and lessen the interaction between adjacent fat molecules. will break whenever exposed to phosphate ions. all of the above
have kinks in them and lessen the interaction between adjacent fat molecules.
What is the function of the TATA-binding protein? Choose all that apply. functions as a subunit of TFIID None of the above directly provide stability to mRNA helps attract the other general transcription factors cuts introns from mRNA
helps attract the other general transcription factors functions as a subunit of TFIID
Affinity chromatography can be used to isolate the binding partners of a protein of interest. How are the attached proteins of interest eluted in affinity chromatography? Choose all that apply. high salt concentration change in pH change in protein concentration change in temperature None of the above
high salt concentration change in pH
For the activated carriers widely used in metabolism NADH, NADPH, FADH2. What is the the group with high-energy linkage? hydrogen and electrons phosphate acetyl group carboxyl group glucose methyl group
hydrogen and electrons
(Q014) Some proteins have α helices, some have α sheets, and still others have a combination of both. What makes it possible for proteins to have these common structural elements? specific amino acid sequences side-chain interactions the hydrophobic-core interactions hydrogen bonds along the protein backbone
hydrogen bonds along the protein backbone
Pick the types of covalent bonds. (all that apply) Di-sulfide Polar Sulfide Non-polar
polar non polar
When denaturing solvent is removed from a protein, the protein often refolds spontaneously into its original conformation. What is the proper name for this process in the context of biology? renaturation denaturation exnaturation reconstructed None of the above
renaturation
RNA polymerase III transcribes which classes of genes, mainly? 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA genes All protein coding genes All of the answers are correct None of these answers tRNA genes, 5S rRNA genes, some snRNA genes, and genes from other small RNAs
tRNA genes, 5S rRNA genes, some snRNA genes, and genes from other small RNAs
(Q013) An ionic bond between two atoms is formed as a result of the haring of electrons. loss of electrons from both atoms loss of a proton from one atom. transfer of electrons from one atom to the other.
transfer of electrons from one atom to the other.
Which of the following phospholipid precursors is the most hydrophobic? triacylglycerol diacylglycerol phosphate glycerol choline
triacylglycerol
Which association between complementary bases would require the most energy to break? A-U and A-T A-T A-U C-G All are equal
C-G
Choose the bonds that are listed from strongest to weakest. None of the above Hydrogen, Ionic, Covalent Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
Which of the proteins below are expressed in all cells? Insulin Glycolytic enzymes Thyroxine Immunoglobulin Hemoglobin
Glycolytic enzymes
Strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), lose their protons ____. Acetic acid, on the other hand, is a weak acid because it holds on to its proton _____ when dissolved in water. Tightly, Easily Easily, tightly
Easily, tightly
What are the method(s) for isolating or separating proteins? Choose all that apply. Electrophoresis Chromatography Isoelectric focusing X-ray crystallography Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Electrophoresis Chromatography Isoelectric focusing
One of the processes making proteins in a Eukaryotic cells, mRNA degradation will sometimes occur. Where does this even usually take place? Inside the golgi complex In the cytosol None of these answers Inside the nucleus Inside the Ribosome
In the cytosol
Which of the following statements is true? When lipids and water are mixed, it is the water molecules that isolate themselves into droplets. Lipids are nonpolar and will not dissolve in water. Polar substances are able to pass through a plasma membrane more readily than nonpolar substances. All portions of a phospholipid molecule found in a membrane are classified as nonpolar.
Polar substances are able to pass through a plasma membrane more readily than nonpolar substances.
