Chapter 9 Alcohol

standard drink

amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol Standard drink has about 0.5 ounce of absolute alcohol and is equivalent to: •12 ounces of beer at about 4 percent alcohol. •4 ounces of wine at 12 percent alcohol. •1 ounce of 100-proof spirits or 1.25 ounces of 80-proof spirits.

When does liver respond to chronic intake of alcohol?

by increasing the activity of metabolic enzymes. •Contributes to tolerance among heavy users. For heavy alcohol users. •When alcohol is present, metabolism of other drugs is slower. When alcohol is not present, metabolism of other drugs is faster

What are behavioral effects influenced by?

expectations

alcoholic brain dementia

loss of brain tissue

What are wines named after and what are the types of wine?

often named for the type of grape used to make them, or for one of the traditional European land areas known for producing a particular kind of wine. Red versus white. Sweet versus dry. Sparkling wines. Fortified wines. •Have an alcohol content near 20 percent.

Diagnostic criteria for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

with at least one present. •Growth retardation occurring before and slash or after birth. •Pattern of abnormal features of the face and head or evidence of retarded formation of the midfacial area. •Evidence of CNS abnormality or other evidence of abnormal neurobehavioral development.

How many states passed prohibition laws between 1851 and 1855?

13 states and the 18th amendment banned the sale of alcohol

Alcohol metabolism

About 90 percent of alcohol is metabolized in the liver. About 2 percent of alcohol is excreted unchanged: •In the breath. •Through the skin. In the urine.

Pharmacology of Alcohol

Absorption. •Most absorption happens in the small intestine. •Some alcohol is absorbed in the stomach. •Slower if there is food or water in the stomach. •Faster in the presence of carbonated beverages. Distribution. •Blood alcohol concentration, or B A C. •Measure of the concentration of alcohol in blood, which is expressed as a percentage in terms of grams per 100 milliliters. •Alcohol is distributed throughout the body fluids, including the blood, but does not distribute much into fatty tissues.

driving under the influence

Alcohol-related fatalities are a greater proportion of the fatalities occurring during dark hours and on the weekends. Risk of a fatal crash is dose-related. •There is a sharp increase in risk as B A C increases over 0.10. Men are more likely than women to be involved in an alcohol-related traffic fatality. 90 percent of the intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes have never been convicted of driving under the influence in the past.

What two us giants dominated the market for beers in the United States?

Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors

When did the oldest alcoholic beverage, Mead appear and what was it made from?

Appeared in 1800 BC and made from honey

Views on Alcohol Use in the United States

At the time of America's revolution. •Most Americans drank more alcohol compared with drinking water. •Early Puritan ministers referred to alcoholic drink as "the Good Creature of God." •They denounced drunkenness as a sinful misuse of the "Good Creature." After the American Revolution. Alcohol was the first psychoactive substance to become demonized in American culture

Fermentation

Certain yeasts act on sugar in the presence of water Forms the basis of all alcoholic beverages

types of distilled spirits

Congeners may include alcohols other than ethanol and oils contained in alcoholic beverages. •Grain neutral spirits contain relatively few congeners. Whiskey. •Distilled at a lower proof, not more than 160. •Distillate contains more congeners and some flavor from the grain. •Whiskey accumulates congeners during aging, at least for the first five years.

Distilled Spirits and types of spirits

Contain 95 percent pure ethyl alcohol, that is 190 proof. Grain neutral spirits. •Clear liquid that is tasteless. •Sold as Everclear to consumers and can be used in medicine or research. •Used to make various beverages. •Gin: Distillate filtered through juniper berries and then diluted with water. •Vodka: Mixture of grain neutral spirits and water.

Production process of beer

Made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains Hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor

When it comes to cereal grains, what is require to convert starch into sugar?

Malt

What are some physiological effects of alcohol?

Peripheral circulation. •Dilation of peripheral blood vessels. •Increases heat loss from the body but makes the drinker feel warm. Fluid balance. •Alcohol has a diuretic effect. •Increases urine flow. •Lowers blood pressure in some individuals.

Hangovers

Symptoms. •Upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, and general malaise. Possible causes. •Alcohol withdrawal, exposure to congeners, cellular dehydration, gastric irritation, or the accumulation of acetaldehyde.

What amendment appealed the 18th amendment in 1933?

The 21st amendment. Reasons •Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue. •Concerns that widespread disrespect for the Prohibition law encouraged a general sense of lawlessness.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

chronic mental impairments produced by heavy alcohol use over a long period of time

What happens when alcohol concentration reaches 15 percent?

the yeast dies and fermentation ceases

Proof

•A measure of the alcohol content of a distilled beverage. •The percentage of alcohol by volume is one-half of the proof number.

