Biology 1120 Exam 3
Tarsiers
a small insectivorous, tree-dwelling, nocturnal primate with large eyes, a long tufted tail, and long hind limbs, native to the islands of Southeast Asia.
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.
amanita
Which chordate group has the most species?
bony fishes
There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.
50,000
About ____ species of birds have been described.
9,000
Which was the last continent to be inhabited by monkeys?
Asia
Members of phylum ____ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists.
Chytridiomycota
• Three classes of tetrapods
Class Amphibia- frogs, toads, salamanders • Class Reptilia- lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, birds • Class Mammalia- mammals
• Six classes of fishes
Class Myxini- hagfishes • Class Petromyzontida- lampreys • Class Chondrichthyes- sharks, skates, rays • Class Dipnoi- lungfishes • Class Actinistia- lobe-finned fishes • Class Actinopterygii- ray-finned fishes
sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
Based upon today's molecular evidence, Homo sapiens appear to have originated from:
East Africa
Which skeletal features enhanced hominin bipedal locomotion?
broader pelvis foreman magnum at the center base of skull complex curvature of the spine alignment of the toes
Yeasts reproduce asexually by:
budding
The hominoid genus Pongo includes which animals?
orangutans
Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.
oviparous; internal
The larvae of some cnidarians are known as ____ larvae.
planula
Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?
plasmogamy
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:
spores
The function of cotyledons in many plants is to:
store food reserves
sea star feeding behavior
carnivore
What is the first part of the seedling to come out during germination?
radicle
The modern human skull lacks which primate feature?
supraorbital ridge
characteristics of arthopods
1. Exoskeleton 2. Segmented 3. Dorsal heart, Ventral Central Nervous System 4. Open Circulatory system 5. Small bodied
There are ___ living primate species
233
3 orders of amphibians
Order Urodela ("visible tail") • Salamanders, mud puppies, and newts • Order Anura ("no tail") • Frogs and toads • Order Apoda ("no feet") • Worm-like caecilians
two clades of modern mammals
Protheria: egg-laying mammals (monotremes) Theria: mammals that bear their young alive
If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?
Sponge larvae are motile
What distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons?
They walk on their knuckles.
H. floresiensis fossils found on the Indonesian island of Flores have been dubbed "hobbits" by the media because of what feature?
They were only 1 m tall
a transitional form between fishes and tetrapods
Tiktaalik (375 mya)
nauplius larva
a larval stage (planktonic) in the life cycle of many crustaceans (ex: shrimp, crabs, lobster)
Fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as:
aggregate fruits
a characteristic of tapeworms?
apeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
Sometimes plants produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and fusion of gametes. This process is known as:
apomixis
An examples of a plant disease caused by an ascomycete is:
chestnut blight
DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are:
chimpanzees
Polyplacophora
chitons
The common ancestor of all animals is/are the:
choanoflagellates
Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their ____. This allows transfer of ____ from one worm to the other.
clitellum; sperm
Production of ____ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes.
conidia
A nauplius larva is characteristic of:
crustaceans
Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ____, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ____.
ctenophores; endoderm
chordates
deuterostomes with bilateral symmetry, a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and three germ layers
Fungi parasitic on plants produce specialized hyphae, called ____, that penetrate the host.
haustoria
The amino acid sequence of chimpanzee hemoglobin is identical to that of ______
humans
Most flowers are pollinated by which method?
insects
A marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because:
it would have difficulty with osmoregulation.
Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics.
larva
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:
lay eggs
Reduction in ____ growth is used as a sensitive indicator of air pollution.
lichen
Color pigments produced by ____ are used to dye woolens and litmus.
lichens
The ____ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
mesoderm
Complete ____ reduces competition among insects within the same species; larval forms do not compete with adults for food or habitats.
metamorphosis
Arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are:
millipedes
Determinate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.
protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process
Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.
radial; indeterminate
Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?
rapidly changing colors
Flower parts are borne on the tip of a stalk referred to as the:
receptacle
Mammals evolved from mammal-like ____ known as therapsids more than 200 mya.
reptiles
Australopithecus was the first hominin to feature which distinguishing characteristic?
sexual dimorphism
The diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the:
sporophyte generation
A ____ is an underground stem that is greatly enlarged for food storage.
tuber
sac fungi phylum
Ascomycota
Salamanders are members of the order:
Caudata
Allomyces Phylum
Chytridiomycota
Members of the phylum ____ are the simplest organisms with a separate mouth and anus.
Ctenophora
Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?
Glomeromycetes
Scyphozoans
Group of cnidarians,all marine, polyp stage is greatly reduced, free swimming medusae is up to 2 m in diameter. (Jellies,sea nettles)
Anthropoids
Human like primates
Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.
Proterozoic
Which of the following is thought to be most closely related to the anthropoids?
Tarsiers
Which suborder do Tarsiers belong?
Tarsiformes
Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.
Testudines
Bivalvia
The class of the phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, and mussels.
How do leeches differ from other annelids?
They do not have setae or parapodia
three subphyla of chordata
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates
mushroom phylum
basidiomycetes
Fungi that lack septa are called:
coenocytic
____ is an anticoagulant used by leeches.
hirudin
viviparous
producing living young (not eggs)
The term for physical damage to a seed coat that induces germination is:
scarification
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
swim bladder
Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:
they lack vertebrae
What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?
wheat rust
coelomates
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).
Deuterostomes
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development
sea star phylum
Echinoderm
____ is an example of a plant that produces detachable plantlets in notches along their leaf margins.
Kalanchoe
An animal found in the rocky intertidal zone has eight overlapping plates and is tightly adhering to the rock with a muscular foot. This animal is most likely a member of the class:
Polyplacophora
The absorption of water by a dry seed is known as:
imbibtion
Snakes are most closely related to
lizards
Ribbon worms have a unique ____ that is used to capture prey.
proboscis
Evidence shows that humans began to cultivate crops from approximately ____ years ago.
10,000
Apes and Old World monkeys diverged ____ to ___ mya
25 mya to 23 mya
Neanderthals appeared how many years ago?
250,000
The coelacanth is found in the class:
Actinistia
Which hominoids may have given rise to the apes and humans?
Aegyptopithecus
Anthropoid primates arose in______ during the Middle Eocene epoch (45 mya)
Africa or Asia
protostomes
Animals with mouths that develop from or near the blastopore
The immediate ancestors of the genus Homo belonged to which genus?
Australopithecus
Setae
Bristle-like structures that help segmented worms move
All the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the:
Calyx
The diverse body plans seen in Animalia apparently developed during the:
Cambrian period.
Which pair of words is incorrectly matched? A. mesoderm − muscles B. deuterostomes − radial cleavage C. tail end − posterior D. coelom − nο body cavity E. triploblastic − bilateral organism
D. coelom − nο body cavity
Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.
Echinoidea
Acheulian tools, e.g., hand axes, choppers, borers, and scrapers, are associated with which group of hominins?
Homo erectus
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:
Myxini and Petromyzontida.
Neanderthals were first discovered near and named for the:
Neander Valley in Germany.
5 characteristics of chordates
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal passages, muscular post-anal tail, endostyle
parapodia
Paddlelike appendages that assist aquatic annelids in locomotion.
The earliest hominin discovered to date, in a dry lake bed in Chad, belongs to which genus?
Sahelanthropus
Characteristics of echinoderms
The fall on the eumetazoan branch of animals. They fall within the group Bilateria. They develop as deuterostomes. They fall within the group Deuterostomia.
Morphogenesis
The process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations.
The first animals to show cephalization have several characteristics, name some
These animals were in phylum Platyhelminthes. These animals are placed in the group Lophotrochozoa. These animals were triploblastic. These animals followed the protostome pattern of embryonic development.
Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?
They are acoelomates.
bread mold phylum
Zygomycota
The head end of an animal is known as its:
anterior end
As adults, ____ are the only sessile crustaceans whose external anatomy is completely different than its fellow crustaceans.
barnacles
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:
basidia
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
basidiocarps
One significant difference between anthropoids and other primates is the size of their:
brains
An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):
centipede
Which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?
crustaceans
Indeterminate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.
deuterostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process
Paleoanthropological evidence indicates that Australopithecus afarensis probably:
did not construct tools nor used fire
Sea anemones, unlike scyphozoans, have a partitioned gastrovascular cavity. This serves as a means of:
digesting very large food items.
Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:
do not have nipples.
The epidermis of a nematode is derived from the:
ectoderm
Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.
eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads
The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:
endoderm
The prolonged low temperature exposure required for the germination of some seeds:
ensures that the seeds germinate in spring, rather than in fall.
The union of gametes is called ____ and takes place within the ____ of a flower.
fertilization; ovary
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:
flagellated cells.
To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?
frontal
Cells of the blastula undergo ____, a process that forms and segregates the three germ layers.
gastrulation
Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):
glomeromycete
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:
hydrozoans
A ____ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.
hypha
In angiosperms, the gametophyte generation:
is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte.
Order Squamata
lizards, snakes, worm lizards
In scyphozoans, the ____ is the dominant body form.
medusa
A grasshopper belongs in the Ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to:
molt
What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade?
molting
Hyphae of a basidiomycete's primary mycelium consist of ____ cells.
monokaryotic
In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the:
mouth
Most fungal spores are ____ reproductive cells that are produced ____.
nonmotile; sexually or asexually
Notocord is a characteristic of which phylum?
phylum Chordata
Ctenophora
phylum of comb jellies
One characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:
possess two shells with a hinge.
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:
sacropterygian fishes.
Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____.
sponges; filter feeders
Ovoviviparous
term used to refer to animals whose young are born alive after developing in eggs inside the mother's body
First primates appeared by (time period)
the Early Eocene
Genes for self-incompatibility usually inhibit:
the growth of the pollen tube
The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.
three; four
What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?
underground mycelium
Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?
yeast
The earliest fossils of anatomically modern H. sapiens in Europe and most parts of Asia date to:
~40,000 years ago.
Arrange the following going from the earliest to the most recent according to the time they evolved from a common ancestor. 1) New World monkeys 2) Orangutans 3) Humans 4) Gibbons 5) Gorillas
1New World monkeys, 4Gibbons, 2 Orangutans, 5 Gorillas, 3 Humans
Eosimias
42 mya. The earliest known anthropoid. Small, insectivorous, diurnal.
The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?
450 million years ago
Oviparous
Eggs hatch outside the mother's body
3n
Endosperm tissue
The oldest known anthropoid fossil is ____, found in China and Myanmar.
Eosimias
What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?
Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.
Who were the first hominins thought to wear clothing, build fires, and live in caves or shelters?
Homo erectus
What molecular evidence have been found in cnidarians, which have radial symmetry, that is evidence to indicate cnidarians share a common ancestor with bilateral animals?
Hox genes
You are given a box of bones, which includes a tall narrow pelvis and a foot with non-aligned toes. Which statement can be supported by these bones?
The bones belonged to a quadrupedal organism.
Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?
They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.
Characteristics of mycorrhizae
They increase the uptake of nutrient minerals by the plant. They are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant root. Endomycorrhizae are intracellular. Members of the Glomeromycota may be involved
cephalization
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body
Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:
dikaryotic
Which is the correct sequence of embryonic development in eudicots?
proembryo → globular stage embryo → heart stage embryo → torpedo stage embryo
Which group of organisms display radial cleavage during development?
echinoderms
The fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the ovule forms the:
endosperm
Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group.
sister taxa
