Biology 111 Plant Nutrition
trees and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Actinobacteria interacts with what organisms
sugar, water, minerals
All minerals that parasitic plants require from host plants
nutrient
Carbon dioxide is taken up by growing plants, and the carbon is a component of all organic molecules in the plant. therefore, carbon is considered to be an essential plant ________________
Insect prey
Carnivorous plant's biological source of nutrients
photosynthetic, nitrogen
Carnivorous plants are ___________________ autorophs that supply their own organic compounds; prey animals are primarily sources of _____________________
plants and insects
Carnivorous plants interact with what organisms
mycelia
Due to extensive ____________________ that fungi extend in the soil, mycorrhizae provide for an efficient way for plants to take up water and nutrients from a much larger volume than water.
micronutrients
Elements that are found in amounts less then 0.1g/kg of plant dry mass are known as _________________, or trace elements.
Micronutrients
Elements that are found in amounts less then 0.1g/kg of plant dry mass are known as ______________________, or trace elements
it is used to synthesize amino acids and nucleotides, it is used in the synthesis of alkaloids
Functions of nitrogen include
light
Green plants _______________________ energy from the sun, while animals extract chemical energy from organic compounds
the mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi improve water and mineral uptake in the plant host
How do fungal mycelia relate to plant nutrition?
N2, NH3 (ammonia)
In both biological and industrial nitrogen fixation, nitrogen is converted from ______________ to _________________.
the plant provides organic compounds and the bacteria provide fixed nitrogen
In plant-bacterial symbioses:
synthesized using light energy
In plants, chemical energy for metabolism comes form organic molecules that are:
fertilizers
Large areas in the Gulf of Mexico called "dead zones" have microbial populations that decompose algal populations and deplete oxygen from the water, suffocating animal life. What type of application, when applied in excess, contributes to these "dead zones?"
Mycorrhizae
Legumes biological source of nutrients
less than 0.1g/kg dry plant mass
Micronutrients are elements that are needed in plants at concentrations equal or:
Rhizobia
Most seed plants biological source of nutrients
plants and fungi
Mycorrhizae interacts with what organisms
Green plant hosts
Nonphotosynthetic plants biological source of nutrients
plants and plants
Parasitic plants interact with what organism
water, minerals
Parasitic plants, such as Dodder can be devastating to crop production. Dodder will deprive host plants of __________________________, _________________________, and organic compounds
legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Rhizobia interacts with what organisms
mycorrhizae
Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant in which the fungus provides the plant with increased ability for water and mineral uptake and the plant provides the fungus with organic food molecules are called:
Nitrate from microorganisms in the soil, Ammonium ion, Ammonia applied as a fertilizer
The forms of nitrogen that can be taken up directly by plants
weathering
The physical and chemical breakdown of rock is called ________________________, while a process called erosion is when soil is washed away by water or blown away by wind.
They are prokaryotic, They fix nitrogen, they live within plant cells
True statements about rhizobia are:
horizons
Vegetation, climate, history of human impact, and bedrock type are all factors that affect the composition and thickness of soil _____________________
History of human impact, climate and vegetation, bedrock type
What affects soil horizon composition and thickness
Algae, Cyanobacteria, Aquatic Plants
What are likely to exhibit a direct increase in growth as a result of the leaching of minerals from the soil by a heavy rainfall
Ammonia
What form of nitrogen can be used directly by plants to build amino acids
fertilizer
What is the name for the material that comes in organic and inorganic forms and can compensate for deficiencies in soil organic matter or mineral content?
water, carbon dioxide, potassium, nitrogen
What major nutrients do plants need to take in for growth
nitrogen
Which nutrient is limiting to crops due to the role it plays in synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and alkaloids?
Weathering
Which of the following processes contributes to the mineral content of soils?
lessens erosion, binds mineral nutrients to improve fertility, soft consistency fosters root growth
Why is humus a beneficial component of soil?
essential elements
______________________ are chemical elements that are needed by plants for survival
carbon dioxide
although light provides energy for plant photosynthesis, most plant dry mass originates from ______________ _____________________
do not reach levels that saturate plant photosynthesis
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
essential
chemical elements that are required by plants and play many roles in plant metabolism are called _________________ elements
stomata
most plants obtain CO2 gas from the atmosphere by absorption through pores in the epidermis called:
Industrial
the nitrogen in inorganic fertilizers is produced by ______________________ nitrogen fixation
fixation
the process by which atmospheric nitrogen gas is combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia is refereed to as nitrogen _____________
rhizobia
the proteobacteria that live within root cells or legumes and fix nitrogen are called _________________.
a hydroponics system
to study the mineral elements required for plant growth, scientists often grow plants in a water solution, a process called
the presence of humus
what is a soil feature that enchances plant growth?
carbon dioxide
what is the source of most plant dry mass?
prokaryotes
what organisms provide most of the fixed nitrogen in soils by carrying out biological nitrogen fixation?