What does it mean when the BAC is stable and when the rate of intake exceeds the rate of metabolism?

•A person's B A C is stable if the rate of intake equals the rate of metabolism. •If rate of intake exceeds the rate of metabolism, B A C increases.

Alcoholic Anonymous definition of alcohol dependence

•Alcohol dependence is a progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking. •The only treatment is abstinence from alcohol. •Disease model: Alcohol dependence is the primary disease and not the result of another underlying cause.

Mechanism of Action for Alcohol

•Alcohol enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA at the GABA-A receptor. •Barbiturates and benzodiazepines have similar effects. •At high doses, alcohol blocks the effects of glutamate at some of its receptors. •Enhances alcohol's overall inhibitory actions. •Alcohol also affects dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine neurons.

What were the outcomes after the repeal?

•Alcohol per capita sales and consumption increased. •Alcohol consumption returned to pre-Prohibition levels after the Second World War.

Trends in the United States alcohol consumption

•Alcohol use rose through most of the 1970s and peaked in 1981. •Use of illicit drugs also reached a peak about the same time. •Declined between the years 1981 and 1995.

What types of heart disease can alcohol produce?

•Cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, and stroke. •Moderate alcohol use may reduce heart attack risk.

Time-out

•Drinking serves as a social signal indicating a "time-out" from responsibilities, work, and seriousness.

What are the mood changes associated with alcohol?

•Euphoria. •Reduced anxieties. •Reduced inhibitions. Effects depend on the B A C, which is also called blood alcohol level (B A L). •At low blood alcohol levels, complex, abstract, and poorly learned behaviors are disrupted. •As blood alcohol levels increase, better learned and simpler behaviors are also affected.

fetal alcohol syndrome

•Facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy. •Related to peak B A C and to duration of alcohol exposure. Prevalent in about 2 of 1,000 live births.

Process of light beer

•Has fewer calories, lighter taste, and less alcohol. •Mash is fermented at a cooler temperature for a longer time. •This converts more of the sugars to alcohol. •Then water is added to adjust the alcohol content.

When it comes to crime and violence, what is alcohol correlated with?

•Homicide. •Assault, spousal and child abuse, and date rape. •Suicide.

The temperance movement

•Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits only. •It became fashionable to "take the pledge" in the early 1800s. •Later promoted total abstinence.

Production of wine

•Made from fermented grapes. •A large volume of wine is produced in mechanized, sterilized wine factories. •Many small wineries operate alongside the industry giants. Most wines contain about 12 percent alcohol.

What are some gender differences in alcohol consumption in the United States?

•Males are more likely to drink than females. •Males are more likely than females to report binge drinking within the past 30 days.

Blackouts

•Periods during alcohol use in which the drinking individual appears to function normally but later, when the individual is sober, he or she cannot recall any events that occurred during that period.

Distillation

•Process in which a solution containing alcohol is heated, and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again. •Said to be discovered in Arabia around A D 800. •Introduced in Europe around the tenth century.

Chronic diseases caused by alcohol

•Prolonged and high levels of alcohol consumption can cause alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cancer. •Alcohol use is associated with cancers of the mouth, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, colon, and rectum.

What are the factors that add to the quality of wine?

•Selection and cultivation of grapevines. •Good weather. •Timing of the harvest. •Careful monitoring of fermentation and aging.

stages of withdrawal from alcohol

•Stage 1: Tremors, excessively rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, and insomnia. •Stage 2: Hallucinations, which are auditory, visual, tactile, or a combination of these; and, rarely, olfactory signs. •Stage 3: Delusions, disorientation, delirium, and amnesia. •Stage 4: Seizures. Medical treatment is usually sought in stage 1 or 2, and rapid intervention with a sedative drug will prevent stage 3 or 4 from occurring.

Primary metabolic system

•The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde •Acetaldehyde is then converted rapidly by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid •The major factor determining the rate of alcohol metabolism is the activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

alcohol toxicty

•Vomiting reflex is triggered by rapidly rising B A C, usually above 0.12 percent, and is inhibited when B A C reaches above 0.20 and can quickly reach lethal levels if one continues to drink.

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

•Wrote a pamphlet titled "An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Mind and Body." •Noticed a relationship between heavy drinking and jaundice, "madness," and "epilepsy." •Believed that hard liquor damaged drinkers' morality. Referred to alcohol addiction as a disease