biology 2 connect questions
if a major predator is removed form a community which of the following is likely to happen
a decrease in biological diversity
which of the following describe what happens to a population as it approaches its carrying capacity
as a population approaches carrying capacity are used up and growth rate declines
_____ harvest light or chemical energy and use the energy to synthesize carbon compounds form CO2
autotrophs
a population with a per capita growth declining to zero would begin to approach its _____
carrying capacity
the larva of which of the following can use milkweed as a food source
caterpillar of the monarch butterfly
mustard oils are deterrent to many predators. which of the following predators can break down this substance and eat the mustard plant
caterpillars of cabbage white butterfly
overall the evolutionary changes observed in the fossil record of the horse family can be understood as adaptations to changes in global_____
climate
_____ is the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs among groups of species as they interact with one another
coevolution
symbiotic interactions often lead to which of the following
coevolution
which is the term used to describe cases where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution
coevolution
structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit_____ evolution, in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are_____ structures
convergent, homologous
organisms that are believed to share a common ancestor often show similarities in their early_____ development before diverging into varied forms
embryonic
parasites that live within the body of their hosts are termed _____
endoparasites
tapeworms, because they live inside of their hosts, are called ____
endoparasites
in an ecosystem, matter is constantly being recycled. in contrast, _____, such as that form the sun is never recycled
energy
in an ecological pyramid, each box is more narrow than the other one below it due to the rules of
energy flow
_____ growth models assume resources are unlimited
exponential
rapid population growth occurring when per capita growth rate remains above zero is called _____ growth
exponential
unchecked _____ growth of a population can result in a population explosion which would theoretically continue infinitely
exponential
which of the following accurately defines density independent mortality factors
factors for which mortality remains unchanged in response to population density
true or false: secondary chemical compounds of plants contribute directly to the growth and development of the plant
false
despite the presence of many dinosaurian traits, archaeopteryx fossils possess_______ which are a definitive trait of birds
feathers
the sequence of species shown in the image is referred to as a(n) _____ chain
food
a linear illustration of energy flow between organisms, such as the one shown on this diaphragm, is called a(n) _____
food chain
which of the following best describe how/when patterns of unrestrained or exponential growth of populations generally occur
for short periods of time
which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution
fossils
which of the following is the most direct evidence of evolution
fossils
all modern members of the horse family are large,______ legged,______ running animals adapted to living in open______
four, fast, grasslands
the leaf cutter ants of the tropics forms a symbiotic relationship with which of the following
fungi
evolutionary changes in the horse family can be related to changes in their habitat in North America, in particular, horse evolution was related to the widespread appearance of...
grasslands
a major source of limitation for population _____ is the fact that some individuals have fewer surviving offspring than others
growth
the fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial______ in size
growth, increase
consumers that feed on primary producers, such as plants are called ____
herbivores
a bottom up effect on an ecosystem results in an increase in which of the following
herbivores and eventually carnivores
the parasite, dicrocoelium dendriticum, reaches adulthood in which of the following organisms
herbivores mammals
_____ is a general term that describes all organism that obtain their nutrition by breaking down pre made organic compounds
heterotrophs
_____ is a general term that describes all organisms that obtain their nutrition by breaking down remade organic compounds
heterotrophs
organisms in all trophic levels above the primary producers are called ____
heterotrophs
what organisms obtain their nutrition by consuming other organisms
heterotrophs
structures with different appearances and functions that are all derived form the same body part in a common ancestor are called_____ structures
homologous
evolutionary biologists believe that even though they serve different functions, the forelimb of a frog and the forelimb of a bat share structural similarities and are derived from a common ancestor. This makes these forelimbs an example of....
homologous structures
the forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of_____ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a_____ structure
homologous, vestigial
one of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the_____ family. This family includes zebras and donkeys, among other animals
horse
as the horse family fossil record became more complete, scientists realized that the evolution of horses was not linear, constant, and unidirectional, why
in some lineages completely opposite trends are observed - changes often occurred simultaniously across the different lineages of the horse family - the rates of evolution varied through time with long periods of little or no change
the poison dart frog produces a toxic alkaloid. where is this poison located
in the mucus that covers the brightly colored skin
one reason why the fossil record is incomplete is that many fossils occur in rocks that are_____ to scientists
inaccessible
what does rN represent in the logistic growth model
inartistic rate of increase
over the last 55 million years, the limbs of animals in most lineages of the horse family have_____ in length
increased, grown
mortality factors whose influence is not affected by changes in the number of individuals per unit called density _____ factors
independent
even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred
intermediate, transitional
Darwin noted that_____ communities are often missing plants and animals typically found on continents
island
some species, for example frogs, are very sensitive to saltwater and therefore have almost no chance of island colonization. Why is saltwater so harmful to these animals
it causes some animals to dehydrate
how does the amount of available energy change as the energy captured in chemical bonds passes from primary producers to other trophic levels
it decreases exponentially
which of the following is predicted for a community with a large number of species
it is better able to resist disturbance
species that have a disproportionately high impact on a community are called _____ species
keystone
teeth of modern members of the horse family are....
