Biology 111 Plant Nutrition

trees and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Actinobacteria interacts with what organisms

sugar, water, minerals

All minerals that parasitic plants require from host plants

nutrient

Carbon dioxide is taken up by growing plants, and the carbon is a component of all organic molecules in the plant. therefore, carbon is considered to be an essential plant ________________

Insect prey

Carnivorous plant's biological source of nutrients

photosynthetic, nitrogen

Carnivorous plants are ___________________ autorophs that supply their own organic compounds; prey animals are primarily sources of _____________________

plants and insects

Carnivorous plants interact with what organisms

mycelia

Due to extensive ____________________ that fungi extend in the soil, mycorrhizae provide for an efficient way for plants to take up water and nutrients from a much larger volume than water.

micronutrients

Elements that are found in amounts less then 0.1g/kg of plant dry mass are known as _________________, or trace elements.

Micronutrients

Elements that are found in amounts less then 0.1g/kg of plant dry mass are known as ______________________, or trace elements

it is used to synthesize amino acids and nucleotides, it is used in the synthesis of alkaloids

Functions of nitrogen include

light

Green plants _______________________ energy from the sun, while animals extract chemical energy from organic compounds

the mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi improve water and mineral uptake in the plant host

How do fungal mycelia relate to plant nutrition?

N2, NH3 (ammonia)

In both biological and industrial nitrogen fixation, nitrogen is converted from ______________ to _________________.

the plant provides organic compounds and the bacteria provide fixed nitrogen

In plant-bacterial symbioses:

synthesized using light energy

In plants, chemical energy for metabolism comes form organic molecules that are:

fertilizers

Large areas in the Gulf of Mexico called "dead zones" have microbial populations that decompose algal populations and deplete oxygen from the water, suffocating animal life. What type of application, when applied in excess, contributes to these "dead zones?"

Mycorrhizae

Legumes biological source of nutrients

less than 0.1g/kg dry plant mass

Micronutrients are elements that are needed in plants at concentrations equal or:

Rhizobia

Most seed plants biological source of nutrients

plants and fungi

Mycorrhizae interacts with what organisms

Green plant hosts

Nonphotosynthetic plants biological source of nutrients

plants and plants

Parasitic plants interact with what organism

water, minerals

Parasitic plants, such as Dodder can be devastating to crop production. Dodder will deprive host plants of __________________________, _________________________, and organic compounds

legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Rhizobia interacts with what organisms

mycorrhizae

Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant in which the fungus provides the plant with increased ability for water and mineral uptake and the plant provides the fungus with organic food molecules are called:

Nitrate from microorganisms in the soil, Ammonium ion, Ammonia applied as a fertilizer

The forms of nitrogen that can be taken up directly by plants

weathering

The physical and chemical breakdown of rock is called ________________________, while a process called erosion is when soil is washed away by water or blown away by wind.

They are prokaryotic, They fix nitrogen, they live within plant cells

True statements about rhizobia are:

horizons

Vegetation, climate, history of human impact, and bedrock type are all factors that affect the composition and thickness of soil _____________________

History of human impact, climate and vegetation, bedrock type

What affects soil horizon composition and thickness

Algae, Cyanobacteria, Aquatic Plants

What are likely to exhibit a direct increase in growth as a result of the leaching of minerals from the soil by a heavy rainfall

Ammonia

What form of nitrogen can be used directly by plants to build amino acids

fertilizer

What is the name for the material that comes in organic and inorganic forms and can compensate for deficiencies in soil organic matter or mineral content?

water, carbon dioxide, potassium, nitrogen

What major nutrients do plants need to take in for growth

nitrogen

Which nutrient is limiting to crops due to the role it plays in synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and alkaloids?

Weathering

Which of the following processes contributes to the mineral content of soils?

lessens erosion, binds mineral nutrients to improve fertility, soft consistency fosters root growth

Why is humus a beneficial component of soil?

essential elements

______________________ are chemical elements that are needed by plants for survival

carbon dioxide

although light provides energy for plant photosynthesis, most plant dry mass originates from ______________ _____________________

do not reach levels that saturate plant photosynthesis

atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

essential

chemical elements that are required by plants and play many roles in plant metabolism are called _________________ elements

stomata

most plants obtain CO2 gas from the atmosphere by absorption through pores in the epidermis called:

Industrial

the nitrogen in inorganic fertilizers is produced by ______________________ nitrogen fixation

fixation

the process by which atmospheric nitrogen gas is combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia is refereed to as nitrogen _____________

rhizobia

the proteobacteria that live within root cells or legumes and fix nitrogen are called _________________.

a hydroponics system

to study the mineral elements required for plant growth, scientists often grow plants in a water solution, a process called

the presence of humus

what is a soil feature that enchances plant growth?

carbon dioxide

what is the source of most plant dry mass?

prokaryotes

what organisms provide most of the fixed nitrogen in soils by carrying out biological nitrogen fixation?