Biology 20 - Chapter 8.3 - Ingestion

Epiglottis

____________ flips between esophagus and trachea, preventing food to go down the trachea.

Pepsinogen

____________ is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin, which is activated when it comes into contact with HCL.

Heartburn

____________ is the burning sensation in your chest cavity after you eat.

Mucus

____________ protects stomach against acid.

8 premolars

____________: Broad, flat; for grinding

8 incisors

____________: Chisel shaped teeth for cutting.

12 molars

____________: Even broader, have cusps; for crushing food.

4 canines

____________: Sharp, dagger shaped for tearing.

Physical Digestion

______________ ______________: The mechanical breakdown of food.

Chemical Digestion

______________ ______________: breaking down of food into chemical substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Ingestion

______________: Taking in of nutrients.

Digestion

______________: The breakdown of complex molecules into small components.

Egestion

______________: The removal of food waste from the body.

Absorption

______________: The transport of digested nutrients to the cells of the body.

Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Organs of the digestive system include etc. etc. __________ __________, __________ ___________, ______________, ______________. etc.

irritates, burned

Acid ____________ the cells of the stomach. Stomach tissue is "___________" by the acid.

Pepsin

Activated ____________ breaks long chains of amino acid in proteins into shorted acid chains called polypeptides.

Polypeptides

Activated pepsin breaks long chains of amino acid in proteins into shorted acid chains called ____________.

Thirty two

Adult humans should have _______ ____ teeth.

Peristalsis

Because of ____________ food can be moved even if you are upside down.

Peristalsis

Bolus stretches the muscle walls of the esophagus causing the muscles to contract in rhythmic movement. ____________.

weakened LES

Caused by leakage of stomach acid into your esophagus due to ____________ _____.

gastric juice

Cells lining the wall secrete ____________ ____________ into the stomach that aids digestion.

Chemical substances

Chemical Digestion: breaking down of food into ______________ ______________ that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Enamel

Each tooth is covered with ____________ - the hardest substance in the human body.

Esophagus

Food travel to the stomach via the ____________.

Mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen

Gastric Juice is made of three components: _________, ____________ ______, ____________.

Sphincters

Movement into and out of the stomach is regulated by rings of muscle called ____________.

Mouth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus

Organs of the digestive system include _________, ___________, ___________, _____________, etc.

Liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas

Organs of the digestive system include etc. ________, ______________, ______________, ______________. etc.

involuntary movement

Peristalsis action is ____________ ____________ ( contracts without conscious control.

Surface Area

Physical Digestion increases ___________ _____ for chemical digestion.

Dissolves

Saliva ____________ food particles and make it possible to taste.

Lubricates

Saliva ____________ food particles so it can be swallowed.

Salivary amylase

Saliva contains ____________ _____________ which breaks down starch (amylose) into smaller carbohydrates.

J-shaped

Stomach is ____________, has ridges that allows it to expand so it can store up to 1.5L of food.

Two, three

Stomach pH level ranges from ____ to ______ (highly acidic).

Three

The esophagus contains _______ layers of muscle that run in different direction to churn the food.

Food storage and initial protein digestion

The esophagus is the site of ____ _______ __ ________ __________ ____________.

Wisdom

The last pair of molars are the _________ teeth and usually emerge at 16-20 years of age.

swallowing, chewing, egestion

The only voluntary movement in the digestive tract is the ____________, ____________, ____________.

Mucus

The stomach walls are protected by ________.

Four

There are _______ stages in the digestive system.

Helicobacter pylori

Ulcers are usually an infection by a bacterium called ___________________ _________.

Bolus

_________ : formed when food is chewed, broken down into smaller particles and lubricated with saliva.

Hydrochloric acid

____________ ______ kills pathogens.

Peptic ulcer

____________ __________ form as a result from breakdown of the mucous lining of the stomach.

Lower esophageal sphincter

____________ ____________ ____________: close opening to the stomach to prevent food from regurgitating.

Pyloric sphincter

____________ ____________: close opening to small intestine, regulate movement of food stomach acid into the SI.