Biology 20 Review

Charles Darwin

Came up with the theory of natural selection, started to wonder about life changing like the earth around him.

Aristotle (384-322BC)

Came up with the theory that living things are fixed and are exactly as they were when the earth was created

What is inside each villus?

Capillary and lymph networks for reabsorption into the bloodstream or the lymph system

Name and Explain the first step of photosynthesis

Capturing Solar Energy: 1. Photosystem II absorbs a photon of light. Meanwhile, photolysis is happening in the thylakoid membrane 2. This excites the electron gained from photolysis as oxygen is released and electrons are taken in 3. Excited electrons pass down a series of membranes (ETC) which releases energy into the lumen

Name and Explain the fourth step of photosynthesis

Carbon Fixation/ The Calvin Cycle 1. Start with ONE CO2 molecule 2. That CO2 is put together with a five carbon compound RuBP (Rubisco) to form a six carbon compound 3. That molecule is highly unstable, so it immediately breaks down into two three-carbon compounds called phosphoglyceraldehides 4. This PGA molecules is made into another molecule called G3P. This takes two ATP molecules and two electrons (hydrogen) from NADPH 5. The carbon in the two G3P molecules is then used for ONE of the carbons in the glucose molecule, which then can become sucrose or fructose 6. The remaining five carbons are stored to make RuBP (Rubisco). This takes ONE ATP molecule

Hemoglobin

Carrier protein that carries 99% of the oxygen while the rest is dissolved in the plasma

Type IIa myosin isomer

Causes faster but less efficient contractions and breakdown of ATP

Type IIb myosin isomer

Causes fastest but least efficient contractions and breakdown of ATP

IBS/IBD

Causes inflammation of intestines

Secretin

Causes pancreas to release HCO3- to neutralize chyme in the duodenum

Type I myosin isomer

Causes slower muscle twitches by slowly, but efficiently breaking down ATP and releasing energy

Bronchitis

Causes the bronchi to be come inflamed and filled with mucus, expelled by coughing (acute and chronic)

Gastrin

Causes the production of HCl when the stomach is stretched with food

Parietal Cells

Cells that produce HCl

Chief cells

Cells that produce pepsin

Order these: tissues, systems, cells, organs

Cells, tissues, organs, systems

Dynamic equilibrium

Constant change within an ecosystem in which the components can adjust to the changes without disturbing the ecosystem

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) (AKA the cardiac sphincter)

Controls what goes into your stomach and prevents back-flow into the esophagus from the acidic stomach

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA directs cellular development, RNA build proteins, "gluing" amino acids in the right order

Where do organisms that live in profundal zones get their energy if there are no chemosynthetic bacteria?

Dead plants and animals (detritus)

Sarcolemma

Delicate sheath surrounding the muscle fibres

What happens to the density of water as temperature increases?

Density of water decreases AFTER 4°C

Nutrient cycles (AKA Biogeochemical cycles)

Describe the pathways of nutrients within an ecosystem

Lock and key model

Describes a substrate and an enzyme having a fixed, matching design where the membranes fit together like a lock and a key

Induced fit model

Describes that the actual shape of the active site changes shape to better trap the substrate, making a tighter bond in the enzyme-substrate complex, while still being specific

Eutrophic

Description of a body of water that has high nutrient levels, is normally shallow, cold, has a high level of producers, and murky waters

Oligotrophic

Description of a body of water that has low nutrient levels, is usually deep and cold, has low producers and the waters are clear

Ecological pyramids

Diagrams used to show quantitative relationships between trophic levels

Lipase

Digests emulsified fats into glycerol and fatty acids

What's in chyme?

Disaccharides, HCl, pepsin, peptides, and food chunks

Explain the Gaia Hypothesis

Emphasizes that all living things interact with each other and the non-living components of our planet

Bile salts

Emulsify fats (breaking big fats into little fats)

Where does the upper respiratory tract end and the lower respiratory tract begin?

Ends at the trachea, begins at the bottom of the trachea (top of the lungs)

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a reaction

Name examples of different types of proteins

Enzymatic proteins, storage proteins, structural proteins, hormonal proteins, transport proteins, receptor proteins

Rennin

Enzyme acticated by HCl that slows movement of milk through the small intestine

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides by hydrolyzing them

Pancreatic amylase

Enzyme that digests the remaining starches

Vitamins and minerals

Essential factors to structure and function of cells

Radioactive dating

Explores isotope decomposition into a more stable isotope of the same or a different element (eg. U238 to Pb206)

Biotic factor

Factors caused by the presence and roles of other living things

Density dependent factors

Factors in an ecosystem affecting a population because of its size (eg. Food supply, territory, overpopulation)

Density independent factors

Factors in an ecosystem affecting a population regardless of size (eg. Fire or a flood)

Emulsified fats

Fats that have been broken down from big fats to little fats

What are two natural events that can alter an ecosystem?

Fires and floods

Percolation

Fluid travelling deeper into the soil

What are the end products of pyruvate reduction?

One CO2 and 2 acetyl CoA

Archaeans

One of the prokaryote domains of classification describing extremophiles which live in extreme conditions

Eu-bacteria

One of the prokaryote domains which includes any bacteria that is not an extremophile

Muscle fibre

One of the structural cells of a muscle

Divergence (adaptive radiation)

One of the ways that speciation can happen. A form of divergent evolution where one species changes into TWO different species

Transformation

One of the ways that speciation can happen; where ONE species evolves into a different species

Carnivore

Only eats meat

If the sun passes 1,000,000kJ of energy to a plant, how much does the tertiary consumer get?

Plant: 10,000kJ Primary consumer: 1000kJ Secondary consumer: 100kJ Tertiary consumer: 10kJ

What is the role of water in the biogeochemical cycles?

To erode phosphorus from rock, to make ATP, dissolve nutrients, and cause chemical reactions for bodily functions.

What is the function of the cells that line the trachea?

To filter any microbes missed by the nasal cavity and producing a violent cough

What is the purpose of HCl in the stomach?

To kill any bacteria in there, and to activate pepsinogen and pro-rennin into pepsin and rennin

What is the purpose of the mucous lining of the stomach?

To protect the walls of the stomach from the acidic gastric juices

Why do decomposers break down detritus?

To recycle the nutrients

What is the role of liver in the digestive system other than creating bile?

To store glycogen and detoxify many substances of the body

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To take chemical energy (glucose) and turn it into usable energy

Litter

Top layer of the soil made of partially decomposed leaves and grasses

What is the difference between the top-down effect and the bottom-up effect?

Top-down: top consumer declines, its prey increases, causing ITS prey to decrease, and so on Bottom-up: producer declines, all consumers decline as well

Turnover

The mixing of epilimnion, thermocline, and hypolimnion by wind

Relaxation phase

The muscle affected returns to normal size

Contraction phase

The muscle involuntarily contracts

How long is the small intestine?

5.5-6m long

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Bile

A green-yellow liquid containing bile pigments (poison detoxifiers) and bile salts (fat emulsifiers)

Why is oxygen a problem with the epilimnion?

Because oxygen doesn't dissolve too well in warm water.

Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Came up with binomial nomenclature

What is one benefit and one problem with leaching?

