Biology 181 Exam 2

About _____ of the energy captured by photosynthesis passes all the way through to secondary carnivores. Question 1Select one:a. .001 b. 1 c. 10 d. 100 e. 1000

.001

Using your knowledge of taxonomic categories and classification, use each category to classify the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) below. Hint: According to some taxonomists, gorillas are so closely related to humans that they belong to the same Family we do!

Eukarya / Eukaryote Animalia / Animal Chordata / Chordate Mammalia / Mammal Primata / Primate Hominidae / Hominid Gorilla gorilla

Why have protists been placed with plants, fungi, and animals under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five Kingdoms? Question 13Select one:a. Many protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, and animals because they possess a nucleus. b. The discovery that protists had organelles made it clear that they should be grouped with other eukaryotes. c. Recent evidence makes it clear that the former kingdom Protista was paraphyletic. d. The discovery of very small protists, similar in size to prokaryotes, has made the former classification scheme obsolete.

Many protists are more closely related to plants, fungi, and animals because they possess a nucleus.

What kind of data can be used to group organisms in cladograms and phylogenetic trees? Select all that apply. Question 4Select one or more:a. Embryological development b. Morphology c. Locomotive Ability d fossil record e. Chromaticity f. Reproductive Success

Morphology Embryological development fossil records

Plasma Membrane Present

both

Northern elephant seals have reduced genetic variation most likely due to being hunted. Hunting reduced their population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Since then, their population has rebounded to over 30,000, but the genes still have much less variation than the genes in a population of Southern elephant seals that were never hunted. This is an example of... Question 21Select one:a. sexual dimorphism b. Founder Effect c. heterozygous advantage d. Bottleneck Effect e. mutation

bottleneck effect

One word answer: Friends at a party are getting philosophical about life, and start discussing what the smallest unit of life is that is capable of carrying out life functions. You politely interrupt and tell them that the answer is a / the

cell

Two species of closely-related fish (Gasterosteus spp.) coexist in the same lake. One species lives in the limnetic water zone (where light does not penetrate) and the other lives in the benthic zone (bottom of the lake). Each species also specializes in eating different foods: one feeds on invertebrates (animals lacking backbones) and the other feeds on zooplanton (tiny animals). In addition, each species differs in the size, shape, and number of gill features, as well as other traits. This is an example of... Question 2Select one: a. Character displacement b. Fecundity c. Anagenesis d. Aposomatic characteristic e. Realized trait

character displacement

The number of red squirrels decreased in Great Britain due to the disappearance of hazelnuts, a primary food in their diet. However, gray squirrels easily adapted to the environment, thus replacing the red squirrels gradually.

competitive exclusion

As can be seen in the image below, South American anteaters, African aardvarks, and Asian pangolins resemble one another in certain structural features and lifestyle, but are distantly related and adapted independently to eat ants and termites in similar grassland /forest environments in different parts of the world. This best describes ___ .

convergent evolution

Two separate populations of birds live on different sides of a river, but quickly begin to fly to each other's sides to interact and interbreed. These populations are most likely to: Question 31Select one:a. not evolve b. have recessive alleles c. experience gene flow d. experience artificial selection e. go extinct

experience gene flow

Both Red and Gray Foxes consume the same prey.

exploitative

Which of the following biological organizations of hierarchical ordered complexity of life is in the correct order? Question 4Select one:a. Cell, species, biosphere, ecosystem b. Cell, population, biosphere, organisms c. Population, ecosystem, biosphere, species d. Ecosystem, population, community, biosphere e. Organism, biosphere, ecosystem, community f. Organisms, populations, communities, biosphere g. Organs, population, biosphere, community

f. Organisms, populations, communities, biosphere

True or False? The following scenario is likely to result in evolution: A pregnant woman spends too much time in the sun and suffers severe sunburn.The sunlight causes genetic changes to the DNA in her skin. Question 19Select one:TrueFalse

