Biology 1103k GSU Test 1

Malthus

"Essay on Populations" contributed the idea of competition humans reproduce expectational, but food and resources do not

scientific method

"Only hyennas eat raccoon carcases" Observe (collect data) Hypothesis (must be testable) Experiment (control vs. experimental/ must be replicable) Reevaluation Conclusion (leads to theory)

eukaryote cell division

"cell separates" mitosis and cytokinesis

classification scheme (taxonomy levels)

"king phillip came over for good sex" kingdom phylum class order family genus species

cleavage

(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells (telophase), characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.

prokaryote cell division

(duplication and separation) cell divides into two new cells

competitive exclusion

(fast) a way of eliminating niche overlap by killing off one competitor

segregation

(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes

linkage

(genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes

niche specialization

(slow, evolution) a way of eliminating niche overlap by evolving to share resources and coexist ex: Darwin's finches

define the seven criterias of life what do all living things do?

1) complex, organized structures 2) maintain homeostasis 3) grow 4) acquire/make energy 5) adapt (adaptive response capability) 6) reproduce (pass on genes/ "meaning of life") 7) evolve

evidence for evolution

1) geographical distribution of species ex. Australia- marsupials 2) fossils- predictable sequence of change from basic to complex 3) comparative anatomy common descent evident in anatomical similarities ex. forelimbs of vertebrates 4) vestigial structures 5) comparative biochemistry 6) embryology 7) artificial selection 8) industrial melanism

mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

Darwin's Theory (7 essentials)

1) overproductivity (biotic potential) (Malthus) 2) competition (Malthus) 3) some die before reproduction 4) variability in characteristics (Lamarck) 5) survival of fittest/ natural selection 6) variabilities are inherited (Lamarck) 7) change through time (Hulton & Lyell)

tertiary

4th level; eats the secondary

nitrogen cycle

79% of atmosphere

Expected phenotypic ratio

9:3:3:1

punnet square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

test cross

A genetic cross in which a test organism showing the dominant trait (phenotype) is crossed with one showing the recessive trait; used to determine whether the test organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

environmental resistance

All the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem 2 types: density dependent vs. density independent

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

cell growth

By producing more cells (Cells remain same size) Limits: The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA The cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane (rate at which exchange of food, oxygen, water and waste products depends on surface area [cell membrane], rate at which food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced depends on cell's volume) (volume increases faster than surface area)

external controls on cell division

Growth promoters; growth inhibitors cancer= out of control cell division

when does duplication occur?

Interphase; NOT cell division

biotic factors

Pertaining to life; environmental factors created by living organisms

density independent

Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density; abiotic factors that effect population growth such as drought or bad weather "boom bust cycle"; carrying capacity "s curve"

density dependent

Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density; biotic factors such as predation, parasitism/ pathogens and competition

Homologous pair

Refers to two similar chromosomes in a diploid cell. One chromosome is derived from the father gamete cell and the other from the mother gamete.

g2

The final period of interphase during which the cell prepares for mitosis.

genetic mapping

The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.

s phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

community

a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same habitat and interacting with each other

population

a group of organisms of the same species which interbreed

monohybrid

a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

dihybrid

a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each

contact inhibition

a phenomenon in which cells stop dividing when they are in close contact with neighboring cells, thus preventing excessive tissue growth.

control

a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment (compare the experiment with this)

ecosystem

a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment; biotic and abiotic components of a habitat

theory

a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations (very strong hypothesis); well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

common perception

all human beings perceive natural events in the same way

biosphere

all the ecosystems on the planet

binary fission

asexual cell division of prokaryotes (single cell) that produces identical offspring "daughter cells"

list the hierarchy scale of complexity

atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere

population growth

birth vs. death rate biotic potential/ environmental resistance

secondary succession

born from a previous destroyed community soil already established (easier than primary) ex: forest fire

how does the hierarchy scale organize items?

by complexity and organization; complexity goes up as new abilities emerge

how are the 5 kingdoms defined? (3)

cell type (prokaryote vs. eukaryote) cell number (unicellular vs. multicellular) nutrient acquisition (autotroph vs. heterotroph)

eukaryote

contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; more complex

Hutton & Lyell

contributed the ideas of uniformitarianism and gradualism "small changes can turn into big changes over time" released Darwin from time constraints

meiosis

creates 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell forms sex cells (sperm/ egg) reason we have genetic diversity/ 2 divisions

hydrological cycle

cycle of water, the movement of water and its transformation between the gaseous (vapour), liquid, and solid forms.