1. It removes excess salt from the soil because excess salt leads to seeds not being able to germinate 2. It acidifies soil, it contaminates groundwater, and it takes nutrients away from the reach of plants

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of artificial selection?

1. It speeds up evolution 2. It has the same outcomes as introducing a new species

Maupertius (1751-)

"If we're fixed, why do we look different?" He started to wonder why organisms of the same species look different

What are the two requirements for respiration?

1. Large surface area for gas exchange 2. Must take place in a moist environment for diffusion

What do the light independent reactions do?

4. Take the energy from the light dependent reaction and form glucose from CO2 using the ATP and NADPH

Increased oxygen levels would cause ventilation levels to...

... Decrease

The deeper we dig...

... The older evidence we find

Variation and adaptations are brought to you by....

.... Sexual reproduction, meiosis, gametes, and mutations

How high does a spruce tree grow per year?

1 foot

How much of the sun's energy do plants get?

1%

How is ATP involved in the Sliding Filament Theory?

1. ATP is required for the heads of myosin to let go of the actin and for the muscles to relax

What are three ways in which humans accelerate eutrophication?

1. Adding nutrient rich substances to lakes 2. By adding household or industrial substances to lakes 3. Raising the temperature of the lakes

Name the four things that characterize the protein molecular structure

1. Amino group 2. Peptide bond 3. Carboxyl group 4. The chain of compounds that specialize the protein

What are the three main indicators of water quality?

1. Bacteria count 2. Amount of dissolved oxygen 3. Biological oxygen demand

What do the Light dependent reactions do?

1. Capture solar energy and transfer it to electrons 2. Use that energy to make ATP 3. Transfer electrons to make NADPH

What are two biotic factors of the muskeg ecosystem within the Taiga biome?

1. Caribou 2. Lichens (air quality indicator species can adapt by growing close to the ground and have fibrous root systems anchoring them to the shifting soil)

Explain the backup mechanism for regulation of breathing

1. Chemoreceptors in the carotid artery detects low levels of oxygen 2. These chemoreceptors send nerve impulses to the medulla oblongata to do something 3. Medulla oblongata takes over

Explain the snow-temperature feedback cycle

1. Climate warms 2. Less snow and shorter winters 3. Earth's surface has a lower albedo and absorbs more energy 4. Climate warms

What are the three aspects of Natural Selection?

1. Competition 2. Passing on traits (reproduction and inheritance) 3. Variation/mutation

What are the functions of the large intestine?

1. Concentrates waste 2. Supports vitamin-synthesizing bacteria 3. Promotes the reabsorption of water by 90% and Vitamin K

What three factors determine ventilation rate?

1. Decreased Oxygen levels 2. Increased CO2 levels 3. Increased H+ ion levels (pH)

Advantages to binomial nomenclature

1. Easier identification of a species 2. Allows for prediction of characteristics of the species

What are the laws of thermodynamics?

1. Energy can't be created or destroyed 2. In every energy conversion, there is heat lost

Explain the process of inhalation

1. External rib muscles and diaphragm contract 2. Volume is increased in the thoracic cavity and the lungs 3. Pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity and the lungs 4. Air moves into the lungs

Explain the process of exhallation

1. External rib muscles and diaphragm relax 2. Volume decreases in the thoracic cavity and lungs 3. Pressure increases in the thoracic cavity and lungs 4. Air is forced out

What are the categories of scientific evidence of evolution?

1. Fossils 2. Biogeographical evidence 3. Anatomical evidence 4. Embryological evidence 5. Evidence through artificial selection

Name three monosaccharides, three disaccharides, and one polysaccharide

1. Glucose, fructose, and galactose 2. Sucrose, maltose, lactose 3. Amylose

TW Engelmann

1. He proved that aerobic bacteria grow best under the lower and higher ends of the energy spectrum 2. He suggested that red and blue photons were most effective at driving photosynthesis 3. His experiment was to put algae under light divided by a prism. The algae went towards the red and blue light

Explain the Regulation of breathing

1. High acidity in blood is detected by chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata 2. This stimulates a nerve response to increase breathing 3. This expels CO2

Examples of divergent evolution

1. Human arm, bat wing, elephant leg 2. Common ancestors 3. Human, wolf, mole, bat, elephant

Explain the body's response to exercise

1. Increased muscle activity increases CO2 and H+ levels, and demands more O2. Blood O2 levels decrease 2. The brain receives a signal of greater levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and sends a signal for diaphragm and rib muscles to move quicker 3. Kidneys are sent the message to remove excess hydrogen ions 4. Adrenal Gland releases epinephrine, increasing the breathing rate 5. Lung ventilation provides more oxygen and less carbon dioxide

What happens when there are too many nutrients that cause the death of a fish population?

1. Increased nutrients 2. More bacteria and plants using more oxygen 3. Less oxygen for fish 4. Fish die 5. More detritus 6. More bacteria 7. Lower oxygen levels

List the four components of digestive processes

1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Egestion

Proteins

1. Macromolecule that acts as structural support, storage, transport, defense, cellular communication, and movement 2. They're made of amino acids 3. Food sources include poultry, eggs, beans, and lean beef

Nucleic acids

1. Macromolecules that Direct growth and development of all organisms 2. Are made of sub-units called nucleotides 3. Food sources include fish, spinach, beans, nuts, beef

Lipids

1. Macromolecules that provide insulation, long term energy storage, and forms cell membranes 2. Made of 1 glycerol and three fatty acids 3. Food sources include dairy, meat, olive oil, salmon, desserts

Carbohydrates

1. Macromolecules that provide short-term energy as simple sugars and long term energy as polysaccharides. Serve for energy storage and transport 2. Are made of monosaccharides and disaccharides 3. Food sources include bread, pasta, crackers and starchy vegetables

What 4 factors affect biotic potential?

1. Maximum number of offspring per birth 2. Number of offspring that reach reproductive age 3. Number if times a species reproduces per year 4. Age of sexual maturity and number of years it can reproduce

Order these from greatest to least: myofibrils, muscle fibre bundle, myofilaments, muscle fibre, muscle

1. Muscle 2. Muscle fibre bundle 3. Muscle fibre 4. Myofibrils 5. Myofilaments

What are two abiotic factors of the muskeg ecosystem in the taiga?

1. Muskeg 2. Climate

Explain the nitrogen cycle

1. Nitrogen starts in the atmosphere 2. Plants absorb this nitrogen 3. Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes turn the nitrogen into ammonia 4. Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil provide another supply of ammonia 5. Decomposers become another source of ammonia 6. Nitrifying bacteria make nitrites 7. Nitrifying bacteria make nitrates 8. Denitrifying bacteria turn the nitrates into nitrogen and return it to the atmosphere

Explain the 4 stages of breaking down proteins in the digestive tract

1. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin and turns proteins into polypeptides in the stomach 2. Trypsinogen is activated into trypsin and turns polypeptides into dipeptides in the small intestine 3. Chymotrypsin does the same thing in the small intestine 4. Erepsin turns dipeptides into amino acids in the small intestines

Explain the short phosphorus cycle

1. Phosphorus in plants is consumed by consumers and decomposers 2. The phosphorus in animals is consumed by decomposers 3. Decomposers return phosphorus to the soil 4. Phosphorus in the soil returns to plants

What 4 abiotic factors affect aquatic ecosystems?