false

(Please note: To see this entire image, you may need to move the scroll bars and/or open the question to full screen. Scroll bars are usually along the right and bottom of the question window. If there is no scroll bar, you can try putting the cursor on the question (not the image) and then put two fingers on the mouse pad to slowly shift the image.) To earn credit, this question has to be answered during the exam. Thus, please do all you can to see this image / picture.of taxonomic classification. In the image, the arrow is pointing to the ___ . Question 3Select one:a. Order b. Class c. Species d. Family e. Kingdom f. Genus g. Phylum h. Domain

family

Two members of the initial Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744 shared the recessive allele for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, which results in a long narrow chest and shortening of the limbs. More Amish people have these traits than the surrounding non-Amish population. This is an example of... Question 23Select one:a. gene flow b. sexual selection c. Founder Effect d. homozygous advantage e. Bottleneck Effect

founder effect

In one forest, a population of sparrows (birds) feeds on berries that grow abundantly on bushes. The sparrows can also eat the berries that fall to the forest floor, but forest mice are quicker at getting the berries that have fallen. In another forest where there are no mice, the sparrows eat the berries on the bushes and on the ground. This demonstrates that bushes and the forest floor comprise the sparrows'...

fundamental niche

In 2006, eight grizzly bears were found to have DNA traced to one female polar bear. These bears were called, "grolar bears." This is an example of...

gene flow

One word answer only: What is the process in which organisms gradually change over a period of time?

gradualism

___ is / are the specific name for the appendages or portions of a parasitic fungus that penetrate a host's tissue and draw(s) nutrients from it.

haustoria

Which characteristic of life is demonstrated when the human body lowers a fever through different feedback mechanisms? Question 17Select one:a. Evolutionary Adaptation b. Homeostasis c. Growth d. Energy Utilization e. Ordered Complexity

homeostasis

Although each of the tails in the picture has a different length, width, and/or coloring, they all are flexible extensions of the vertebral column derived from a common ancestral form. This means that tails are a great example of ___ .Select one: a. paraplasy b. cladistics c. apomorphy d. paralogy e. homoplasy f. homology g. analogy

homology

Evolutionary changes within a species are most accurately referred to as: Question 25Select one:a. emergent gene transfer b. natural selection c. macroevolution d. homologies e. microevolution

microevolution

Use a specific one-word answer to receive credit. Ideally, when making phylogenetic trees, the taxa in the tree should be ___ . Please double check your spelling to make sure the word is spelled correctly. Thank you!

monophhyleltic

Both the viceroy and monarch butterflies have patterns of orange and black wing coloration that are remarkably similar, and are poisonous and/or unpalatable to predators. This is an example of _____ mimicry. Question 14Select one:a. Moth b. Aposomatic c. Batesian d. Iterative e. Selective f. Non-poisonous mimicking poisonous g. Mullerian h. Taiga

mullein

Mutations are the only source of... Question 26Select one:a. changes in allele frequencies b. all genetic variation (material) c. new genetic variation (material) d. changes in phenotypes

new genetic variation

I belong to a clade of vertebrates that lay their eggs in water and do NOT retain fertilized eggs within the mother. Who am I? I am a/an... Question 16Select one:a. anapsid b. crustacean c. amniote d. non-amniote e. diapsid f. lizard g. synapsid

non-amniote

Choose the best answer. You are part of a research team tasked with coming-up with a plan to measure the total amount of energy produced in a Sumatran (Indonesia) rainforest. This means that you will have to figure-out how to measure... Question 12Select one:a. energetic threshold b. trophic efficiency c. total energy d. net productivity e. primary productivity

primary productivity

Archaea is an example of a(n)

prokaryote

Cell Wall Always Present

prokaryote

Cockroaches (Order: Blattodea) are a good example of _____ selection. They are small, mature quickly, have a lot of offspring, and do not live for a long time. Question 17Select one: a.X b.K c.competitive exclusion d.autotrophic e.anagenesis f.r g.carrying capacity

r

Name one of the three main characteristics of a population that we covered together in class. Please note: This question is not referring to one of the main processes of a population.

