Biology, 15.2, Recombinant DNA

Prasher next found the _______ base sequence that coded for the protein

mRNA

Recombinant-DNA technology -- joining together DNA from two or more ________ -- makes it possible to change the _______ composition of living organisms.

sources; genetic

What is the second step to a polymerase chain reaction?

As the DNA cools, primers bind to the single strands.

Genetic marker

A gene that makes it possible to differentiate a cell that carries a recombinant plasmid from those that do not

Examples of a transgenic organism.

A goat that produces spider's silk in its milk; a plant that is grown from a cell into which Agrobacterium has incorporated recombinant DNA; a bacterium that can produce human insulin.

Examples of a clone.

A lamb that is born with the same DNA as a donor cell; a colony of bacteria that grows from one bacterium.

Recombinant DNA

DNA in which one or more segments or genes have been inserted, either naturally or by laboratory manipulation, from a different molecule or from another part of the same molecule, resulting in a new genetic combination.

What is the first step of a polymerase chain reaction?

DNA is heated to separate strands.

What is the third step to a polymerase chain reaction?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to strands, producing two complimentary strands.

What are the steps to the original method used by Douglas Prasher?

Determine the amino acid sequence in a protein, predict the mRNA code for that sequence, use a complimentary base sequence to attract the predicted mRNA, find the DNA fragment that binds to the mRNA

What can happen when DNA is injected into the nucleus of an animal's egg cell?

Enzymes that are normally responsible for repair and recombination may help insert the foreign DNA into the chromosomes of the injected cell.

True or false? Examining the properties of a transgenic organism allows scientists to discover the function of the transferred chromosome.

False; gene not chromosome

True or false? An organism that contains one or more gene from another species is inbred.

False; they are transgenic.

Genetic engineers can transfer _________ from one organism to another to achieve a goal, but first individual _______ must be identified and _______ from DNA.

Genes; genes; separated

Give a reason why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer.

It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication, helping to ensure that the foreign DNA will be replicated.

What is a clone?

It is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

What is a transgenic organism?

It is an organism that contains genes from other species.

Why is DNa ligase so important to recombinant DNA technology?

It joins two DNA fragments together.

Agrobacterium can cause tumors in plants. The part of the DNA that causes tumors is deactivated and replaced with _____________ DNA.

Recombinant

Southern Blotting

Research technique for finding specific DNA sequences, among dozens.

What do genetic engineers use to create the "sticky ends" needed to splice two fragments of DNA together?

Restriction enzymes

What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years?

Sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and cats have been cloned.

Primer

Short pieces of complimentary DNA that prepare a place for DNA polymerase to start working

How is a DNA molecule constructed so that it will eliminate a particular gene?

The DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that will sometimes recombine with specific sequences in the host chromosome. The host gene between the two sequences may then be lost or replaced with a new gene.

What is the fourth step to a polymerase chain reaction?

The procedure is repeated starting at step 1 to make multiple copies of a gene.

Why must a genetically engineered plasmid contain a genetic marker?

To separate cells that contain recombinant DNA from those that do not

The universal nature of the genetic code makes it possible to construct organisms that are ____________, containing genes from other species.

Transgenic

True or false? Carefully designed DNA molecules can achieve gene replacement.

True

True or false? Plant cells will sometimes take up DNA on their own if their cell walls are absent.

True

True or false? Transgenic organisms can be made by inserting recombinant DNA into the genome of the host organism.

True

As a first step toward finding a gene, Douglas Prasher studied the ___________ sequence of part of a protein.

amino acid

Inside a plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into the host cell ___________.

chromosome

A _______________ is generated from the transformed cell.

complete or new plant

Using the technique of _______________ Prasher matched the mRNA to a DNA fragment that contained the gene from GFP.

gel electrophoresis

In addition to their own chromosomes, some bacteria contain small circular DNA molecules known as:

plasmids

Once they find a gene, biologists often need to make many copies of it using a technique known as:

polymerase chain reaction

Southern blot analysis uses ______ probes to bind to fragments with complementary base sequences.

radioactive.

DNA joined to a plasmid can be:

replicated

Transgenic organisms can be produced by:

the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism

Joining DNA to a plasmid, and then using the recombinant plasmid to transform bacteria, results in:

the replication of the newly added DNA along with the rest of the cell's genome.

A recombinant plasmid can be used to:

transform a bacterium

The _____________ bacteria are placed in a dish with plant cells. The bacteria infect the plant cells.

transformed