Biology 161 Exam 5 Dr. Squyres

A patient develops a tumor in one of their parathyroid glands, causing an increase in the release of parathyroid hormone into the blood. What would be the result?A.Higher blood calcium concentrations than normal B.Lower blood calcium concentrations than normal C.No change to blood calcium concentrations

A

Secretion of parathyroid hormone results in the activation of osteoclasts. This will have what effect? A.Raise blood calcium levels B.Lower blood calcium levels

A

Synarthroses are _______________________ A. immobile B. slightly movable C. completely movable

A

Which situation resists the most force? A.Holding a paper straw on both ends and trying to push the ends toward the center of the straw B.Folding a paper straw in half

A

Which of the following structure(s) will cover the inner surfaces of a joint cavity? Choose all that apply. A. Articular cartilage B. Reinforcing ligament C. Nervous tissue D. Synovial membrane E. Dense, irregular tissue

A and D

A person is lacking (through genetic mutations) the receptor for a steroid hormone. Which of the following observations are correct? A.There are fewer receptors in the plasma membrane of the cell B.Even if the hormone is present, there will NOT be a change in gene expression C.There are more receptors in the cytoplasm D.The hormone fails to enter the cell

B

Amphiarthroses are _______________________ A. immobile B. slightly movable C. completely movable

B

Increased activity of osteoblasts will result in: A.Normal bone maintenance B.Bone growth C.Bone deterioration

B

Sometimes a child will begin puberty early (before age 8 or 9), called 'precocious puberty'. What effect would this have on their stature? Think about the effect on bone growth. A.They will be tall for their age at first, and remain tall as an adult. B.They will be tall for their age at first, but short as an adult. C.They will be short for their age at first, but tall as an adult. D.It will have no effect on stature.

B

What structural classification is an epiphyseal plate? A.Fibrous B.Cartilage C.Synovial joint

B

Which cell type is primarily responsible for secreting new matrix components during initial bone growth AND remodeling?A.Osteogenic B. Osteoblasts C. Osteoclasts D. Osteocytes

B

Why does damage to fibrocartilaginous articular disks (like the menisci of the knee) typically take a very long time to heal and may possibly even require surgery? A. Synovial fluid has a lot of blood cells that hinder the healing process. B. Articular disks are avascular and depend on diffusion to receive nutrients. C. Damage to articular disks results in blood clotting that slows the healing processes. D. Synovial fluid contains uric acid that can hinder healing.

B

Growth hormone has which of the following effects on the body? Select all that apply. A. Decreases amino acid uptake B. Activates osteoblasts and chondrocytes C. Decreases protein synthesis in muscle and bone D. Triggers the release of IGF-1 by the liver

B and D

Which of the following types of tissue contains chondrocytes? Choose all that apply. A. Osseous tissue B. Fibrocartilage C. Dense regular connective tissue (ligaments) D. Hyaline cartilage

B and D

A disease that decreases the amount of collagen fibers in the matrix will result in which of the following symptoms? Soft bones Brittle bones Flexible bones Dense bones

Brittle bones

Diarthroses are _______________________ A. immobile B. slightly movable C. completely movable

C

What do osteocytes do? A.Create cartilage B.Produce osteoid C.Maintain the matrix D.Destroy the matrix

C

When bone resorption outpaces bone deposition•Spongy bone is most vulnerable•It commonly occurs in older women as estrogen levels drop. Why is this?A.Because estrogen stimulates osteoclasts B.Because estrogen stimulates interstitial bone growth C.Because estrogen stimulates osteoblasts D.Because estrogen stimulates chondrocytes to divide

C

Which of the following cell types is found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage? A.Osteocytes B.Fibroblasts C.Chondrocytes D.Stem cells

C

Which of the following ions important for physiological function is regulated (stored and released) by the skeletal system? Sodium Potassium Calcium` Chloride

Calcium

Which of the following cells types undergo rapid and extensive mitosis in the epiphyseal plate? Chondrocytes Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts

Chondrocytes

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of which of the following substances? A.Fibers only B.Ground substance only C.Cytoplasm only D.Fibers and ground substance E.Fibers and cytoplasm only

D

This term describes the small passages perpendicular to the forces of bones that help connect the endosteum of the medullary cavity with the osteons. A.Central Haversian canal B.Canaliculi C.Lacunae D.Volkmann's canal

D

Bone Fracture and HealingWhich cells would be involved in healing a bone fracture? Think about all four steps. A.Osteoclasts B.Osteoblasts C.Chondrocytes D.B and C E.A, B, and C

E

Which of the following structures assist with joint function by reducing friction and providing cushion? Choose all that apply. Fat pads Ligaments Synovial fluid Articular cartilage

Everything but lgiaments

If an adult develops a tumor on their pituitary gland that causes a prolonged excessive release of GH, they are likely to develop the condition gigantism, in which they grow unusually tall. True False

False

Ligaments and cartilage contain the same cell type trapped within the extracellular matrix. A.True B.False

False

GHRH directly triggers the release of which of the following hormones? Somatostatin Growth hormone IGF-1

Growth hormone

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

What is in the middle of an osteon and what does it contain? A.An osteocyte B.Lamellae C.Blood vessels D.Bone marrow E.Trabeculae

Haversian canal, blood vessels

The ___________________ space is filled with synovial fluid. Joint cavity Articular capsule

Joint Cavity

A person has a genetic mutation in the receptor for GH that prevents the hormone from binding to target cells. What levels of IGF-1 do you find in the person? Higher than normal Lower than normal Normal levels

Lower than normal

In which of the following zones would you find active osteoblasts and osteoclasts? Resting zone Proliferating zone Hypertrophic zone Ossification zone

Ossification zone

Which of the following diseases is caused by direct damage to articular cartilage, as a result of aging and wear and tear? Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Bursitis

Osteoarthritis

Red blood cells are mainly produced by hematopoiesis occurring the the _______________ bone marrow. red yellow

Red

Match the zone of the epiphyseal plate with its general function. Resting zone Proliferation zone Hypertrophic zone Calcification zone Ossification zone Cartilage matrix mineralizes Mineralized cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue Inactive zone of epiphyseal plate Zone of high levels of cell division (mitosis) Chondrocytes enlarge and create spaces in matrix

Resting zone Inactive zone of epiphyseal plate Proliferation zone Zone of high levels of cell division (mitosis) Hypertrophic zone Chondrocytes enlarge and create spaces in matrix Calcification zone Cartilage matrix mineralizes Ossification zone Mineralized cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue

Which type of hormone is able to easily diffuse across the membrane? A.Steroid B.Protein

Steroid

All synovial joints are considered diarthroses. True False

True

Increased force on bones will result in an increase in bone matrix production. True False

True

The growth hormone axis contains at least one example of a negative feedback loop. True False

True

Endocrine glands secrete chemical messages directly into the bloodstream. A.True B. False

TrueS

Many neurons of joints help to inform the brain about the activity of the joint, including pain or position of the joint. These types of neurons are classified as _____________________ neurons. afferent efferent inter-

afferent

The skull is a part of the _____ skeleton. axial appendicular

axial

Haversian canal

central opening of an osteon

Lamellae

concentric layers of bone tissue

Which of the following joints will have a synovial membrane? synarthroisis amphiarthrorsis diarthrosis

diarthrosis

What is the epiphysis?

ends of bone

Periosteum

outer tissue layer of bones

Osteon

repeating functional unit of compact bone

What is a diaphysis?

shaft of a long bone

Lacunae

small cavities that contain osteocytes