large with a complex pattern of ridges
a(n) _____ represents the probability of survival and reproduction of a cohort of individual organisms, as it relates to their age
life table
the pattern in which population growth slows down as is approaches the carrying capacity is termed _____ growth
logistic
the sigmoidal growth curve in this figure represents which of the following models of population growth
logistic growth
which of the following describes logistic growth
logistic growth occurs when the population is restricted by some limiting factor
which is true concerning ecosystems
matter is recycled but energy is not
early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses
modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof
cardiac glycosides protect which of the following from predators
monarch butterflies and caterpillars
typically, how are species on islands related to species on a nearby continent
more closely
in _____ mimicry two or more noxious animal species develop similar appearances as a shared protective device against predation
mullerian
the beneficial relationship between aphids and certain ants is referred to as ____
mutualism
the beneficial relationship between aphids and certain ants is referred to as _____
mutualism
which symbiotic integration involves a relationship between two organisms, in which both species benefit
mutualism
which element do the ants provide the Central American acacia plant
nitrogen
an animal that eats plants as well as some animals is called a(n) _____
omnivore
_____ selected species are those with unstable populations that have a high rate of per capita population growth
r
what is exponential growth
rapid growth with a constant rate of increase
mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and which of the following
roots of most plants
rock fossils are created when three events occur, dead organisms are buried in______ hard tissues ______, the material that surrounds the remains______ to form rock
sediment, mineralize, harden
molecular analysis of lactase DNA_____ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have_____ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result
sequences, independently
the feet of modern horses have_____ toes, in contrast, early horses had_____ toes on their front feet and_____ toes on their hind feet
single, four, three
fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a_____ body shape that minimizes_____ in the water
sleek, resistance
the teeth of early member of the horse family were...
small and relatively simple`
the fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally_____ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit change toward_____ in size
small, an increase
which of the following best describes why populations remain at a relatively constant size regardless of how many offspring are born
some individuals have fewer offspring than others
island species are usually most closely related to...
species on nearby continents
what are r related species
species with high rate of per capita population growth but poor competitive ability
a graph os the proportion of surviving individuals at each age is called a(n) _____ curve
survivorship
a long term, more or less permanent, relationship between two or more species is called which of the following
symbiosis
the relationship between leaf cutter ants and fungi is called _____
symbiosis
even though it has feathers similar to modern birds, archaeopteryx also has many features of carnivorous dinosaurs, for example______ in its mouth and a bony _______
teeth, tail
which describes a trophic cascade
the addition of secondary carnivores to an ecosystem affects primary producers populations
in the logistic growth model, (K-N)K represents
the fraction of the carrying capacity that is still unused
in recent years, scientists have discovered remarkable fossils, such as a four legged aquatic mammal and a snake with legs. These are examples of...
transitional fossils
fossils contain characteristics of two separate groups of organisms are called______
transitional, intermediate
which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members
tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands - tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree like
a _____ occurs when changes in one trophic level affect not only the levels immediately before or after that trophic level but further removed trophic levels as well
trophic cascade
the evolution of members of the horse family is...
well documented by the fossil record
the short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was...