What are the 3 most common histone modifications? (Ch5) Methylation, Phosphorylation, Esterification Methylation, Acetylation, Esterification Ethylation, Phosphorylation, Acetylation Methylation, Phosphorylation, Acetylation None of these answers
Methylation, Phosphorylation, Acetylation
How many origins of replication do humans chromosomes have? More than four One None of these answers Four Two
More than four
Select all that apply. Which of the following is true about covalent bonds? Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons Polar covalent bonds equally share electrons Double bonds are longer and stronger than single bonds Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds
Polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons Double bonds are shorter and stronger than single bonds
Which of the following makes up the backbone DNA nucleotide? nitrogenous bases phosphate groups alternating sugars and nitrogenous bases alternating phosphate and sugar groups sugars
alternating phosphate and sugar groups
The Cdc2 gene identified from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was found to play a part in multiple events in the cell division cycle. In the event that a gene was inactivated by a mutation, what would happen if the defective cells were provided with a normal copy of the gene? a) A second mutation would occur on the defective gene b) The cells would regain their function to reproduce c) None of the above d) Adding the normal copy of the gene would have no effect
b) The cells would regain their function to reproduce
Why do sugars tend to be highly water soluble? because of their large numbers of sulfhydryl groups because of their small molecular weights because of their large numbers of methyl groups because they have only a few hydroxyl groups because of their large numbers of hydroxyl groups
because of their large numbers of hydroxyl groups
Select the answer that best fits the blank. The __ bind to newly synthesized or partially folded chains and helping them to fold along the most energetically favorable pathway. chaperone proteins hydrophobic amino acids hydrophilic amino acids positive charge
chaperone proteins
What are the method(s) are used to probe a protein structure? Choose all that apply. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy X-ray crystallography chromatography electrophoresis None of the above
chromatography electrophoresis
Which of the following BEST describes the the functional characteristics of the lysosome? clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules transport of material to the Golgi apparatus sorting of transport vesicles storage of genetic material the storage of excess macromolecules
clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
In cells, macromolecules are synthesized by __reactions and broken down by __ reactions condensation, hydrolysis hydrolysis, condensation phosphorylation, hydrolysis phosphorylation, dephosphorylation
condensation, hydrolysis
The pH of an aqueous solution is an indication of the concentration of available protons. However, you should not expect to find lone protons in solution; rather, the proton is added to a water molecule to form a(n) __ ion. hydroxide hydronium chloride ammonium
hydronium
(Q009) What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell? centimeters nanometers millimeters micrometers
micrometers
(Q006) Carbon 14 is an unstable isotope of carbon that decays very slowly. Compared to the common, stable carbon 12 isotope, carbon 14 has two additional electrons. neutrons. protons. ions.
neutrons.
With respect to MR. GREy +, what do the Rs represent? Reproduce and Respond Reproduce and React React and Respond None of these answers React and Recoil
reproduce and respond
How many codons are needed to generate a peptide that is nine amino acids long, assuming one of them is a stop codon? 9 10 None of these answers 3 7
10
Which of the following is synthesized when a phosphate group is removed from ATP? ADP ATP AMP GDP CTP
ADP
In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the _____. Nucleolus Nucleus None of these answers Cytoplasm Lysosome
Cytoplasm
During DNA repair, what enzyme stitches the backbone of DNA, if broken? DNA ligase Homologase None of these answers DNA polymerase Nuclease
DNA ligase
What do Prokaryotic cells lack? Cell Wall Nucleus Flagella Cell Membrane Ribosomes
Nucleus
Which atomic particles contribute to the atomic number for every element? Protons and Neutrons Protons Neutrons Nucleus
Protons
The synthesis of mRNA is catalyzed by the enzyme_____. DNA helicase DNA polymerase RNA polymerase None of these answers RNA helicase
RNA polymerase
(Q019) Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are viruses. parasites. endosymbionts. anaerobes.
