Biology 103 lecture test 2

What is cellular respiration

Oxidation of glucose using O2

Preparatory step

Preparatory Step Occurs in mitochondrial matrix 3-carbon pyruvate enters and a CO2 is removed leaving a 2-carbon acetyl group. 2-carbon acetyl group binds to CoenzymeA producing acetyl-CoA that goes to the Krebs cycle

What is the preparatory step and give products

Preparatory Step Occurs in mitochondrial matrix. 3-carbon pyruvate enters and a CO2 is removed leaving a 2-carbon acetyl group. 2-carbon acetyl group binds to CoenzymeA producing acetyl-CoA that goes to the Krebs cycle

Know the characteristics of a cancer cell

Self-sufficiency in growth signals, Insensitivity to anti-growth signals , Evading apoptosis, Limitless replicative potential , Sustained angiogenesis, Tissue invasion and metastasis migrating,

Stroma

Small opening in leaves that carbon dioxide enters through.

Photons

Travel in waves.

Know plants conduct respiration in addition to photosynthesis

True

Somatic cells

Undergo mitosis

Know which wavelengths of light are most effective at causing photosynthesis

Violet, blue, orange and red.

Understand light is composed of wavelengths and give examples

Visible light wavelength is between 400 to 700 nm. Roygbiv.

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

Without oxygen

Centrioles

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

Know term chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Mitosis

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Euchromatin

is a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.

Apoptosis

is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death.

Cellular respiration

is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products

Prophase

is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible. This process, called chromatin condensation, is involved with the condensin complex

Cleavage furrow

is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

Chemiosmosis

is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

S phase

is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.

Interphase

is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

Reproductive cloning

is the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. A human clone would be a genetic copy of an existing person. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the most common cloning technique.

Know term diploid

(of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Know term haploid

(of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Glycolysis produces

2 pyruvate and 2 nadh

1 glucose can be converted into

36 (38) ATP

Grana

A stacked membranous structure within the chloroplasts of plants and green algae that contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The saclike membranes that make up grana are known as thylakoids. See more at chloroplast.

What are the products of citric acid cycle

ATP or GTP, NADH, FADH2 and, CO2.

Electromagnetic spectrum

All types of energy that reach earth from space.

What is the function of accessory pigments in chloroplasts?

Allow for more photosynthesis

Know what is happening in the three events of the Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide, reduction, regeneration of rubp.

What is chemiosmosis and where is it occurring?

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. More specifically, it relates to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. The generation of ATP by chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria, chloroplasts as well as in most bacteria and archaea.

What is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

During photosynthesis, the plants take carbon dioxide (which is present throughout the air) and water (which is also in the air and dirt) and turn it into sugar, among other compounds. Plants also produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

Steps of Calvin cycle

Fixation of co2, reduction of co2 into a carbohydrate, regeneration of RuBP.

G1 phase

Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. G1 phase ends when the cell moves into the S phase of interphase

G2 phase

Gap 2 phase, is the third and final subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle directly preceding mitosis. It follows the successful completion of S phase, during which the cell's DNA is replicated.

What are the products of photosynthesis

Glucose and oxygen

Glycolysis

Happens outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm and requires no oxygen (O2). It is the breakdown of sugar (6 carbon molecule) into 2 pyrubate molecules.

Nadh

Inhibits atp production

How does NAD+ function during fermentation

It accepts electrons during one of the reactions of glycolysis and is reduced to NADH. It then donates those electrons back in one of the reactions of the specific fermentation.

Light dependent reaction

Light is absorbed and the energy is used to drive electrons from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across a membrane. These protons return through ATP synthase to make ATP.

Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.

Citric acid cycle

The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) is a part of cellular respiration. It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

Cell plate

This process entails the delivery of Golgi-derived and endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plate.

Centrosome

an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. They occur only in plant and animal cells. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to cell division.

What is an autotroph? What is a heterotroph?

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances, usually plant or animal matter.

What is cytochrome

any of a number of compounds consisting of heme bonded to a protein. Cytochromes function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways, especially cellular respiration.

Cyclins

any of a number of proteins associated with the cycle of cell division that are thought to initiate certain processes of mitosis.

What is cyclian

any of a number of proteins associated with the cycle of cell division that are thought to initiate certain processes of mitosis.

Give examples of accessory pigments

are light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a. Example Carotenoids

Heterochromatain

chromosome material of different density from normal (usually greater), in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed.

Thylakoid

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

G3p

is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms.

Chromatine

is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Preparatory reaction

pyruvate is broken down to a 2-carbon acetyl group carried by coenzyme A (CoA) Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. NADH and CO2 produced

Therapeutic cloning

refers to the removal of a nucleus, which contains the genetic material, from virtually any cell of the body (a somatic cell) and its transfer by injection into an unfertilised egg from which the nucleus has also been removed.

Cytokinesis

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Know term chromatin

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Interphase

the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

Metaphase

the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Anaphase

the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

What are the products of glycolysis

two Pyruvate, two NADH, and two ATP