Biology 101 - Chapter 3

Based on evolutionary relationships, which is more likely ancestors to eukaryotic cells?

Archaeans

What material is found in the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

Endoplasmatic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles, The Nuclear Envelope

What cell structure is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

Ribosome

The organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the

nucleus.

The _____ membrane separates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

plasma

Actin filaments can attach, detach, and reattach to _____ to produce movement.

Motor Molecules

A vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called

lysosome.

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

The small structures within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions are called

organelles.

The structures that cover the rough endoplasmatic reticulum, giving it a studded appearance, are

ribosomes.

The action known as _____, or exocytosis, involves the release of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Cellular Secretion

Spherical-shaped bacteria are called

coccus/cocci.

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the

cytoplasm.

The internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred to as the

cytoskeleton.

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmatic reticulum are components of the

endomembrane system.

The rough ER differs from the smooth ER in that is is covered with

ribosomes.

One meter is equal to how many millimeters?

1,000

Coccus

Spherical-Shaped Cell

The smooth ER synthesizes _____ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of _____ molecules.

lipid; protein

The basic unit of living organisms, which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the

cell.

The material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called

cellulose.

Cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called _____ filemants.

intermediate

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a _____. This is the location of rRNA production.

nucleus

A rod-shaped bacterium is called a

bacillus.

One meter is equal to how many centimeters?

100

What molecule is used to fuel all energy-dependent cellular processes?

ATP

Mitochondria use carbohydrates to produce

ATP.

The molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy-requiring cellular reactions is

ATP.

What cytoskeletal filament is composed of two twisted chains of monomers and forms a dense web just under the plasma membrane?

Actin Filaments

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Aids in cell division, Cellular structural support, Intracellular transport

Which two domains contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

Bacteria and Archaea

What enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide?

Catalase

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

Cell Theory

A substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic nucleus is called _____. When highly condensed, as it is in preparation for cell division, this material is called _____.

Chromatin; Chromosome

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguished a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is the cell wall.

False; It is the nucleus

Spirochete

Flexible, Twisted Rods

What organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmatic reticulum and then repackages then for export in secretory vesicles?

Golgi Apparatus

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

Intermediate filaments, Actin filaments, Microtubules

A protist engulfs a macromolecule via a vesicle. What organelle could fuse to this vesicle and aid in breaking down the macromolecule?

Lysosome

What organelle is formed by the Golgi apparatus?

Lysosomes

Tay-Sachs occurs when a lysosome cannot clean up damaged cellular debris. This leads to a breakdown of which type of cells?

Neural

What are the components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes?

Phospholipids and Proteins

Which cellular process occurs within chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis

Which biomolecules make up glycocalyx in bacteria cells?

Polysaccharides

Spirilla

Rigid, Twisted Rods

Bacillus

Rod-Shaped Cell

What are the functions of the intermediate filaments?

Support the nuclear envelope, Formation of cell-to-cell junctions, Support the plasma membrane

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

True

True or false: The nucleoplasm has different fluid composition than the cytoplasm of a cell.

True

What are components of the cytoplasm?

Water, Dissolved Organic Molecules, and Salts

Formerly called microfilaments, _____ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

actin

In the plasma membrane of cells, the phospholipids are arranged in a

bilayer.

Tay-Sachs occurs when _____ cannot clean up cellular debris.

lysosomes

In a eukaryotic cell, cellular respiration occurs in the

mitochondria.

All eukaryotic cells convert carbohydrate energy to ATP within an organelle called the

mitochondrion.

Actin filaments can attach, detach, and reattach to _____ to produce movement.

motor molecules

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

nucleoplasm.

Vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contain an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide byproduct of this metabolism are called

peroxisomes.

During the evolutionary development of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope and membranous organelles may have developed from the _____ _____ of the original prokaryote.

plasma membrane

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated

proteins.

Chloroplasts contain numerous structures called grana, each of which is a stack of

thylakoids.