endosymbionts
euchromatin
lightly packed chromatin
heterochromatin
the most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin
During transcription, which of the following is produced in prokaryotes? H2O RNA DNA pre-mRNA ATP
RNA
Knowing the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation is important. During eukaryotic translation, the large subunit of the ribosome will translocate. Right after this event occurs, which site/sites of the large subunit will now contain a tRNA? E site P site A and P sites P and E sites A site
A and P sites
Select all that apply. During a condensation reaction .. A bond is formed Water is expelled A bond is broken Water is consumed
A bond is formed Water is expelled
Select all that apply. Which of the following organisms can chloroplast be found in? Fungi Algae Plants Animals
Algae Plants
Homologous Recombination Repair (HR or HRR): None of these answers is correct Is part of the cells normal system of genetic recombination Is a purposeful deployment to mix and match DNA information. Is a purposeful deployment to mix and match DNA information. AND is part of the cells normal system of genetic recombination All answers are correct is designed to increase diversity
All answers are correct
What factors do NOT lead to DNA mutation? Infection Metabolism Diet All answers can lead to DNA mutation Radiation
All answers can lead to DNA mutation
Select all that apply. Eukaryotic cells have several ways to adjust the local structure of their chromatin rapidly through chromatin-remodeling complexes. Protein machines uses covalent modifications such as ___change the position of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes. ATP hydrolysis acetylation/acylation phosphorylation /dephosphorylation methylation/demethylation
All apply
Which of the following is true about Griffith's and Avery-MacLeod-McCarty's experiment? Griffith showed that heat-killed, infectious bacteria can transform harmless, living bacteria into pathogenic ones. Griffith found that a substance present in the pathogenic S strain could permanently change, or transform, the nonlethal R strain into the deadly S strain showed that the "transforming principle" that would permanently change the harmless R-strain pneumococci into the pathogenic S strain is DNA demonstrated showed that DNA is the genetic material showed that enzymes that destroy proteins and RNA did not affect the ability of the extract to transform bacteria, while enzymes that destroy DNA inactivated it
All are true
Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory principle? a) All cells are derived from existing cells b) All living things are made up of cells c) All cells contain a nucleus d) Cells are the fundamental basic unit that makes up an organism
All cells contain a nucleus
Which is (are) necessary for DNA polymerase to perform its function? Template strand All of the answers are correct Free 3' end None of these answers Primase
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following is (are) possible post-translational modification(s)? Phosphorylation Acetylation All of the answers are correct None of these answers Ubiquitination
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following are used to distinguish RNA from DNA? None of these answers Has ribose instead of deoxyribose Contains uracil instead of thymine All of these are used to distinguish RNA from DNA Is usually single stranded instead of double stranded.
All of these are used to distinguish RNA from DNA
Which of the following statements about allostery is TRUE? Allosteric regulators are often products of other chemical reactions in the same biochemical pathway. Allosteric regulation is always used for negative regulation of enzyme activity. Enzymes are the only types of proteins that are subject to allosteric regulation. Binding of allosteric molecules usually locks an enzyme in its current conformation, such that the enzyme cannot adopt a different conformation.
Allosteric regulators are often products of other chemical reactions in the same biochemical pathway.
Which is true of polypeptide tertiary structure and quaternary structure? None of these answers Both structures have specific shapes that depend upon the amino acid sequence of the protein. Both structures must contain multiple α-helices and β-pleated sheets connected by turns. Both structures form so that polar amino acid R-groups are found mainly in the interior of the protein. Both structures are stabilized by numerous covalent hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.
Both structures have specific shapes that depend upon the amino acid sequence of the protein.
Select organelle(s) is/are thought to have evolved from aerobic bacteria that took to living inside the anaerobic ancestors to today's eukaryotic cells. Select all that apply. Chloroplast Mitochondria Nucleus Lysosome Golgi Aparatus
Chloroplast Mitochondria
All are true about the functional relationship between codons and amino acids except? Multiple codons code for an amino acid ONLY Codons always code for multiple amino acids. Multiple codons code for an amino acid AND a codon code for multiple amino acid They are sets of three base pairs ONLY They are sets of three base pairs AND a codon code for multiple amino acid
Codons always code for multiple amino acids.
Which of the following is not correct about the process of DNA replication? DNA polymerase I is in charge of connecting Okazaki fragments by deleting RNA primers and replacing the strand with DNA DNA polymerases make DNA in the 5'-3' direction in leading strand, and the 3'-5' direction for the lagging strand. DNA replication can't proceed without the aid of RNA molecules DNA polymerase for it function needs an existing 3' deoxyribose onto which to add the new nucleotide None of these answers is correct DNA polymerase III is in charge of adding free nucleotides to the 3' end of the newly forming strand
DNA polymerases make DNA in the 5'-3' direction in leading strand, and the 3'-5' direction for the lagging strand.