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm during cell division; cleavage takes place cell actually pinches off and becomes two

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers appear, nucleus disappears, and nucleolus disappears

g1

first phase of interphase; cell grows in size

heterotroph

gain energy from autotrophs; sugar/ starrch

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

what determines Phenotype?

genotype + environment

species

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

ecological niche

habitat and food/ water requirements for an organism; the role of organisms in the environment

symbiosis

how two species can interact; permanent living relationship between two organisms of different species parasitism + - ( dog, flea) commensalism + 0 (bird, tree) mutualism + +

bioaccumulation/ biomagnification

increasingly concentrated accumulation of toxins at successively higher trophic levels in food chains ex: DDT (pesticide) fat soluble, killed predatory birds

sex determination

individuals either develop into male (y) or female (x) depending which the sperm is carrying

cell life cycle

interphase and cell division (mitosis)

ecology (two types)

interrelationships between organisms and their environment 2 types: 1) organism-environment 2) organism-organism --intraspecific (within a species) --interspecific (between species)

competition

limit of food/ space competition occurs within populations when these factors are limited b/c members of same population have same requirements

niche overlap

members of the same species have the same requirements; why comp btw same species is more difficult

cell growth

membrane limits size of cell because it increases at a slower rate than volume, must divide to make smaller S.A/vol

industrial melanism

modern day evolution ex. Before Industrial Revolution, Lichen covered trees were light in color, dark moths were eaten more. After Industrial Revolution, Lichens absorbed soot + tree bark become dark in color, light moths were eaten more. resulting in dark moth population

autotroph

monosaccharides make own food by photosynthesis< (glucose & carbs) first trophic level of organisms/ producers chlorophyll/ plants

kingdom fungi

multicellular, eukaryote, absorbent

kingdom animalia

multicellular, eukaryote, ingest

kingdom plantae

multicellular, eukaryote, photosynthetic

3 scientific principles

natural causality uniformatarianism common perception

prokaryotic

no nucleus; basic and simple; oldest

primary succession

no previous community (starting from scratch) goes from simple to complex ex: stone mountain

natural causality

no supernatural causes; the scientific principle that natural events occur as a result of preceding natural causes.

abiotic factors

nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate

primary heterotroph

obtain energy directly from autotrophs, (herbivore)

secondary heterotroph

obtain energy from organisms that get their energy directly from autotrophs

polygenic

of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once

allele

one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits

k selected

organisms that reproduce later in life, produce fewer offspring and devote significant time and energy to the nurturing of their offspring; type 1 convex graph few, larger young slow maturation may reproduce many times

mitosis phase

phase during mitosis in which the cell divides

temporal

population pattern: how long a species lives 1) convex- die post-reproductive (humans) 2) constant- steady rate of death (coral) 3) concave- die pre-reproductive (plants)

spatial (2 types)

population pattern: where a species lives 1) aggregate- species come together for a purpose (mating, defense) 2) uniform- protecting a specie's preferred land

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment; the active maintenance of complex structures; maintaining one's environment

MITOSIS

regular body cells/ shortest period cell divides and makes two identical diploid cells from one diploid cell

vestigial structure

remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species ex. appendix in humans

interphase

replication occurs here cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

artificial selection

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms. ex. mustard plants -> cabbage/brussel sprouts ex. dogs

metaphase

short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber; kinetochore microtubules align sister chromatids along the metaphase plate at the center of the cell.

homologous structures/ divergent evolution

similar evolutionary orgins, different structures

analogous structures/ convergent evolution

similar function, different evolutionary orgin

embryology

similarities among the young embryos suggest evolution from a distant common ancestor

comparative biochemistry

structure and function of DNA and RNA is similar in all living things, many different organisms have similar proteins, etc..., suggesting an evolutionary relationship

r selected

term denoting a species with high biotic potential whose members produce a large number of offspring in a relatively short time but do not care for their young after birth; type 3 concave graph high level of reproduction (many, small young) rapid maturation may only reproduce once (stressful)

cell

the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

life begins at what level of the hierarchy scale?

the cell

telophase

the final stage of mitosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes (cleavage or cell plate happens)

keystone predator

the main top predator that regulates other species; if you remove the keystone then the total number an environment can hold goes down because of niche overlap; competitive exclusion happens ex: sea stars

carrying capacity

the max number the environment can support

biotic potential

the maximum reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions

ecological pyramid

the number of species at the top of the pyramid is smaller than bottom level producers and consumers because of the rule of ten

carbon cycle

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again photosynthesis (glucose) and respiration

cell plate

the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division (telophase) and divides a cell into two

replication

the process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus

independent assortment

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

uniformatarianism

the rate of evolution is the same over time (what is happening today happened millions of years ago); the same principles that govern today governed millions of years ago; (time and space)

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles; sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by kinetochore microtubules.

rule of ten

transfer of energy from trophic level to trophic level resulting in only 10% of energy stored in previous level to be obtained by the predator inefficient energy transfer because 90% is used up by metabolism the higher the tropic level in the ecological pyramid, the more a species needs to consume to meet needs

evolution

transformation of life on Earth unifying principle of biology environmental adaptations

kingdom protista

unicellular; eukaryote

kingdom monera

unicellular; prokaryotic

Lamarck

use/ disuse contributed to the idea of acquired inheritance "parts that an organism uses increase in size and parts that they do not use disappear"

phenotype

what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype

heterozygote

when an organism's genotype has dominent and recessive genes for a trait (ex. Bb)

% crossover

when homologous chromosomes trade pieces with each other, causing genes that used to be linked to be separated