1. Pressure 2. Temperature 3. Amount of light 4. Chemical environment (acidity, amount of dissolved gases, etc.)

Explain Lactic Acid Fermentation

1. Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (lactate) in the muscles, releasing one CO2 2. The reduced NADH is reoxidized back to NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue

How does soil determine the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

1. Soil introduces nutrients to the food chain 2. The amount of soil available controls the plant population, and therefore, the animal population

How would you find the number of years it would take for half of a sample of an isotope to decompose?

1. Take the number of years that have passed and divide them by the half life of the chemical. This gives you the number of times you need to divide your given sample by two to get the half life. 2. Take the sample and divide it by two as many times as the half life and time division dictated

Name and explain the factors affecting an enzyme

1. Temperature: reaction activity slows when temperature drops and enzymes denature when temperature goes above 37°C 2. Substrate concentration/availability: maximum reaction rate happens when all enzymes are paired off to substrate 3. pH: extreme acidity and alkalinity makes for denaturing the folds of the membranes of the enzyme 4. Competitive inhibition 5. Non-competitive inhibition 6. Mutation of the enzyme's genetic material

How is Ca++ involved in the Sliding Filament Theory?

1. The release of a transmitter chemical between the nerve and the muscle initiates muscle contraction 2. When this transmitter reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca++ is released 3. The Ca++ binds to the active site if actin and creates the cross-bridges with myosin 4. The release of these cross-bridges start the breakdown of ATP

What can biotic and abiotic factors limit in terrestrial ecosystems?

1. The size of population 2. The number of species able to live in the ecosystem

What did Darwin miss with his theory of Natural Selection?

1. These random mutations are controlled by genes

Why are controlled fires advantageous?

1. They control the expansion of forests 2. They create and maintain different vegetation types

List 5 reasons as to why forests are important

1. They recycle water and CO2 2. They provide shelter for wildlife 3. They control water runoff 4. They hold groundwater 5. They prevent soil erosion

What are the functions of nasal passages?

1. To moisten incoming air 2. To secrete mucus 3. To warm air

What are the two functions of skeletal muscle?

1. To produce movement and support 2. To maintain body temperature

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

1. To take in oxygen 2. To release CO2

Upper respiratory tract infections

1. Tonsillitis (viral infection of the tonsils) 2. Laryngitis (inflammation of the vocal chords)

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

1. Ventilation (between outside and inside 2. External respiration (gas exchange between lungs and blood) 3. Internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and the body's cells) 4. Cellular respiration

Explain the long phosphorus cycle

1. Weathering of phosphate from rocks because of erosion 2. Runoff takes phosphate to the soil, oceans and other water reserves 3. The phosphorus undergoes leaching 4. Leached phosphorus makes new rocks through sedimentation 5. Geological uplifting brings the rock at the bottom of the water reserves to the surface to be eroded again.

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to another?

10%

What is the ideal concentration of blood glucose?

100mg/mL

Give the proportions of how CO2 is distributed in transport

27% in hemoglobin 9% in plasma 64% combines with water to form carbonic acid

How much ATP do both anaerobic respiration types make?

2ATP

What is the result of the Kreb's cycle?

2ATP, 3NADH, 2FADH2

What is the energy retained in producers and consumers used for?

70% is for bodily functions and lost as heat. The remaining 20% remains in the body

How much oxygen can be carried by 3.75L of blood?

750mL

How do muscles generate body heat?

80% of the energy used to move muscles is lost as heat

What form is food in when it goes down to the esophagus?

A bolus

Stromatolite

A branded limestone structure containing fossilized bacteria

Biome

A community of ecosystems

Atrophy

A condition describing the shrinking of muscles from underuse

Rigor mortis

A condition in death where the muscles don't relax and stay in the position in which the person died in because there is no ATP to make the muscles relax

What is lactose intolerance?

A deficiency or lack of lactase

Kwashiorkor disorder

A disorder resulting from a deficiency in iron, and folic acid because of malnutrition. Side effects include endema, enlarged liver, distended abdomen, anorexia, loss of teeth

Sympathetic nervous system

A division of the autonomic nervous system (involuntary) that prepares the body to deal and adjust to stress

Parasympathetic nervous system

A division of the autonomic nervous system (involuntary) that returns the body to normal resting levels after adjusting to stress

Lipoprotein

A fluid that prevents the walls of the alveoli to stick together when they collapse during exhallation

Community

A group of populations

Ecosystem

A group of populations with abiotic factors

Population

A group of the same species

Consumer

A heterotroph that eats producers and other consumers

Watershed

A land that drains toward a lake on another body of water

Biome

A large geographical region with a specific range of temperature and precipitation, and the organisms that are adapted to those conditions

What is the scientific method?

A method for taking a hypothesis and proving/disproving it with tests, observations, and variables

Radiometric Dating

A method used to determine the age of fossils using the lifespan of certain isotopes

Substrate

A molecule that is changed to fit into an enzyme (it's a reactant) sometimes requiring coenzymes and cofactors

What is a coenzyme?

A non-protein compound necessary for the normal functions of an enzyme

Photon

A packet of light

Medulla oblongata

A place between the spinal cord and the brain with the primary chemoreceptors for increased CO2 levels. It also regulates pH levels

Chlorophyll b

A protein and accessory pigment that absorbs colours that chlorophyll a absorbs poorly or not at all.

Chlorophyll a

A protein and primary pigment that helps photosynthesis and O2 production. Primarily absorbs red and blue light. The only pigment that can transfer energy from sunlight to the reactions of photosynthesis

Buffon (1760)

Came up with the fact that similar species may have common ancestors and said that habitat plays a role in species variation

Electron Transport Chain

A series of membrane proteins in the cristae

Special concern species

A species at risk because of low or declining numbers

Endangered

A species close to extinction

Endemic

A species found in only one location (eg. Lemurs)

Indicator species

A species sensitive to small changes in environmental conditions

Threatened species

A species that is likely to become endangered

Grana

A stack of thylakoids

Food chain

A step-by-step sequence linking organisms that feed on each other

Thylakoid

A system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs, forming a separate space within the stroma

Molecular clock

A term used to describe how quickly DNA changes

Name and explain the second step of photosynthesis

ATP Creation 1. Energy from the electron transport chain is taken by the cytochrome complex (protein) which actively transports H+ ions into the thylakoid lumen, creating a concentration gradient 2. Pressure stars to build up 3. H+ ions eventually are released through the ATP synthase 4. The pressure is now released and ATP synthase takes that energy from the pressure for chemiosmosis (think of a dam and a turbine being turned) 5. Note: the Phosphate ions are hanging out in the stroma outside of the thylakoid

What are the three main energy molecules of photosynthesis? Explain them

ATP: adenosine triphosphate. What sugar turns into NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Acts as an electron carrier C6H12O6: the transport molecule whose job is to store energy

Is a virus biotic or abiotic?