What is the most prominent form of DNA damage caused by sun beds? None of these answers Single strand breaks Pyrimidine dimers Deamination Double strand breaks
Double strand breaks
(Q034) Which species was the key model organism for the advancement of molecular biology (understanding DNA replication, decoding the DNA to make proteins, etc.)? E. coli D. melanogaster S. pombe C. elegans
E. coli
Why do eukaryotic cells have an internal membrane? Eukaryotic cells have organelles Eukaryotic cells don't have organelles Eukaryotic cells don't make proteins Eukaryotic cells don't have an internal membrane None of the above
Eukaryotic cells have organelles
If a cell is in an environment with elevated glucose levels, and lactose is also present, what would be the expression level of the Lac genes? Use the column method and logic! Expression over 90% Zero expression None of these answers Expression under 20%
Expression under 20%
What is the difference between a fluorescence microscope (FM) and a light microscope (LM)? a) LM can resolve details up to 1 nm while FM can not b) LM uses two sets of filters to isolate excitation and emission wavelengths of light c) FM uses electrons and LM uses photons to illuminate structures d) FM uses two sets of filters to isolate excitation and emission wavelengths of light e) LM uses electrons and FM uses photons to illuminate structures
FM uses two sets of filters to isolate excitation and emission wavelengths of light
Which of the following monomer building blocks is necessary to assemble selectively permeable boundaries around and inside cells? None of the above Nucleotides Amino acids Fatty acids Sugars
Fatty acids
(Q029) Which of the following is NOT a chemical group commonly found on core histone N-terminal tails for chromatin regulation? methyl sulfhydryl phosphoryl acetyl
sulfhydryl
Which of these is not a part of the structural region of a protein coding gene? DNA Terminator Intron Promoter None of these answers RNA-coding region
Promoter
Select all that apply. Which of the following describes what occurs during RNA processing. RNA capping modifies the 3′ end of the RNA transcript by addition of an atypical nucleotide—a guanine (G) nucleotide bearing a methyl group RNA capping modifies the 5′ end of the RNA transcript by addition of an atypical nucleotide—a guanine (G) nucleotide bearing a methyl group Polyadenylation cuts the 5' end of the mRNA and adds a series of repeated adenine (A) nucleotides to the cut end Polyadenylation cuts the 3' end of the mRNA and adds a series of repeated adenine (A) nucleotides to the cut end
RNA capping modifies the 5′ end of the RNA transcript by addition of an atypical nucleotide—a guanine (G) nucleotide bearing a methyl group
Which of the following reactions in cells are catalyzed by Ribozymes? Transcription Protein hydrolysis RNA splicing DNA synthesis
RNA splicing
Look over this data and then answer the question. You are a microbiologist studying the E. coli Lac operon. You have two strains of bacteria that you are working with: a wild type (non-mutant) strain - Stain A, and a mutant strain - Stain B. Strain B has a mutation in its CAP binding site on the chromosome. You place each strain in a Petri dish, with the indicated amounts of glucose and lactose (see this information below the first Figure). The second Figure is there to help you! After 60 minutes, you measure gene expression of lacZ, a gene within the Lac operon. You obtain the following for Strain A (blue dot A). Which of the locations in red would correspond to your level of expression for the mutant strain B? Red dot 1 Red dot 3 Cannot be determined Red dot 2 Red dot 4
Red dot 1
Replication of DNA is fully concluded by which phase of the cell cycle? G1 G2 G0 S Mitosis
S
DNA replication takes place during which phase of an eukaryotic cell cyle? S phase G1 phase None of these answers G2 phase G0 phase
S phase
During prokaryotic transcription, which one of these answer choices is the first to occur? Sigma factor subunit binds to RNA polymerase to form a RNA polymerase holoenzyme RNA polymerase opens DNA duplex RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to DNA randomly and searches for core promoter RNA polymerase is released from the DNA RNA polymerase elongates RNA by adding nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) complementary to a DNA template RNA polymerase clamps down and sigma factor falls off