wooded areas
according to the logistic growth model, when the number (N) of individuals in a population approaches its carrying capacity (K), the populations growth rate should approach (and eventually become) which of the following
zero
when a populations size does not change over time, the populations growth rate is _____
zero
select all of the following that describe types of symbiotic relationships
- one species benefits and the effect on the other is neutral - one species benefits and the other species is harmed - both interacting species benefit
select all of the following that are types of symbiotic relationships
- parasitism - mutualism - commensalism
match types of autotrophs with their sources of energy
- photoautotrophs- light - chemoautotrophs- inorganic oxidation reactions
match the following examples of photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
- photoautotrophs- plants, algae, cyanobacteria - chemoautotrophs- prokaryotic microbes in deep sea water vents
select all tropic levels in ecosystems
- primary producers - secondary carnivores - primary carnivores - herbivores
_____ selected species exhibit high per capita growth rates with poor competitive ability, whereas _____ selected species exhibit low per capita growth rates with strong competitive ability
- r - k
characteristics of r selected species include which of the following
- rapid development - early reproductive age - high reproductive rate
population growth cannot continue at the maximum rate forever because of the limited amount of _____ available in the environment. population growth slows and stabilizes at a size called _____ because of these limits
- resources - carrying capacity
in a(n) trophic cascade with top down effects, the addition of _____ carnivores results in an increase in the herbivore population size and a decrease in the population size of _____ producers
- secondary - primary
list all reasons why the boxes at the tops of ecological pyramids are smaller than those at the bottom
- some energy is lost at detritus - some energy is lost as feces - heat is lost chemical bond conversions
which of the following assumptions would be made when modeling exponential growth
- space is available - water is unlimited - food is plentiful
what types of species are most likely to be able to disperse to an island
- species that fly - species that drift - species that float
fossils include
- specimens preserved in permafrost - specimens in amber - specimens preserved in dry caves - remains preserved in rocks
which of the following is true about transitional fossils
- they help fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups - they illustrate how major transitions in life occurred
select all ways in which keystone species may affect community composition
- they maintain species richness - they prevent competitive exclusion - they alter the environment to create new habitats
identify the possible role of secondary chemical compounds of plants
- they may be attractants for pollinators - they may offer protection against microbial infection - they may offer protection against herbivory
choose examples of morphological defenses of plants against herbivores
- thorns - accumulation - granular, sticky hairs
match each trophic level with the organisms it contains
- trophic level 1- primary produces - trophic level 2- herbivores - trophic level 3- primary carnivores - trophic leve; 4- secondary carnivores
match the different types of anatomical evidence of evolution to an example
- Homology ---> vertebrate forelimbs - embryonic development ---> languo - vestigial structures ---> human coccyx
what is a life table
- a life table is a date table of the proportion of individuals surviving and reproducing in different age classes
choose the two examples of populations that might exhibit the ailed effect
- a sparsely distributed population, in which individuals have difficulty finding mates - a population of a species that relies on large groups to deter predators
demography is the study of which of the following
- birth and death dates - age distribution - population sizes
in a population with a female- biased sex ratio,
- birth rates are not closely related to the number of males
the _____ of monarch butterflies which feed on plants containing cardiac glycosides are able to store these chemicals in their bodies and use them in later stages of their life cycle as a _____ defense against predators
- caterpillars - chemical
select all options of top down effects
- changes in herbivore populations affect carnivore populations - changes in carnivore populations affect herbivore populations
select all examples of bottom up effects
- changes in primary producer populations affect herbivore populations - changes in herbivore populations affect carnivore populations
the study of birth and death rates, age distributions, and sizes of populations is called _____
- demography
a populations growth would be limited as the density of that population increases because of _____ factors
- density - dependent
which of the following are common misconceptions about revolution that were traditionally thought to be revealed by the fossil records of horses
- evolutionary change is constant through time - natural selection is a progressive guiding force pushing evolution in a single direction
in this figure, line A represents _____ growth, whereas line B represents _____ growth
- exponential - logistic
which of the following are typical characteristics of all modern members of the horse family
- fast runners - adapted to grasslands - long legs
in many species males compete for the opportunity to mate with females, consequently some males mate often while others do not mate at all. in this case the sex ration is _____ biased
- female
which of the following are reasons why the fossil record is incomplete
- fossils can be destroyed before they are collected - organisms decay or are scavenged before forming fossils - many fossils occur in rocks that are inaccessible
the mean period between birth of females and birth of their offspring is called the _____ time
- generation
what is the mean period between the time a female is born to the time her progeny is born
- generation time
developmental patterns seen in a group of organisms often reveal evolutionary relationships. Place the developmental descriptions in the order that they would occur in a group of related organisms, beginning with the earliest description at the top
- greatest similarity present - different characteristics are lost/formed - final form is attained
lichens are a symbiotic relationships between certain fungi and which of the following
- green algae - cyanobacteria
match each trophic level with its food source
- herbivores- consume primary producers - primary carnivores- consumer herbivores - secondary carnivores- consumer primary carnivores
select all likely effects of higher species richness on ecosystem stability parameters based on scientific studies