range

European Rabbits' ideal habitat is dry areas near sea level with soft, sandy soil, brushy fields and/or forests. Their native range was the Iberian peninsula and small areas of France and northwest Africa. Now, due to human activity, wild European Rabbits can be found on every continent except Asia and Antarctica.

realized niche

Different types of closely related phytoplankton (tiny plants in water) coexist. Some species spend more time in areas of the water that have more nitrogen, while others may spend more time in areas that get more sunlight.

resource partioning

The bacteria E. coli has been growing slowly over a long time in an old, shrinking pond. The scientists know the fish are getting close to their carrying capacity because they plotted the data they collected. Their 'curve' most likely looked like the curve on the left or right?

right

At first, you do not understand how the fungus you found in the forest is alive for so long when it is surrounded by no signs of life, just dead trees. After observing the fungus for a while, you realize that it is getting nutrition from dead organisms. What one word best describes this type of fungal and other organisms' lifestyle? Question 14Select one:a. monocot b. chytrid c. hyphae d. saprobe e. plasmid f. haustoria g. Ascomycete

saprobe

The Net Reproductive Rate (R0) of a population of wild mustang horses is 1.1. This means that if you were observing / watching the population, you would think that it is _____ . Question 6Select one:a. subjected to high predation b. decreasing c. stable d. increasing e. low with respect to females f. experiencing high infant mortality g. competing for resource

stable, increasing

Humans who are born too small can lose heat easily, which can lead to death. Babies born too large can lead to complications for the mother during childbirth, which can lead to death of the mother and baby.

stablizing

The European flounder has two reproductive types: pelagic and demersal spawning. There is some overlap between gene/allele frequencies in both types. Genotypes common in one type are usually uncommon in the other type, however, both types (phenotypes) look similar to one another. This suggests strong reproductive isolation. This is an example of: Question 18Select one:a. Allopatric speciation b. Sympatric speciation c. Immigration d. Emigration

sympatric speciation

Habitual bipedalism in humans and other hominids is _____ . *Habitual means done or doing constantly or as a habit, regular, usual. *Bipedalism means walking on two limbs. Question 10Select one:a. taxonomic b. ancestral c. cladistical d. synapomorphic e. symplesiamorphic

synapomorphic

The American toad mates in the early part of summer, while the Fowler's toad mates later in the season. This is an example of ___ isolation. Question 30Select one:a. mechanicalb. ecological c. behavioral d. prevention of gamete fusion e. temporal f. hybrid g. subspecies

temporal

There is more than one correct way to show relationships using a phylogenetic tree. Three of the four trees displayed below show the same relationship between species A, B, C, D, and E. Which tree shows a different relationship? Select one: a. Tree 4 b. Tree 3 c. All of the trees show the same relationships. d. Tree 1 e. Tree 2

tree 4

What determines the amount of total energy an organism has? Be specific, use terminology we learned in class, and give a clear example if your answer is unclear.

trophic levels

Depicts individuals that have a high probability of surviving to adulthood.

type 1

Depicts individuals that mostly die in the early stages of their life.

type 3

Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as _____ in the form of a paste. Question 17Select one:a. uric acid b. nitrate c. nitric acid d. nitrogen e. urea f. ammonia g. nitrite

uric acid

Answer with a specific one-word for full credit. You are puzzled because you are looking through a microscope and see a single-celled organism, yet the label on the slide says, "Eukarya." After some consideration, you realize that you are not looking at a protist, but rather a/an... Remember to answer as specific as possible, not general.

yeast

Most likely found on old bread and fruit, form spores that are resistant to harsh conditions.

zygomycota

Choose all answers that are correct. Question 2Select one:a. Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans through artificial selection. b. Ancestral wolf populations experienced natural selection forces that favored dog-like characteristics. c. A band of ancestral wolf pups migrated from afar to live closer to humans. d. Ancestral wolf pups were left alone when the adult wolves fell into a crevice (a narrow opening in a rock wall). e. Both a and b f. Both b and c g. Both c and d h. All are correct

Ancestral wolf pups were domesticated intentionally by early humans through artificial selection. Ancestral wolf populations experienced natural selection forces that favored dog-like characteristics.

