Biology 20 - Chapter 8.3 - Ingestion
Epiglottis
____________ flips between esophagus and trachea, preventing food to go down the trachea.
Pepsinogen
____________ is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin, which is activated when it comes into contact with HCL.
Heartburn
____________ is the burning sensation in your chest cavity after you eat.
Mucus
____________ protects stomach against acid.
8 premolars
____________: Broad, flat; for grinding
8 incisors
____________: Chisel shaped teeth for cutting.
12 molars
____________: Even broader, have cusps; for crushing food.
4 canines
____________: Sharp, dagger shaped for tearing.
Physical Digestion
______________ ______________: The mechanical breakdown of food.
Chemical Digestion
______________ ______________: breaking down of food into chemical substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Ingestion
______________: Taking in of nutrients.
Digestion
______________: The breakdown of complex molecules into small components.
Egestion
______________: The removal of food waste from the body.
Absorption
______________: The transport of digested nutrients to the cells of the body.
Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Rectum, Anus
Organs of the digestive system include etc. etc. __________ __________, __________ ___________, ______________, ______________. etc.
irritates, burned
Acid ____________ the cells of the stomach. Stomach tissue is "___________" by the acid.
Pepsin
Activated ____________ breaks long chains of amino acid in proteins into shorted acid chains called polypeptides.
Polypeptides
Activated pepsin breaks long chains of amino acid in proteins into shorted acid chains called ____________.
Thirty two
Adult humans should have _______ ____ teeth.
Peristalsis
Because of ____________ food can be moved even if you are upside down.
Peristalsis
Bolus stretches the muscle walls of the esophagus causing the muscles to contract in rhythmic movement. ____________.
weakened LES
Caused by leakage of stomach acid into your esophagus due to ____________ _____.
gastric juice
Cells lining the wall secrete ____________ ____________ into the stomach that aids digestion.
Chemical substances
Chemical Digestion: breaking down of food into ______________ ______________ that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Enamel
Each tooth is covered with ____________ - the hardest substance in the human body.
Esophagus
Food travel to the stomach via the ____________.
Mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen
Gastric Juice is made of three components: _________, ____________ ______, ____________.
Sphincters
Movement into and out of the stomach is regulated by rings of muscle called ____________.
Mouth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus
Organs of the digestive system include _________, ___________, ___________, _____________, etc.
Liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas
Organs of the digestive system include etc. ________, ______________, ______________, ______________. etc.
involuntary movement
Peristalsis action is ____________ ____________ ( contracts without conscious control.
Surface Area
Physical Digestion increases ___________ _____ for chemical digestion.
Dissolves
Saliva ____________ food particles and make it possible to taste.
Lubricates
Saliva ____________ food particles so it can be swallowed.
Salivary amylase
Saliva contains ____________ _____________ which breaks down starch (amylose) into smaller carbohydrates.
J-shaped
Stomach is ____________, has ridges that allows it to expand so it can store up to 1.5L of food.
Two, three
Stomach pH level ranges from ____ to ______ (highly acidic).
Three
The esophagus contains _______ layers of muscle that run in different direction to churn the food.
Food storage and initial protein digestion
The esophagus is the site of ____ _______ __ ________ __________ ____________.
Wisdom
The last pair of molars are the _________ teeth and usually emerge at 16-20 years of age.
swallowing, chewing, egestion
The only voluntary movement in the digestive tract is the ____________, ____________, ____________.
Mucus
The stomach walls are protected by ________.
Four
There are _______ stages in the digestive system.
Helicobacter pylori
Ulcers are usually an infection by a bacterium called ___________________ _________.
Bolus
_________ : formed when food is chewed, broken down into smaller particles and lubricated with saliva.
Hydrochloric acid
____________ ______ kills pathogens.
Peptic ulcer
____________ __________ form as a result from breakdown of the mucous lining of the stomach.
Lower esophageal sphincter
____________ ____________ ____________: close opening to the stomach to prevent food from regurgitating.
Pyloric sphincter
____________ ____________: close opening to small intestine, regulate movement of food stomach acid into the SI.