Sigma factor subunit binds to RNA polymerase to form a RNA polymerase holoenzyme
Match the small organic building blocks to the larger organic molecules. Sugar Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Membrane lipids polysaccharides proteins
Sugars - polysaccharides Fatty Acids - Membrane lipids Amino Acids - Proteins Nucleotides - Nucleic acids
Which are the four major families of small organic molecules in cells? None of the above Salts, bases, nucleic acids, and amino acids Sugars, fatty bases, nuclear tides, and amino acids Sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids nucleotides, fatty acids, proteins, and amino acids
Sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids
What enzyme replicates the ends of Eukaryotic chromosomes? DNA gyrase DNA Helicase DNA Polymerase None of these answers Telomerase
Telomerase
Which antibiotic blocks the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of prokaryotic ribosomes? Chloramphenicol Tetracycline Cycloheximide Streptomycin None of these do! Rifamycin
Tetracycline
For an enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menton kinetics, Km is equal to The [s] at one-half Vmax The v at one-half Vmax The [s] at one-half v The v at one-tenth Vmax Two times the Vmax
The [s] at one-half Vmax
What is the most likely conclusion you could make about the finding below? Scientists were studying yeast cells in which a mutation inactivated a gene required for cell division. Without this gene—and the protein it encoded—these mutant yeast cells were unable to divide normally. But the scientists discovered that introducing a related protein from human cells could "rescue" these mutant yeast cells, allowing the cells to resume normal division. a) Yeast cells most likely obtained their cell-division proteins from the cells of early humans. b) Yeast and humans diverged from a common ancestor much more recently than previously thought, perhaps fewer than a million years ago. c) Yeast cells require human proteins to divide. Modern humans most likely obtained their cell-division proteins from ancient yeast. d) The proteins that control cell division in yeast and humans are functionally equivalent and have been conserved, almost unchanged, for more than a billion years. e) None of these.
The proteins that control cell division in yeast and humans are functionally equivalent and have been conserved, almost unchanged, for more than a billion years.
What is the difference between an unsaturated fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid? (Choose all that apply) Saturated has a kink in the fatty acid tail and unsaturated fatty acid doesn't Unsaturated fatty acid has a lower melting point than saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid has higher melting point than saturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid is larger than unsaturated fatty acid Unsaturated has a kink in the fatty acid tail and saturated fatty acid doesnt
Unsaturated fatty acid has lower melting point than saturated fatty acid Unsaturated has a kink in the fatty acid tail and saturated fatty acid doesnt
How does mass spectrometry help identify proteins? by determining precise masses of peptides derived from the protein by determining precise size of peptides derived from the protein None of the above by determining precise location of amino acids derived from the protein by determining the precise genetic sequence that translates into amino acid sequence of the protein
by determining precise masses of peptides derived from the protein
Why is carbon-12 a stable isotope? a) It undergoes radioactive decay b) It has a half-life of 12 years c) It has the same number of protons and neutrons d) It has 8 electrons and 4 protons. e) It has 12 electrons distributed equally across 2 electron shells
c) It has the same number of protons and neutrons
During hydrolysis, [select all that apply] a) a water molecule is expelled as the bond is formed. b) None of these. c) a water molecule is consumed. d) a bond is formed. e) a bond is broken.
c) a water molecule is consumed. e) a bond is broken.