Abiotic

What are biotic and abiotic factors that increase a population?

Abiotic: favourable light, favourable temperature, favourable chemical environment Biotic: sufficient food, low number of predators, few diseases, ability to compete for resources

Describe the acidity of the soil, vegetation, and annual precipitation of the taiga biome

Acidic soil, spruce and pine trees as well as shrubs, mosses and lichens as the major vegetation, and 50-250cm/a

What are the two ways that nitrogen fixation can happen and how?

Aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria (in roots of plants) and lightning (joins N2 and O2 in the air)

What is the difference between the type of organisms that undergo lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation?

Alcohol fermentation occurs mostly in yeast. Lactic avid fermentation occurs mostly in humans

What are the two types of anaerobic cellular respiration?

Alcohol fermentation, and lactic acid fermentation

Kingdoms

Animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista

Pneumonia

Alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid, interfering with the gas exchange. The body becomes starved for oxygen (lobular and bronchial)

Herbivore

An animal that eats only plants

Producer

An autotroph that makes its own foot

Protease

An enzyme that digests proteins such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin

What does an ecological niche consist of?

An orgamism's place in the food web, its habitat, its breeding area, and the time of day at which it is most active

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down detritus

Fitness

An organism's ability to survive in their habitat

Ecological niche

An organism's role in an ecosystem

What carries out denitrification?

Anaerobic denitrifying bacteria

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is an alternative for when there is no oxygen and therefore incompletely breaks down glucose

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa, obesity, bulimia

What organisms can be fossilized?

Anything with carbon can be fossilized

Describe the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants

As plants provide sugar for the bacteria, the bacteria provides nitrogen fixation

What are the three parts of the colon?

Ascending, transverse, and descending

At what temperature is water the most dense?

At 4°C

Examples of chemosynthetic producers

Autotrophs in volcanic deep-sea vents

What happens to BOD as organisms increase?

BOD increases

Why is atmospheric nitrogen not useful to plants?

Because N2 is very stable and won't react unless it's under rare conditions with a lot of energy (lightning has a boatload of energy to provide)

Why doesn't ice sink to the bottom of a body of water as it becomes colder?

Because after 4°C, the density of the ice starts to decrease.

Why does the rate of the reaction level off as the substrate increases?

Because all the enzymes get paired off with a sufficient amount of substrate and the it does not need anymore.

Why are bird fossils more rare than clam fossils?

Because birds are normally found by predators or scavengers before they have time to decompose

Why is introducing a species a bad thing?

Because it starts to compete with the residents of the ecosystem for their niche, and results in the depletion of the species

Why isn't NAD+ considered a reactant?

Because it's recycled over and over again

Why must nitrogen be converted into nitrate?

Because nitrates are the form of nitrogen that can be used by plants. Same goes for humans. That's partially why we eat plants

Why do ferns that produce 50,000 spores per year doesn't produce 50,000 new ferns?

Because of dry weather/soil, number of predators, and competition with other ferns

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

Because the chlorophyll producer part dies off as a process of he plant going dormant for the winter, and the chlorophyll begins to die off. Chlorophyll b, xanthophylls, and other accessory pigments to be seen as they die off in less time. Since these absorb and reflect the colours that Chlorophyll a doesn't, such as yellow, red, and orange, these colours show up instead of green

Why are indicator species important?

Because they alert observers of changes (oftentimes negative) in the ecosystem

Why do warbler birds not have to compete for food if they live in the same tree?

Because they have different niches: they hunt in different parts of the same tree and they hunt at different times

How do nitrogen and phosphorus cause algal blooms?

Because they're in fertilizers, they're bound to become runoff from farms and into bodies of water. These fertilizers exponentially increase plant growth, mostly algae, which start to multiply rapidly, blocking out the sun from the surface, and taking up oxygen as they decompose.

Why can't cellulose be broken down in the human body?

Because we don't produce cellulase. That's why we store sugars as glycogen instead of cellulose.

Humus

Black, decaying plant and animal matter, therefore rich in nutrients

Hutton (1795)

Came up with the Theory of Gradual Change and said that habitat as well as humans are changing. He also said that the earth has to be more than thousands of years old. He also started to wonder about vertical footprints up mountains

Bedrock

Bottom layer of soil composed of rock only.

Bronchioles

Branch from the bronchi and into tiny clusters of tiny sacs

How do plants get the nitrogen they need?

By creating a symbiotic relationship with Nitrogen fixing bacteria (which are found in the soil and the nodules of legumes)

How are sounds produced

By forcing air through the vocal chords, causing them to vibrate at different tensions depending on the pitch being produced

How can more accuracy be gained with radioactive dating?

By using more isotopes at a time

What is the equation for pyruvate reduction?

C3H4O3 + CoA --> C2H3O + CoA + CO2

What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

What is the chemical equation for alcohol fermentation?

C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP

What is the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation?

C6H12O6 --> 2lactic acid + 2ATP

Explain how CO poisoning occurs

CO acts as a competitive inhibitor with O2 for the hemoglobin. Because there are more CO molecules, oxygen is outnumbered, and the poison is taken to tissues instead of the oxygen

Is the body more responsive to oxygen or CO2 changes?

CO2

What are the ideal CO2 levels, temperature, and light intensity for the highest oxygen production in photosynthesis?

CO2: 270ppm Temperature: 18°C Light intensity: 36.0%

Variation

Changes within organisms in the same species

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts. Thylakoids to be specific

Gallstones

Cholesterol crystals that form from the bile in the gallbladder

Cirrhosis

Chronic disease of the liver where scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and limits the function of the liver

Asthma

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, reducing air flow

What is the bolus called as it mixes with gastric juices and leaves the stomach?

Chyme

Colorectal cancer

Colon cancer: causes the uncontrollable growth of tumours in the colon

What two factors can be used to identify soil type and layer?

Color of the soil and presence of stone

How do you distinguish clay from silt from sand from gravel

Compare the size of particles and the space between them. Clay will have the smallest particles with least space in between and gravel will have the largest particles with a lot of space in between

Anatomical evidence

Comparing anatomy of different species to find similarities

Common descent

Conclusion from all the facts is that we all have a common ancestor

What are examples of adaptations?

Coniferous trees saving energy by not losing their needles, bears stocking up on fat for hibernation, and grass having most of their biomass as roots underground

Hepatic portal vein

Connected to the liver for detoxification of unwanted chemicals

Eukaryotes

Domain of classification in which the three kingdoms fit (plantae, animalia, and fungi)

Diaphragm

Dome shaped layer of muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

Each gas exerts its own pressure in a mixture

Descent with Modification

Each living organism has descended with changes of other species over time

Omnivore

Eats both plants and animals

Nutrients

Elements and small molecules that are the chemical bonding of life

Analogous features

Elements that perform a similar function but don't have the same origin (eg. Bird, bat, and dragonfly wings)

Understorey

Forest layer below the canopy including shrubs and small trees

Who proposed the scientific method?

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Explain the circumstance in Bangladesh where frogs were over-hunted

Frog populations fell, insect populations soared, among them mosquitoes, increasing the cases of malaria

How does air and water quality affect the frog population?