Other than eukaryotes, name one main / primary evolutionary branch (domain) of life.

Archaea

Includes the shelf/bracket fungi, some mold, and rusts.

Basidiomycota

Females of the Common Mormon Butterfly (Papilio polytes) mimic unpalatable Common Rose Butterflies (Pachliopta aristolochiae). Prior to 1993, Mormon butterflies were present in the Okinawa region of Japan, however, Rose butterflies were not present. Therefore, female Mormon butterflies in this region did not mimic Rose butterflies, but instead, mimicked the males of their own species. In 1993, Rose butterflies established a population in Okinawa. After 1993, Mormon butterflies in the Okinawa region began to mimic the unpalatable Rose butterflies by increasing the white spots on their wings to avoid predation, as shown in the image above. This study shows direct evidence of micro-evolution toward ________ mimicry. Question 19Select one:a. Batesian b. Signal c. Mullerian d. Aposematic

Bayesian

You are explaining the hydrologic (water) cycle to a middle school student, and the first thing you want the student to understand is that there are three main stages of the water cycle. What are they? Question 3Select one:a. Condensation, respiration, transpiration b. Dehydration, condensation, respiration c. Precipitation, dehydration, evaporation d. Transpiration, dehydration, condensation e. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation f. Respiration, transpiration, water flow g. Condensation, precipitation, dehydration

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation

Fact: When let go above the ground, an object will always fall / drop. The law of parsimony would suggest which of the following related to this fact? Question 8Select one:a. We do not know what causes the object to fall, until you can see it. b. Gravity causes the object to fall. c. Once you run experiments, then you can know what causes the object to fall. d. An invisible chain linking the ball to the ground could be causing it to fall.

Gravity causes the object to fall.

Select those that are NOT mechanisms / modes / forces of evolution. Question 7Select one or more:a. Mutation b. Homozygosity c. Gene flow d. Genetic drift e. Heterozygosity

Homozygosity Heterozygosity

All of the following is related to the theory of evolution EXCEPT: Question 2Select one:a. Inheriting acquired characteristics b. Adapting to different environments c. Natural selection d. Heritable variation

Inheriting acquired characteristics

Which of these would support a population oscillating above / below genetic equilibrium / evolving? (In other words, which of these would cause a population to evolve?) Question 28Select one or more:a. Natural selection occurs. b. Migration occurs. c. New mutations arise. d. There is genetic drift. e. Mating is random.

Natural selection occurs. b. Migration occurs. c. New mutations arise. d. There is genetic drift.

Seventy percent (70%) of all fungi belong to this group; includes yeast, truffles, morels, and Penicillium; some are mycorrhizal; can cause disease

ascomycota

DNA shows that there are three subspecies of African elephants: 1. the West African species; 2. in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, the savanna elephants; and 3. in Central Africa, the forest elephants. This means that African elephants are a great example of ___ speciation. Question 24Select one:a. anagenesis b. sickle c. developmental d. sympatric e. pre-gametic f. post-gametic g. iterative h. allopatric

allopatric

Which of the following traits best applies to humans? Question 18Select one:a. Protostome b. Psuedocoelom c. Radial symmetry d. Taxonomic fluency e. Lophotrochozoan f. Deuterostome g. Phylogenetic dead end h. Non-amniote

deuterostome

The fastest gazelles will survive being pursued by cheetahs and lions.

directional

On a small island, three separate phenotypes of a single species of cherry tree occur—small, medium, and large cherries. Mice are introduced to the island, and they are the only ones that eat cherries. It is concluded that the mice eat the larger cherries. What kind of selection, if any, is occurring here? Question 32Select one:a. Directional Selection b. Stabilizing Selection c. Temporal Selection d. No Selection e. Disruptive Selection

directional selection

Two distinctly different beak sizes occur in a single population of black-bellied seed crackers (a finch species that lives in Cameroon, West Africa). The small-billed individuals feed mainly on soft seeds, while the large-billed individuals feed mainly on hard seeds.

disruptive

What is the current population size of humans if you round the number to the closest whole number? Remember, correct answers will have two words (not numbers such as 4, 5, 6, etc.) and be correctly spelled. Thank you!

eight billion

Although it is a cold morning, you still have to net (trap) birds to take measurements of their wing lengths. You are surprised to find that the birds' bodies are so much warmer than the cold air surrounding you and them. This seems to imply that most birds are _____ . Question 23Select one:a. heterothermic b. mutualistic c. haplothermic d. ectothermic e. endothermic

endothermic

A mammal is an example of a(n)

eukaryote

Nucleus Presen

eukaryote

Tibetans have lived in one of the least hospitable areas on the planet (altitudes above 10,000 feet), the Himalayan highlands, for thousands of years. Research has found that Tibetans' blood is genetically predisposed to produce more of the oxygen-transporting hemoglobin protein to suit their environment. Tibetans are closely related to the Han Chinese from Bejing (attitudes at or just above sea level), who do not have a genetic predisposition to produce increased amounts of the hemoglobin protein. This is an example of:

evolution

Many distantly related animals with large jaw muscles had / have sagittal crests*, including tyrannosaur dinosaurs, gorillas, and some pigs. Thus, we can conclude that sagittal crests are an example of ___ . *A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull (at the sagittal suture) of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. Question 9Select one:a. cladistics b. derivation c. paraplasy d. paralogy e. homoplasy f. apomorphy g. homology h. synapomorphy

homoplasy

Pogonomyrmex barbatus plugs the entrances to the colonies of Novomessor cockerelli, with small rocks, thus limiting their ability to forage.

interference

Wolves were hunted to extinction in Yellowstone in 1930, thus removing predatory pressure from elk, even though elk were still hunted by bears. The elk population began to grow out of control since they stopped having to migrate to avoid wolf packs. This means that wolves are a ______ species in Yellowstone. Question 9Select one:a. dominant b. iteroparous c. keystone d. foundation e. secondary

keystone

I am a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. I can live anywhere from sea level to high alpine elevations, in many environmental conditions, and can grow on almost any surface. Who am I? Question 19Select one:a. haustoria b. moss c. protist d. lichen e. chytrid f. pteridophyte g. hyphae h. mycelia

lichen

Give the specific name of an organism that is the most likely to have the least amount of total energy available. (In other words, name an organism that has the least amount of total energy available.)

linos

You are studying the color-changing Smith's dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion taeniabronchum), and trying to get a handle on what is going on with their population fluctuations. For a few years, the chameleon population seemed to be increasing, but the next few years the population appeared to be decreasing. Upon closer examination, the data indicate that population growth is most influenced by the... Question 24Select one:a. spread of disease in the group. b. number of females in the group. c. amount of resources (food) available. d. number of active predators. e. size of the group's home range.

number of active predators

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic body plans used to categorize the group Animalia? Question 22Select one:a. Type of body symmetry b. Number of tissue types in embryos c. Presence / absence of a fluid-filled cavity d. Number of limbs e. Degree of cephalization

number of limbs

Human lactation / nursing is an example of a ___ . Question 7Select one:a. taxonomy b. phylogeny c. derived trait d. synapomorphy e. plesiamorphy f. clade

plesiamorphy

A mule is a hybrid of a donkey and a horse. Mules are sterile and cannot produce offspring, so the only way to make more mules is to mate more donkeys and horses.

post zygotic

Different species of fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis lay their eggs on different host species. Adults return to lay eggs on the hosts from which they emerged.

post zygotic

Blue-footed boobies (a species of bird) select mates after an elaborate courtship display. They will not mate with other boobies.

pre zygotic

The American toad mates in the early part of summer, while the Fowler's toad mates later in the season.

pre zygotic

The specific full name of the trophic level of grasses in a food web is... (Hint: The correct answer has more than one word.)

primary producer