Which of the following covalent bonds would be considered nonpolar? a) none of the these answers b) covalent bond between N and H (N-H) c) covalent bond between O and O (O=O) d) covalent bond between O and H (O-H)
c) covalent bond between O and O (O=O)
Which of the following BEST describes the functional characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum? a) harnesses the energy from the oxidation of food molecules, such as sugars, to produce adenosine triphosphate or ATP— b) stores genetic material such as DNA c) location where export of materials and cell membrane components are created d) breaks down unwanted molecules for recycling
c) location where export of materials and cell membrane components are created
Which ONE of the following statements is correct? a) Animals are composed of prokaryotic cells b) Some plants are composed of prokaryotic cells c)RNA molecules are sometimes translated to another type of polymer called a protein d)The hereditary information of a cell is passed on by its proteins. e) DNA polymer is made of 5 different monomers called nucleotides
c)RNA molecules are sometimes translated to another type of polymer called a protein
Which four elements make up most of an organisms weight? carbon (C), helium (He), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) carbon (C), hydrogen (H), potassium (K), and oxygen (O) carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O) carbon (C), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and oxygen (O)
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O)
Which of the following chemical groups do all amino acids have in common? carboxyl group methyl group None of these answers hydrocarbon tail aromatic ring group
carboxyl group
There is incredible diversity in size, shape, environment, and behavior in living systems. There are approximately between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit? cell DNA organelle protein molecule None of these answers
cell
Two identical, folded polypeptide chains form a symmetrical complex of two protein subunits called a _____ that is held together by interactions between two identical binding sites dimer trimer domain tetramer None of the above
dimer
Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: Which of the following are true? energy from sunlight is captured and transiently stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called activated carriers All of the oxygen (O2) in the air we breathe is generated by the splitting of water molecules during this first stage of photosynthesis. In the second stage, the activated carriers are used to help drive a carbon�fixation process, in which sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide gas (CO2) None of the above
energy from sunlight is captured and transiently stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called activated carriers In the second stage, the activated carriers are used to help drive a carbon�fixation process, in which sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
The process where living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment is called Assimilation Generation Evolution Procreation
evolution
(Q036) Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model. insect bird amphibian mammal
insect
Select the answer that best completes the sentence: Mutations are __ in the DNA that change the genetic plan from previous generations. intentional changes mistakes harmful beneficial
mistakes
All of the following can be viewed with a light microscope EXCEPT protons cell wall plasma membrane cell nucleus cytoplasm
protons
Match each of the pairs to their definition Scramblases Flippases flopasses Remove randomly selected phospholipids from one half of the lipid bilayer and insert them in the other These enzymes remove specific phospholipids from the monolayer that faces the cytosol and flips them into the to the side of the bilayer facing the exterior space These enzymes remove specific phospholipids from the side of the bilayer facing the exterior space and flip them into the monolayer that faces the cytosol
scramblases- Remove randomly selected phospholipids from one half of the lipid bilayer and insert them in the other Flippases- These enzymes remove specific phospholipids from the side of the bilayer facing the exterior space and flip them into the monolayer that faces the cytosol Flopasses- These enzymes remove specific phospholipids from the monolayer that faces the cytosol and flips them into the to the side of the bilayer facing the exterior space
(Q032) The net distance a molecule travels through the cytosol via diffusion is relatively short in comparison with the total distance it may need to travel. This is because movement governed by diffusion alone is a __________ process that is most effective for the dispersion of small molecules over short distances. slow random regulated complicated
slow
(Q015) Table 2-14 indicates the number and arrangement of electrons in the first four atomic electron shells for selected elements. On the basis of the information in the chart and what you know about atomic structure, which elements will form ions with a net charge of +1 in solution? carbon; sulfur helium; neon sodium; potassium magnesium; calcium
sodium; potassium
(Q015) Chemical reactions that lead to a release of free energy are referred to as "energetically favorable." Another way to describe these reactions is uphill. uncatalyzed. spontaneous. activated.
spontaneous
In light microscopy, certain parts of a sample can be given different colors for better visualization through a process called Staining Sectioning Diluting Embedding Fixing
staining
Which part of RNA Polymerase plays a pivotal role in post-transcriptional modification in Eukaryotes? the tail the small subunit the head None of these answers the large subunit
the tail
Which of the following is not a DNA nucleic acid base? uracil adenine cytosine thymine guanine None of these answers
uracil