Frogs breathe through their skin, so pollution gets into their system. Acidic conditions lessen the chances of an egg being fertilized because it decreases the movement of sperm, and cause mutations in the tadpoles

How does climate change affect the frog population?

Frogs can't separate themselves from water for too long, so if ponds start to dry out, the population declines

Name an example of how humans have increased the population of a species

GMOs: the species are more resistant to harsher conditions and some plants even grow better in the cold

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic condition that disrupts the mucus cells, making mucus come out thick and sticky, preventing the trapped microbes from being released

What are the two stages of anaerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis and fermentation

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, pyruvate reduction, Kreb's Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle, and ETC + chemiosmosis

Name and Explain the first step of cellular respiration

Glycolysis: 1. Glucose activation invests energy (2ATP) to bind two phosphate molecules to make fructose biphosphate (which come from the ATP). Two NAD+ molecules become NADH 2. Fructose biphosphate is made into 2 G3P molecules bound to a phosphate each 3. The two ADP molecules take back their phosphates from the G3P molecules while making two more ATP molecules with surrounding phosphates 4. This results in two pyruvate molecules

Classify the reactions of cellular respiration as aerobic and anaerobic

Glycolysis: anaerobic Pyruvate reduction: aerobic Kreb's Cycle: aerobic Electron Transport Chain: aerobic

What light do plants not absorb?

Green light is not absorbed by plants

Lamellae

Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

What is the equation for photolysis?

H2O --> 2H* + 2e- + O2

What is used in the light dependent reactions?

H2O, ADP, NADP+, H+, Pi, sunlight

What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?

H2O, alcohol, and anti-inflammatory drugs

What is the main cause for he decline in population of frogs?

Habitat loss

Name an example of how humans have decreased the population of a species

Habitat loss because of the increased need for natural resources, introduction or extirpation of a species

What are the four major causes of frog population decline?

Habitat loss, Air and water quality, climate change, and UV radiation

Cilia

Hairs lining the nose to direct air inwards and filter large particles as one inhales

Malthus (1832)

He had a more worldly point of view than scientific. He evaluated the natality>mortality issue and how it would start wars, competition, and a scarcity for resources

DNA

Hereditary material that examines which traits get passed on

Inspiratory reserve volume

How much air one can breathe in

Vital capacity

How much air one's lungs can hold

What is the most common source of change for an ecosystem?

Human activity

Artificial Selection

Humans selecting and breeding certain traits and characteristics from organisms (eg. Sea cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, GMO)

What is the difference between how plants store sugar and how humans store sugar?

Humans store it as glycogen, plants store it as cellulose

Where does emulsification happen?

In the duodenum

In midday on a summer day, would you expect to find more fish in the hypolimnion or the epilimnion?

In the hypolimnion because the epilimnion is hotter, and therefore has less oxygen concentration

Where are chloroplasts found in the cross section of a leaf?

In the palisade tissue cells

Bioaccumulation

Increased concentration of toxins in higher levels of the food chain (AKA biomagnification)

Summation

Increases muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli

What adaptation do plants have that live in areas of low water availability? Name examples

Increasing their surface area:volume ratio Closing their stoma more often Eg. Leaves and needles are large and thin Cacti and fescue grass

Cofactors

Inorganic ions that help enzymes

Genes

Instructions for the traits to be carried on by the DNA

Food web

Interlinking food chains

What is the number 2 cause for depletion and extinction?

Introduction if a new species

Where does the light independent reaction of photosynthesis happen?

It happens in the stroma

What happens to the energy of the sun not taken by plants?

It is reflected/absorbed elsewhere

What are some uses of phosphorus in living things?

It's a key element in cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer), it's in molecules that help release chemical energy, it's in the making of DNA, ATP, and proteins, it's in the calcium phosphate of bones and in the shells of eggs in aquatic ecosystems

Levels of Classification

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Human taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

Vestigial features

Leftover structures with no function but remain from a common ancestor (eg. Snake leg bones, human tailbones)

What do pigments in plants absorb?

Light

Bronchi

Lined with mucus, cilia, and cartilaginous rings that takes air to the bronchioles

Explain how the liver secretes bile

Liver receives a signal from the duodenum called Cholecystokinin (CCK) that tells the liver to secrete bile

Which organ can regenerate after a long time?

Liver. It takes 1.5 years to regenerate 1/2 of the liver

Biotic

Living components of an ecosystem

Biogeographical evidence examples

Living species with similar characteristics were found in each other's vicinity

Autotroph

Makes its own food at the first trophic level

Describe the characteristics of Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, and Homo

Mammalia: warm-blooded, placentals, breast fed for a while, and body hair Primates: thumbs, climbers, fingernails instead of claws, proportionally big brains, sexually dimorphic, stereoscopic vision Hominidae: no tails, larger size, omnivores, 9-month pregnancy, kids are taken care of for a long time Homo: bipeds, less hair

What physical change takes place in the mouth?

Mastication

The struggle for existence

Members of the same species have to compete for resources

What are the exceptions to the biosphere's closed system?

Meteors, and satellites

Smooth muscle

Muscle that lines many organs and its movements are involuntary

Skeletal Muscle

Muscles attached to bones by tendons under voluntary movement saturated with blood cells

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

NAD+, FAD++, 32ATP, 6H2O

What is the equation for NADP to NADPH?

NADP + H* + 2e- <--> NADPH

What is the NADP+ reduction equation?

NADP* + H* + 2e- --> NADPH

Name and explain the third step of photosynthesis

NADPH Creation 1. After electrons go through the electron transport chain, they go through photosystem I to get recharged 2. These high energy electrons go through NADP reductase, where they are transferred to NADP+ and H+ ions to make NADPH with carries these electrons to the light independent reactions

Heterotroph

Obtains food from other living organisms

Excitatory nerve impulses

Nerve impulse that causes a muscle to contract

Inhibitory nerve impulses

Nerve impulses that cause a muscle to relax

What is the difference between nitrogen fixation and nitrification?

Nitrogen fixation: N2-> NH3 Nitrification: NH3-> NO2-> NO3

What is a nucleotide?

Nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a 5-C sugar attached to a phosphate group

Abiotic

Non-living components of an ecosystem

Abiotic factor

Non-living factors or influences on organisms such as amount of sunlight or temperature

How many molecules of oxygen are used during glycolysis?

None. It's an anaerobic process

Essential nutrients

Nutrients we get from the food we eat

What is produced from the light dependent reactions?

O2, ATP, NADPH

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

Outer membrane, cristae, matrix, inner membrane

Describe the relationship between carbon and oxygen in the carbon cycle

Oxygen moves in the opposite direction of carbon

Photosystem II

Packaged chlorophyll molecules

Peat

Partially decomposed matter in the tundra and bogs

What chemical changes occur in the stomach?

Pepsin breaks down proteins

Where are the four enzymes of protein digestion made?

Pepsin: stomach (gastric gland) Trypsin: Pancreas Chymotrypsin: Pancreas Erepsin: Pancreas

How is food moved down the esophagus?

Peristalsis

Permafrost

Permanently frozen soil

How does Phosphorus end up in plants?

