Biology 2 Lecture Connect HW - Ch. 39 Flowering Plants Transport

During this type of transport, substances remain outside the cytosol of cells.

Apoplastic transport

All types of tissue-level transport.

Apoplastic transport Transmembrane transport Symplastic transport

Apoplastic transport through the endodermis is prevented by ___________ strips.

Casparian

All ways in which flowering plants reduce water loss through transpiration.

Control of stomatal opening Leaf drop

What are found in the vessel elements of xylem tissue?

End-wall perforations and pits

True or False: Transpiration creates multiple problems for plants, so some have evolved ways to avoid it.

False; the water flow from transpiration helps plants to distribute water, minerals, and organic compounds and is essential for their function

All environmental conditions in which water stress is common.

Freezing temperatures Arid environments Windy environments

What is turgor pressure?

It is the hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells.

How can passive transport occur?

Simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion

The water content of plant cells depends on osmosis, which is directly affected by:

Solute concentration Turgor pressure

All true statements about source tissues in the phloem.

Solute content is high Turgor pressure is high

What describes the functions of the root and shoot systems in plants?

The root system absorbs water and dissolved minerals and the shoot system takes up carbon dioxide.

Facilitated Diffusion

The transport of molecules across a membrane with the aid of transport proteins.

Passive Diffusion

The transport of molecules across a membrane without the aid of transport proteins.

All similarities between tracheids and vessel elements.

They have rigid cell walls They are functional without cytoplasm They are dead at maturity

Statements that are true of both passive and facilitated diffusion.

They move molecules along a concentration gradient They do not require the expenditure of energy

All features of Casparian strips.

They prevent apoplastic transport They are made of suberin

True or False: According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, a low concentration of solutes near sink tissues drives the bulk flow of phloem sap.

True

True or False: Stomata open in the morning in response to sunlight

True

What is true of water movement between the soil and plants?

Water moves from a lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Why is the turgor pressure in sieve-tube elements higher near source tissues?

Water rushes in from the nearby xylem due to the high solute concentration of sieve tubes near source tissues.

What is true of vascular plant tissues?

Xylem conducts water and minerals, and phloem conducts organic substances.

The function of Casparian strips is to prevent:

apoplastic transport

Facilitated diffusion of water occurs through which protein channels?

aquaporins

Protein channels called _________ allow facilitated diffusion of water into cells and increase the rate at which water flows into expanding cells.

aquaporins

The currently accepted model explaining the long distance flow of water through the xylem as a result of transpiration is called the ___________-________ theory.

cohesion-tension

Long-distance transport of water and minerals through a plant due to the pull of transpiration is explained by the:

cohesion-tension theory

Under low light conditions, guard cells are likely to be:

flaccid

The mass movement of liquid due to pressure and/or gravity is called bulk _________.

flow

In plants, organic food is transported generally:

from leaves to roots

In most plants, water and minerals are transported:

from roots to shoots

Stomata are bounded by _______ cells.

guard

Name the sausage-shaped structures that border stomata.

guard cells

A plasmolyzed cell has lost water and the plasma membrane:

has pulled away from the cell wall

Unlike tracheids, vessel elements:

have extensive end wall perforations

Translocation describes the movement of substances

in the phloem from source to sink.

The main sugar sources in a plant is the photosynthetic mesophyll of:

leaves

The uptake of sugars by sieve-tube elements is called phloem ____________.

loading

In plants, water moves from a solution that has a ___________ solute concentration (soil) to one of a _________ solute concentration (root cells).

low; high

The ____________ cells of xylem tissue are alive, but thick-walled supportive fibers may be alive or dead at maturity.

parenchyma

Which xylem cell types is alive when mature?

parenchyma

Water and gases can diffuse across membranes in the direction of their concentration gradients. This is termed _________ transport.

passive

The diffusion of sugars into a cell, without the input of energy or the help of proteins, would be called:

passive transport

The small, lignin-free, cell wall regions in tracheary element walls are called:

pits

When a cell's plasma membrane no longer presses on the cell wall, the cell is said to be undergoing ___________.

plasmolysis

All that can power bulk flow.

pressure and gravity

In most plants, the ______ system absorbs water and dissolved minerals from the soil and the ______ system takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

root; shoot

At night, potassium and other solutes are pumped out of guard cells, causing their ______ and stomatal ______.

shrinking; closing

A sugar ____________ is an area of the plant where sugar is not made, but still required by nonphotosynthetic cells.

sink

Osmosis depends on what two factors?

solute content and turgor pressure

A plant area where sugar is produced is referred to as a sugar _________.

source

A turgid cell is

stiff

Roots and developing seeds and fruits are:

sugar sinks

Which environmental factor affects the turgor pressure of guard cells?

sunlight

All cell types found in the phloem tissues of flowering plants.

supporting fibers parenchyma cells adjacent companion cells sieve-tube elements

Casparian strips in root endodermal cell walls force minerals to be taken into the vascular system through the:

symplast

Supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements, and adjacent companion cells are components of:

the phloem tissues of flowering plants

Tracheids and vessel elements are collectively called __________ elements.

tracheary

Sugars move through phloem through the process of:

translocation

What process helps to transport water and minerals long distances from roots up to leaves?

transpiration

The hydrostatic pressure that builds as water enters plant cells is a form of osmotic pressure called _________ pressure.

turgor

Tracheary element with the largest diameter.

vessel element

All water conducting cells that are dead at maturity.

vessel elements and tracheids

The thin primary wall near pits of tracheary elements remains readily permeable to what substance?

water

The pressure-flow hypothesis describes:

water movement from source to sink in the phloem

The vascular plant tissue that conducts water and minerals is known as __________ , and the tissue that conducts organic substances in a watery sap is called ___________.

xylem; phloem