- higher biomass stability - higher productivity - higher resistance to invasive species
which of the following accurately describe the following features of a typical K selected species
- long lifespan - usually low mortality rate - large size of offspring
death rate or _____ is the number of individuals that die in a certain period
- mortality
many of the best known examples of Bayesian mimicry occur among which group of animals
- moths - butterflies
from the list below, chose the two types of mimicry
- mullerian - batesian
the two types of mimicry that are used as defensive strategies are _____ mimicry and _____ mimicry
- mullerian - batesian
match each interaction with its description
- mutualism- both species gain from the interaction - commensalism- one species benefits from the interaction and the other is unaffected - parasitism- one species benefits, while the other species is harmed
series of events that must occur in order to produce rock fossil
1. organism becomes buried in sediments 2. hard tissues (such as bones) mineralize - surrounding sediment hardens into rock
which of the following structures on the Central American acacia provides ants with necessary protein
Beltian bodies
_____ selected species are those with relatively stable populations adapted to existing at or near their carrying capacity
K
what are some fossil findings in recent years that have bridged major gaps in our understanding of vertebrate evolution
a fossil snake with legs that links modern snakes to the lizards from which the descended - tiktaalik, a species that is transitional between fish and amphibians - a four legged aquatic mammal that links marine mammals to their terrestrial ancestors
a survivorship curve is defined as which of the following
a graph of the proportion of individuals surviving at each age
by creating dams, beavers have a large impact on community composition. consequently, beavers are considered to be which of the following
a keystone species
in which of the following situations would a population exhibit exponential growth
a population which reaches a new habitat with an abundance of resources
considering trophic levels, heterotrophs occur at which of the following levels
above primary producers
what type of poison is produced by the poison dart frog
alkaloids
today fossils have been found that link
all major groups of vertebrates
which of the following describes mullein mimicry
all the animals are poisonous or dangerous
in some cases, the growth rate of a population can increase with population size. this is known as the _____ effect
allee
what type of species would be expected to have a short life span and an early age at first reproduction
an r related species
aphids and _____ have a symbiotic relationship called mutualism
ants
which of the following is in a mutualistic relationship with the Central American acacia
ants
which of the following is theintermedivte host for the flatworm, dicrocoelium dendriticum
ants
henry _____ described a type of mimicry in the mid 1800s
bates
the _____ is the rate at which a population of a given species increased when no limits are placed on its rate of growth
biotic potential
increases in primary productivity can lead to which of the following
bottom up effects
early horses inhabited woody areas where they probably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings, this explains why those animals had_____ feet and_____ legs
broad, short
which of the following can be affected by density dependent factors
death rates and/or birth rates
microbes form a category of detritivores called _____. these organisms break up dead organic matter
decomposers
microbes that break up dead organic matter are called which of the following
decomposers
a reduction in the amount of available resources in an environment would cause the carrying capacity to _____
decrease
a populations growth would be limited as the density of that population increases because of _____ factors
density dependent
which of the following best describes the role of density dependent factors on population size
density dependent factors regulate population size by limiting growth as density increases
dead organic matter is best defined as which of the following
detritus
dead organic matter is called _____
detritus
what type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils
direct
parasites that feed on the exterior surface of an organism are called external parasites or ____
ectoparasites
what do carnivores eat
other animals
_____ are insects that lay eggs in or living hosts
parasitoids
which of the following best describes the result of unchecked exponential growth
population explosion
which of the following accurately describe why populations cannot growth exponentially forever
population growth is limited by the amount of available resources
the consumption of one organism by another is called
predation
which of the following is best defined as one organism eating another
predation
what is the term for the organisms that form the base of a typical food chain (first trophic level)
primary producers
the carrying capacity is defined as.....
the maximum number of individuals that na environment can sustain
fossil
the most preserved remains of once living organisms
for a cohort in a population, fecundity is best defined as which of the following
the number of offspring produced in a standard period of time
which of the following is a form go morphological plant defense against herbivores
the presence of thorns on branches
which of the following is a form of morphological plant defense against herbivores
the presence of thorns on branches
the following diaphragm shows changes in the biomass of three trophic levels as a function of increasing light availability to primary producers. why does the biomass of carnivores increase, even though the biomass of herbivores does not seem to change much
the producers of herbivores increases, but their biomass does not change much, because they are kept in check by increasing numbers of carnivores
which of the following best describes biotic potential
the rate at which a population grows when no limits are placed on its rate of growth
which of the following best describes the amount of chemical bond energy available to herbivores in comparison to carnivores
there is more energy available
the trend observed in the fossil record of horses regarding the length of their limbs
they have verbally increased in length
how has the fossil record changed since Darwin
today the fossil record is far more complete
the human removal of top level carnivores from an ecosystem can cause a _____ effect by causing an increase in herbivores which results in a decrease in primary producers
top down
humans can cause top down effects in an ecosystem by removing which of the following
top level carnivores
how are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies
traits produced by convergent evolution have not yet evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have