Phosphorus is eroded into the soil and absorbed by the roots of plants

What are chains of amino acids called?

Polypeptides

Benedict's test for sugars

Positive: after being heated, there should be a color change (very low: green, very high: orange-red)

Iodine test for starch

Positive: blue black color Negative: brown

Sudan IV Dye Test for lipids

Positive: from pink to red Negative: either pink or no color change (polar) after two minutes

Biuret test for Proteins

Positive: pink (+), violet (++), purple (+++) Negative: blue

Translucence lipid test

Positive: translucent paper Negative: nothing

Explain Alcohol/Ethanol Fermentation

Previously, Glycolysis happened, making 2ATP, where NAD+ was reduced to NADH 1. Pyruvate releases one CO2 molecule to make a 2-C compound to make 2 acetaldehyde 2. NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and cycled throughout 3. Ethanol is made from the acetaldehyde

What is the difference between a producer and a detritus food chain?

Producer: where the consumers feed directly or indirectly on the producer Detritus: where waste is recycled throughout and there are two sources (producers and waste)

Intercostal muscles

The muscles found attached to the inner surface of the ribs and between the ribs

Lamarck (1805)

Proposed that structures that are being used get passed on to our offspring. He also came up with "Inheritance of acquired characteristics" that these used traits get passed on

What two body compounds need nitrogen to be produced?

Protein and DNA

Enzymes

Protein catalysts

Stroma

Protein-rich semiliquid on the inside of a chloroplast (like chloroplast cytoplasm)

What are the three types of ecological pyramids?

Pyramid of energy, pyramid of numbers, and pyramid of biomass

Name and explain the second stage of aerobic respiration

Pyruvate Oxidation: 1. If glucose is available, pyruvate will be sent into te mitochondria matrix 2. One CO2 is removed from each pyruvate molecule and released as waste 3. NAD+ gets reduced to NADH 4. A CoA enzyme attaches itself to the remaining carbon portions (acetyl group) to make acetyl CoA

Jaundice

Result of a blocked bile duct; the buildup of proteins and wastes in the bloodstream due to a lack of bile

Describe the acidity of the soil, vegetation, and annual precipitation of the Deciduous Forest biome

Rich and fertile soil, deciduous trees and shrubs are the major vegetation, and annual precipitation is 75-250cm/a

Explain the energy spectrum

Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared are on the red side with slower waves, and UV rays, X-rays, and Gamma rays are the faster rays on the blue side. Visible light is in the middle where the rainbow is located

Where do advantageous traits come from

Random mutations in the DNA of a species

Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium (Steven Jay Gould)

Rapid evolution with little intermediate evidence, then not changing for a long time

Calvin Cycle (AKA carbon fixation)

Reactions in the stroma that fix the CO2 in the atmosphere into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes

What chemicals will set off a chemoreceptor in the body?

Really, any chemical will do.

Describe the acidity of the soil, vegetation, and annual precipitation of the Grassland biome

Rich and fertile soil, fescue grasses as the major vegetation, and 25-100cm/a of precipitation

What is the major reservoir of phosphorus?

Rock

Describe a slow cycle

Rock-> erosion-> soil-> lake bottom-> rock

Lithotrophs

Rock-eating bacteria

Lyell (1830)

Said that geographical features can be built and torn down

What chemical change takes place in the mouth?

Salivary amylase breaks carbohydrates into disaccharides

Biosphere

The narrow zone around earth that harbours life

Topsoil

Second layer of the soil made of small particles of rock MIXED WITH HUMUS

How does variation within a species occur?

Sexual reproduction because of the two parents and the random arrangement of chromosomes causes variation

Biochemical/Genetic evidence

Shows similarities in chromosome structure and DNA sequence

Pyramid of biomass

Shows the dry mass of the population at each trophic level (can be inverted but rarely)

Pyramid of numbers

Shows the number of organisms in each trophic level (can be inverted and unpredictable)

Pyramid of energy

Shows the total amount of energy in each trophic level (must be upright due to the law of conservation of energy)

Homologous features

Similar structural elements between species with the same origin, but with a different purpose (eg. Human arm bones and bat wings)

Embryological evidence

Similarities found in the embryonic development of vertebrae species (eg. The difference between a lemur, human, and pig embryo)

What are examples of simple and complex carbohydrates?

Simple: glucose Complex (anything with more than two rings): amylose

Segmentation

Sloshing back and forth in the small intestine as peristalsis happens

Enterogastrone

Slows down digestion when lipids are present AND RELEASES CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

In which organs does reabsorption of water happen?

Small and Large Intestines

Describe the acidity of the soil, vegetation, and annual precipitation of the Tundra biome

Soil is permafrost, lichens and moss are the major vegetation, and precipitation is 50-150cm/a

Sand

Soil made up of large particles

Silt

Soil made up of medium-sized particles

Clay

Soil made up of the smallest particles

Alkaline soil

Soil that is basic

Describe a fast cycle

Soil->producer->food chain OR Soil-> producer-> lake bottom-> rock

What happens to the solubility of oxygen as temperature increases?

Solubility of oxygen goes down (as gases are more soluble in cooler temperatures)

Examples of legumes

Soy beans, peanuts, clover, kudzu

Catalyst

Speeds up a reaction without being used up as a means to save energy

Carbonic anhydrase

Speeds up the reaction turning CO2 and H2O into Carbonic acid

Chemosynthesis

Splitting an inorganic chemical substance such ad H2S(s) into H2SO4(aq) to harness the energy

What is the law of tolerance?

States that an organism can survive within a specific range of an abiotic factor (this is a part of the niche)

What is the law of the minimum?

States that the nutrient that a plant needs that is in shortest supply is the one that limits growth

Gallbladder

Stores extra bile and injects it into the duodenum (where emulsification happens) when fats appear

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle with multinucleated cells and involuntary movement

What are muscle fibres made of?

Strings of Sarcomeres

Which nutrients are absorbed mostly in the small intestine?

Sugars and amino acids

Which nutrients are absorbed most in the large intestine?

Sugars and water

Is oxygen soluble in blood?

Surprisingly, no

What are the two factors that can denature an enzyme and how?

Temperature above 37°C: changes the folds of the membrane Extreme pH change: hydrogen and sulfur bonds between amino acids are changed (the folds)

What would high amounts of coliform bacteria indicate about a water sample?

That there is fecal contamination and that there may be other more dangerous bacteria present

How does it make sense that 20% of energy regardless of where they are in the food chain goes to the decomposers?

