Biology 104 Homework 7 Mastering Biology

Which is an example of a genetically modified organism that is not a transgenic organism? (Note that none of these organisms currently exist!)

an oat plant that is sprayed with only with natural pesticides so that it grows larger

What is the definition of a genetically modified organism?

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

What is the definition of a "transgenic organism"?

an organism containing a gene from another species

The sticky end of the DNA restriction fragment shown here will pair with a DNA restriction fragment with the sticky end _____.

-ACGT

As part of their study, Baker and his team examined minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) meat in Japanese markets. They sequenced each sample's DNA and then identified the genetic type of each minke sample—in this case, type A, B, C, or D. Because the genetic types of minke whales vary by location, the researchers could determine if the meat came from minke populations in the Sea of Japan or from minke populations in the Pacific Ocean. Their results, shown below, were compared to records of legal whale catches to determine if such catches had been underreported.

1. Genetic type D is most prevalent in minke whales in the Sea of Japan. 2. Genetic type B is most prevalent in minke whales in the Pacific Ocean. 3. Genetic type B is most prevalent in meat from minke whales in Japanese markets. 4. The high prevalence of genetic types A and D in whale meat from Japanese markets suggests some of these whales came from the Sea of Japan. 5. The high prevalence of genetic type B in whale meat from Japanese markets suggests some of these whales came from the Pacific Ocean.

Suppose you wish to use this process to examine the origins of meat from endangered humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Japanese markets. You conduct the analysis and compare the genetic types found in the markets with those found in populations of humpback whales from the northern Pacific that overwinter off Japan (Location 1), near Hawaii (Location 2), or off the western coast of Central America (Location 3). Your results are shown below.

1. Genetic type G is found only in Location 1. 2. Genetic type D is most prevalent in humpback whales in Locations 1 and 3. 3. Genetic type A is most prevalent in humpback whales in Location 2. 4. Analysis of meat samples from Japanese markets finds that most of the whales were likely captured from Location 2. 5. The meat samples from Japanese markets also showed evidence of whales captured from a second site, Location 1.

Can you fill in this paragraph about the human genome? Drag the terms to their correct locations in the paragraph. Not all terms will be used.

1. Human Genome Project 2. genomics 3. genomes 4. proteins 5. whole-genome shotgun

If I cut a piece of DNA into one long and two short pieces, which of the following gels shows how it would look?

A

Can you correctly identify the steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A. Start with a sample of double-stranded DNA B. Heat sample to separate DNA strands C. DNA polymerase duplicates DNA strands D. Cool sample to allow DNA double helices to form

Of the types of organisms shown, which group has the fewest number of genes?

Archaea

Which of the following results from Japanese markets would indicate that the Japanese fishing vessels off the coast of Japan (Location 1) have indeed reduced bycatch of humpback whales? (Refer back to the map in Part C to review which genetic types are found in the humpback whale population in Location 1.)

Before conservation effort:A, G, B, C After conservation:A largest with B,C,G the same (smallest)

The bacterial chromosome provides genetic information for making the protein of interest. Bacteria are the source of plasmids. Bacteria act as microscopic protein factories. The bacterial chromosome is inserted into human cells.

False True True False

The researchers bought samples of whale meat—all labeled simply as kujira, the generic Japanese term for whale meat—from markets in Japan and sequenced DNA from these samples. They compared their data with sequences from known whale species. Because subspecies of whales from different populations differ genetically, the researchers were able to analyze the genetic variation in their samples and learn the location from which the whales were likely captured. These results would indicate if illegal whale meat was being sold. Drag each statement under the step in the scientific method that it demonstrates.

Observation:The availability of whale meat in Japanese markets exceeds that expected from the reported legal captures of whales. Question:Were is the whale meat being sold in Japanese markets coming from? Hypothesis:Whales are being harvested illegally and their meat sold in markets in Japan. Prediction:If whales are being illegally harvested, reported whale captures will be far lower than the number of captures predicted by genetic analyses of whale meat in markets Test:Scientists subject whale meat to genetic analysis to determine its likely capture location and to estimate whale captures at that location.

This machine is used to create a large sample of DNA for testing from a small sample of DNA. What is that method called?

PCR

When is PCR particularly applicable?

When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to definitively make the association?

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for STR analysis.

Of the organisms listed, which one has the largest genome?

chimpanzee

DNA testing (profiling) has been used to determine the guilt or innocence of crime suspects. This works because __________.

every person has a unique DNA sequence

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.

heating

Which part of a DNA nucleotide contains a negative charge?

phosphate

What can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?

plasmids

Recombinant DNA technology produces transgenic bacteria with a human gene that codes for a human protein. What problem could be associated with this process?

production of a human protein that does not function normally

Of the organisms listed, which one has the most genes?

rice plant

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?

separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____.

sticky ends

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?

that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

I've accidentally hooked up the wires to this gel electrophoresis chamber backwards, with the positive pole at the top and the negative pole at the bottom. If I turn on the power with it hooked up this way, what will happen to the DNA?

the DNA will move up the gel

In this gel, the DNA from the crime scene is loaded into the left-most lane. The DNA from suspect 1 is loaded into the middle lane. And DNA from suspect 2 is loaded into the right lane. What can you conclude from these DNA profiles?

the profile from suspect 2 matches the crime scene