That's the amount retained in the body of the consumer/producer when it dies

Name and explain the fourth stage of aerobic cellular respiration

The Electron Transport Chain 1. NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the ETC 2. The electrons are passed down a series of protein complexes along the inner mitochondrial membrane 3. The energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane to the intermembrane space, creating a concentration gradient 4. These electrons and hydrogen ions are pushed towards the ATP synthase for chemiosmosis. 5. The H+ ions that are now in the matrix are used to create water, from the oxygen hanging out in the matrix

Name and explain the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration

The Kreb's/Citric Acid Cycle 1. In the mitochondria matrix, the acetyl CoA is bound to oxaloacetate (the 4-C molecule) to make the 6-C citric acid 2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH, one CO2 molecule is released, then another NAD+ is reduced to NADH to make a 5-C molecule 3. Another CO2 is released, ADP is made into ATP, resulting in a 4-C molecule. 4. FAD+ is made into FADH2, NAD+ is made into NADH, and oxaloacetate goes to the next acetyl CoA THIS CYCLE HAPPENS TWICE BECAUSE OF THE EXISTENCE OF TWO ACETYL CoAs

Bipedalism

The ability to walk of two legs

Tetanus

The state of constant nerve impulse, resulting in constant contraction or locking of the muscles

Divergent evolution/adaptive radiation

The accumulation differences between groups which can lead to the formation of a new species (results in the diffusion of the same species to different habitats)

Pneumothorax

The accumulation of air between the pleural membrane and the inner chest wall causing the lung to collapse caused by a penetrating injury to the chest

Explain the Sliding Filament Theory

The actin slides against the myosin filaments during contractions while remaining at a constant length, making the muscle smaller

Photophosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate ion to any molecule initiated by light

What factors determine biodiversity?

The amount of energy, and water available

Active site

The area of an enzyme that fits around the substrate

Climate

The average conditions of an area made up by temperature and precipitation patterns

Vacuole

The biggest organelle in a plant cell which stores water

Which end of the energy spectrum has the highest energy?

The blue end to the point of the gamma rays

Hypolimnion

The bottom layer of a body of water. It is the coldest layer and has the highest pressure

The profundal zone

The bottom layer of a lake without enough light fot photosynthesis. Where detritus and decomposers are found

Water table

The boundary between the layer of soil that is saturated with water and the unsaturated soil above it

Pleurisy

The buildup of fluid in the chest cavity resulting in the lungs being pushed inwards a little more and pain in breathing

What are some human factors that decrease the pH of soil?

The burning of fossil fuels, acid rain, coal, oil and gasoline, cutting down trees (buffers for CO2), rusting

What are some examples of biogeochemical cycles?

The carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, the hydrological cycle

M-line

The centre of the sarcomere

What is an R group in a protein?

The chain that specializes it

Evolution

The changes is genes over time

VO2 max

The maximum volume of oxygen in mL that the cells in muscles an remove in 1min/kg of the body's mass while in maximum exertion measured in mL/min/kg

Slash and burn and its value

The complete clearing of a forest by felling and then burning the trees Provides nutrients and space for agriculture

Depletion

The decline of a species

Photolysis

The decomposition of water with light

I band

The distance between the start of the cross bridge and the end of the Z line

H zone

The distance between the two ends of the actin (the gap in the middle of the sarcomere)

Pleural membrane

The double layered membrane filled with fluid between the chest and the lungs that stick the lungs to the chest so they expand and contract as the chest does during respiration

Anabolism

The endergonic process in which the body uses the energy released from catabolism to make more complex molecules to form cellular structures

BRIEFLY DESCRIBE the purpose of the Calvin Cycle

The energy of ATP and the electrons from NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to a triose phosphate molecule called G3P, a sugar used to create glucose

Epilimnion

The first layer in a body of water. It's the warmest (as it gets more light) and has the least pressure

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine and the most important site if chemical digestion covered in villi and microvilli

Epiglottis

The flap of tissue which instinctively covers the trachea as anything is being swallowed

What do the arrows in a food chain and a food web signify?

The flow of energy

Lumen

The fluid filled space within a thylakoid

Speciation

The formation of a new species as the number of mutations increases

What glands secrete pepsin?

The gastric glands

Where does cellular respiration occur?

The mitochondria of the cell.

Z line

The horizontal distance taken up by the vertical zig zag pattern on the outer ends of a sarcomere

Taxonomy

The identifying, naming, and classification of species

Lactic acid threshold

The intensity of exercise at which lactic acid production begins to increase

The littoral zone

The layer of a lake that extends from the shore to where plants are no longer rooted at the bottom of the lake

The limnetic zone

The layer of a lake where there is enough light for photosynthesis with both autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton living there. Stretches from the surface to the point where light is insufficient. It has no contact with the lake floor.

A band

The length of the myosin strip in a sarcomere

What is the biosphere composed of?

The lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

What are the three zones found in a lake ecosystem?

The littoral zone, limnetic zone, and profundal zone

Biotic potential

The maximum amount of offspring that can be produced by a species with unlimited resources

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support

Greenhouse effect

The natural process of heating the earth up by using greenhouse gases to reabsorb the heat coming out towards the outer atmosphere

What happens if the nose is too dry?

The nose starts to bleed

What are the main carbon reservoirs?

The ocean, peat, fossil fuels, carbonic acid, permafrost

Glottis

The opening of the trachea

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The oxygen needed by aquatic decomposers to completely break down matter in five days at 20°C

Latent period

The pause between stimulus and muscle contraction

Which factor of taxonomy defines ancestry?

The phylum. This is the "origin" of homologous and analogous features

Stimulus

The physical event that triggers an involuntary contraction

Habitat

The place/environment with conditions suitable for the survival of an individual, or population of an organism

What happens in the duodenum?

The presence of chyme releases secretin, which signals the pancreas to release HCO3- ions to neutralize the acidity of chyme

Chemiosmosis

The process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of the electrochemical gradient in the ATP synthase

Nitrification

The process in which ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NH3-> NO2-> NO3)

Denitrification

The process in which nitrites and ammonia in feces and detritus are returned to nitrogen (NO3-> NO2-> N2)

Binomial nomenclature

The specific naming of a species using two names where the correct format is: Genus species and they're both italicized

Oxidative phosphorylation

The process of electrons going through several membranes within cristae, ending with the phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP

Aeration

The process of increasing oxygen in the soil

Chemiosmosis

The process of using energy from built up pressure from a concentration gradient to make ATP

Erosion

The process that breaks or wears down rock with water

What is between the bottom of the stomach and the small intestine?

The pyloric sphincter

With a fixed amount of enzymes and cofactors, what happens to the rate of the reaction as the substrate concentration increases?

The rate of the reaction levels off as substrate increases

Clear cutting and its value

The removal of all the trees in an area Natural resources used by humans

Where is calcium stored?

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Thermocline

The second layer in a body of water. It has more pressure and a jump in colder temperature

Jejunum

The second part of the small intestine in which the villi and microvilli make the brush border surrounding the inside of this organ for reabsorption

What determines the function of a protein?

The shape

Muskeg

The soil above permafrost that is swampy or boggy in the summer

Biogeography

The study of distribution of life

Paleontology

The study of fossils

Ecology

The study of how organisms interact with each other

What is the largest terrestrial biome of Canada?

The taiga is the largest terrestrial biome of Canada

What is the smallest terrestrial biome of Canada?

The temperate deciduous forest is the smallest biome found in Canada

Optimum temperature for enzyme activity

The temperature where the rate of the reaction is the fastest. The ideal condition for enzyme production

Spontaneous generation

The theory that life could be generated spontaneously

Myosin

The thick myofilament

Actin

The thin myofilament

How does UV radiation affect frog population?

The thinning of the O3(g) layer causes more UV radiation to pass through. This harms the sensitive skin of the frog (which also live at higher altitudes) and damages their cells. Especially those with black eggs.

What structure produces saliva?

The three salivary glands

Pharynx

The throat; the common passageway for air and food above the trachea and esophagus

Half-life of an isotope

The time it takes for half of the isotope sample to decompose into something more stable. This isn't affected by temperature, moisture, or other environmental conditions.

Larynx

The voice box made of cartilage containing the vocal chords

Tidal volume

The volume of air breathed in and out in a normal breath

Detritus

The waste from plants and animals including their dead remains

Trachea

The windpipe; strengthened by semicircular cartilaginous arcs

Explain the decline in eagle population

Their eggshells were becoming thinner due to chemicals being introduced into their food chain

Explain The Theory of Natural Selection

There is variation within a species and overproduction leads to competition. Advantageous traits allow for better competition for them. These traits are passes on to offspring.

How are lipids reabsorbed and broken down?

They are absorbed through lacteals to be diluted in the lymph system.

What happens to oligotrophic lakes over time?

They become eutrophic

What do the resulting molecules of digestion do?

They diffuse into the bloodstream and into cells

Top level consumer

They have no predator but act as a predator to all

Describe the information revealed within the name if an enzyme

They normally end in -ase, they identify their substrate and the reaction they catalyze

What happens if lipids go into blood directly?

They start sticking to walls

What happened when some species were separated from Pangaea?

They started to evolve independently into their own species according to their environment

Subsoil

Third layer of the soil, containing more rock and less organic material

Ilenum

Third part of the small intestine. Connects the small to the large intestine

Myofilament

Thread of contractile proteins found within each muscle fibre

How many layers of muscle does the stomach have?

Three layers of muscle

How does a cell regulate the amount of enzymes present?

Through synthesis and degradation depending on the cell

Where do the light dependent and independent reactions happen respectively?

Thylakoid membrane and the stroma

Alveoli

Tiny sacs wrapped in capillaries where gas exchange takes place. Its wall is one cell thick.

What is the purpose of saliva?

To break down carbohydrates and to lubricate the mouth for swallowing

What does it mean to excite an electron?

To charge it

Ecotone

Transitional grey area between ecosystems that contains species from both bordering ecosystems

True or False: All components of the biosphere interact with both biotic and abiotic factors

True

What 4 terrestrial biomes are found in Canada?

Tundra, Taiga, Temperate deciduous forest, and Grassland

Lungs

Two air sacs containing the bronchi. The right is larger than the left and each one is surrounded by a pleural membrane

Name three types of lipids and explain them

Unsaturated fats (healthy fats from plants in which the fatty acids are twisted, easiest to break down), Saturated fats (from animals, less healthy, the fatty acids are straight), trans fats (man-made fats, characterized by a double bond to another carbon, the hardest to break down)

Canopy

Upper layer of a forest with vegetation and fiercest competition for sunlight

What is the difference between upper and lower respiratory tract infections and disorders?

Upper respiratory tract infections are short term and do not obstruct breathing while lower respiratory tract infections can impair the delivery of oxygen to cells, causing more major problems

Non-essential vitamins

Vitamins made by our body

What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?

Vitamins serve as coenzymes and minerals enable chemical reactions and form bone and cartilage

How does phosphorus return to the soil?

Wastes and death as it's reabsorbed into the soil or reincorporated into rock

Groundwater

Water in the soil or rock below the earth's surface

Thermal pollution

Water pollutant coming from electricity plants and other industries resulting in low levels of oxygen solubility

Organic solid waste (pollution)

Water pollution coming from food processing resulting in low oxygen levels

Inorganic solids and dissolved minerals (pollution)

Water pollution coming from mining waste, fertilizers, salts, and runoff in the winter resulting in algal blooms, an increase in salinity, and death of organisms

Organic compounds (pollution)

Water pollution coming from oil from roads, organophosphates (AKA detergents), and pesticides resulting in biomagnification of toxins and algal blooms

Disease causing organisms (pollution)

Water pollution coming from sewage and animal waste from runoff causing waterborne diseases

Infiltration

Water soaking into soil and becoming part of the water table

Are the colours that we see reflected or absorbed by the object?

We see the reflected colours. This is why plants are most commonly green. They absorb the red and blue light

Catabolism

What happens at the active site of an enzyme; the exergonic breaking down of substrate to release energy

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (AKA chronic heartburn)

When LES doesn't contract properly and acidic gastric juices splash into the esophagus

Acid deposition

When SO2 and NOx (nitrous oxides) are released from the burning of fossil fuels and mix with the water in the atmosphere, making rain about 40X as acidic

Competitive inhibition

When a competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, leaving no room for the assigned substrate.

What is a collapsed lung?

When a lung has a hole

Allopatric speciation

When a population is separated by a physical barrier. A sort of means for divergent evolution

Extinction

When a species is no longer in existence

Explain the albedo effect

When a surface has a high albedo, it reflects a lot of the light supplied by the sun, therefore reflecting the energy

Point X

When all enzymes are paired off to substrate and the reaction rate begins to level off

Non-competitive inhibition

When an allosteric inhibitor binds to an enzyme through the allosteric site, changing the shape of the enzyme, preventing the reaction from occurring

Extirpation

When an animal is extinct from a certain area

Denaturing

When any protein has its shape altered and can no longer do its job because of extreme temperature, pH, etc.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

When babies are born without enough lipoprotein

Lung Cancer

When cells in the lungs start to grow uncontrollably

When is pepsin deactivated?

When chyme makes its way into the small intestine and HCO3- tells it to stop as it neutralizes chyme

External respiration

When gas is exchanged between alveoli and capillaries. Oxygen moves into the capillaries and CO2 moves out. Happens in the lungs

Internal Respiration

When gases are exchanged between capillaries and cells. Oxygen moves from capillaries ro cells and CO2 moves from cells to capillaries. Happens in the tissues

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

When in a food chain, one can be in only ONE trophic level at a time. In a food web, one can be in more than one trophic level at a time (eat both producers and consumers)

How does hemoglobin act as a buffer?

When the carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ ions, the hemoglobin binds to the H+ ions to maximize the HCO3- in the blood and preventing the reformation of carbonic acid

Emphysema

When the walls of the alveoli break down and lose their elasticity, reducing surface area for gas exchange, limits lung capacity, and lowers oxygen levels

When does anaerobic respiration happen?

When there isn't enough oxygen to perform pyruvate oxidation, the Kreb's cycle, or the ETC. In this case, pyruvate continues in the cytoplasm instead of going into the mitochondria

Convergent evolution

When two unrelated species come to resemble each other (This happens when organisms evolve in similar habitats)

Hydrolysis

When water is added to divide into sub molecules

Dehydration synthesis

When water is removed to join two sub molecules

Ulcers

Where the mucus lining of the stomach is worn away and cells are exposed to the HCl

Survival of the Fittest

Who can adapt the quickest?

Examples of endangered, extirpated, threatened, and special concern species

Whooping crane in Alberta, Grizzly Bears in Mexico, Fowler's Toad and Leopard frogs in Ontario, Wolverines in Nunavut

Coagulation

the process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid state