Biology 223 Chapter 6 Practice Questions

Match the hormone with the appropriate effect or description. 1) Secreted when blood calcium levels are too high 2) Inhibits osteoclast activity 3) Causes RANKL to be produced 4) Secreted by the parathyroid glands 5) Stimulates an increase in the number of osteoclasts 6) Secreted when blood calcium levels are too low 7) Secreted by the thyroid gland

1) Calcitonin 2) Calcitonin 3) PTH 4) PTH 5) PTH 6) PTH 7) Calcitonin

Place the following events in the correct order. The cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage. Chondrocytes hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms. The perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced. Chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium. A primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones. The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone. Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center.

1) Chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium. 2) The perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced. 3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms. 4) A primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade. 5) Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center. 6) Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones. 7) The cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage. 8) The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone.

1) How does the endocrine system affect osteoporosis? 2) How does the muscular system affect osteoporosis? 3) How would the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis? 4) How might the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?

1) Decreased estrogen levels 2) Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone. 3) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted. 4) Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production.

True or False: Each item listed here would be seen when blood calcium levels are too low. 1) Increase in osteoprotegerin 2) RANK activates osteoclasts. 3) Increased calcium uptake in the intestine 4) RANKL is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. 5) Increase in calcitonin 6) Increase in parathyroid hormone 7) Increased osteoclast activity 8) Increased release of calcium from the urine

1) False 2) True 3) True 4) True 5) False 6) True 7) True 8) False

Place the items into the correct category of either spongy bone or compact bone. 1) Consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone 2) Has many spaces that contain bone marrow and blood vessels 3) Has trabeculae that are oriented along the lines of stress within a bone 4) Has central and perforating canals that contain blood vessels 5) Has concentric, circumferential, and interstitial lamellae 6) Dense, or thick, with very few spaces

1) Spongy 2) Spongy 3) Spongy 4) Compact 5) Compact 6) Compact

True or False: Each is a component of the skeletal system. 1) Bones 2) Adipose 3) Cartilage 4) Ligaments

1) True 2) False 3) True 4) True

Match the definition with the correct long bone part. 1) Found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue 2) Large cavity within the shaft 3) Connective tissue that serves as a site of blood cell production 4) Hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a joint 5) Connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones 6) The end(s) of long bones 7) The shaft of the bone 8) Growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis 9) Connective tissue membrane covering most of the outer surface

1) Yellow marrow 2) Medullary cavity 3) Red marrow 4) Articular cartilage 5) Endosteum 6) Epiphysis 7) Diaphysis 8) Epiphyseal plate 9) Periosteum

Match the components of the epiphyseal plate with the correct description. 1) Nearest to the epiphysis; contains randomly arranged chondrocytes that do not divide rapidly 2) Chondrocytes divide and form columns resembling stacks of plates or coins. 3) Chondrocytes mature and enlarge. 4) Very thin zone that contains enlarged chondrocytes and hardening cartilage matrix 5) Calcified cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue.

1) Zone of resting cartilage 2) Zone of proliferation 3) Zone of hypertrophy 4) Zone of calcification 5) Ossified bone

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct. Not all terms will be used. 1) Any break in a bone is called a ________, and repair is done in stages by the body. 2) A ________ will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury. 3) Depositions of collagen and fibrocartilage will form a mass of tissue connecting the broken ends called an internal ______. 4) Cells called __________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs. 5) The process finishes with bone __________, wherein woven bone is replaced by _______ bone.

1) fructure 2) hematoma 3) callus 4) osteoblasts 5) remodeling ; compact

Drag the correct terms to their appropriate locations in the text. 1) After several families took up residence on a remote island, they were unable to acquire sufficient levels of vitamin D in their diet. Young children, whose bones were still under development, developed _______ as seen by the noticeable curvature in the long bones of their legs. The adults experienced bone pain between their joints, an outcome consistent with their having developed ___________. 2) Whole body positron emission tomography of a breast cancer patient revealed a cell masses in her left tibia and femur. These were ______ resulting from breast cancer cells destroying and replacing bone tissue. 3) Martha is short in stature and has had a long history of bone fractures. She has been diagnosed with the most common form of ______________________ in which a defect is found in type I ________ protein. 4) A Staphylococcal bacterial infection to the bone is one form of ____________. 5) Excessive and insufficient growth at the epiphyseal plate lead to _________ and ________, respectively.

1) rickets ; osteomalacia 2) tumors 3) osteogenesis imperfecta ; collagen 4) osteomyelitis 5) gigantism ; dwarfism

1) The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a _______ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs. 2) The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide __________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened shell-like or caged structures. 3) The ________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones which then serve as levers. 4) Minerals can be stored in the skeleton which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain ___________________ throughout the body. 5) Contained within the spongy sections of bones, marrow is responsible for _______________.

1) support 2) protection 3) movement 4) electrolyte balance 5) blood formation

Bone remodeling may occur 1) as fractures heal. 2) constantly during a person's lifetime. 3) as bones adjust to stress. 4) All of these choices are correct. 5) as bones grow.

All of these choices are correct.

Select all that are components of the skeletal system. 1) Bones 2) Cartilage 3) Ligaments 4) Muscles 5) Tendons

Bones Cartilage Ligaments Tendons

Place the following terms or examples within the correct category. A sedentary life Limb immobilization Weight lifting Sitting Gravitational forces Walking Astronauts in space

Build or Retain Bone Mass - Weight lifting - Walking - Gravitational forces Reduce Bone Mass - Sitting - A sedentary lifestyle - Astronauts in space - Limb immobilization

We easily recognize bones as central to the skeletal system, but we have another component that is associated with bone and provides cushioning, structural support, and aids in bone repair. What is this component being described? 1) Skeletal muscle 2) Cartilage 3) Areolar connective tissue 4) Dense fibrous connective tissue

Cartilage

Drag each label into the proper position to identify the type of bone described. Compact Bone Spongy Bone

Compact Bone - Made up osteons - Has central canals - Found lining the superficial regions of all bones Spongy Bone - Composed of truberclae - Coveys strength with light weight - Gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow - Abundant in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones

Drag each label below to the correct category to indicate whether it relates to intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification. Endochondral Ossification Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification - Ossification of hyaline cartilage - Calcified cartilage - Bone collar - Epiphyseal plates - Most bones of the skeleton Intramembranous Ossification - Most skull bones - Diaphysis of the clavicles - Begins with sheet of messenchyme

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct? 1) Bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts. 2) As a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases. 3) Exposure of a bone to increased stress can lead to bone remodeling. 4) Bone remodeling does not involve the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 5) All of the choices are correct.

Exposure of a bone to increased stress can lead to bone remodeling.

A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6 ft. 2 in. by the time he was 13 years old. He had normal body proportions and sexual development. Which of the following caused his condition? 1) Hypersecretion of testosterone 2) Elevated vitamin D synthesis 3) Hypersecretion of growth hormone 4) An adrenal tumor that secretes androgens

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

A sedentary patient is low in vitamin D, and her calcium levels begin to drop. How will the body respond to bring calcium levels back to normal? 1) Increase urinary excretion of calcium 2) Increase calcitonin secretion 3) Increase parathyroid hormone secretion 4) Activation of osteoblasts

Increase parathyroid hormone secretion

What effects can be attributed to increased pressure on a bone? 1) Increased osteoclast activity 2) Increased osteoblast activity

Increased osteoblast activity

Drag each label into the proper position in order to identify the outcome of each condition on blood calcium. Increases Blood Calcium Decreases Blood Calcium

Increases Blood Calcium - Osteoclast activity - Calcitriol - Parathyroid hormone - Increased calcium reabsorption from the kidneys - Increased calcium absorption by the digestive system - Increased bone reabsorption - Inhibition of osteoblasts Decreases Blood Calcium - Osteoblasts activity - Calcitonin - Decreased time outdoors

A patient a hospital with a broken femur. A piece of the bone is protruding from the skin, and the femur was shattered into many fragments, none of which line up in their original position. Select all that describe this type of fracture. Closed Open Non-displaced Displaced Incomplete Comminuted

Open Displaces Comminuted

Determine whether each item is an organic or inorganic component of bone. Organic Inorganic

Organic - Collagens - Proteoglycans - Glycosaminoglycans Inorganic - Hydroxyapatite - Calcium carbonate - Magnesium - Phosphorous

Place the descriptions beneath their corresponding cell type. Osteochondral Progenitor Cell Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocyte

Osteochondral Progenitor Cell - Stem cell - Gives rise to osteoblasts Osteoblast - Secretes matrix - Gives rise to osteocytes Osteoclast - Multinucleate - Bone resorption - Releases minerals by bone breakdown Osteocyte

Select all that are functions of the skeletal system. Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of glycogen Storage of minerals

Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of minerals

Imagine observing a cross section through the diaphysis of a long bone. Place the following terms in order moving from superficial to deep. Endosteum Periosteum Spongy bone Medullary cavity Compact bone

Superficial Periosteum Compact bone Spongy bone Endosteum Medullary cavity Deep

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true? 1) When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases. 2) Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity. 3) Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels. 4) Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels. 5) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney.

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

Osteomalacia is 1) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. 2) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development. 3) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. 4) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. 5) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.

a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.

In __________ growth of cartilage, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. 1) appositional 2) interstitial 3) endochondral 5) intramembranous

appositional

Osteons 1) lack concentric lamellae. 2) are found in spongy bone tissue. 3) are the basic units in compact bone tissue. 4) are avascular. 5) do not contain osteocytes.

are the basic units in compact bone tissue.

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of __________. 1) bone matrix 2) ligaments 3) hyaline cartilage 4) bone marrow 5) fibrous cartilage

bone matrix

Ligaments attach __________. 1) muscle to muscle 2) nerve to bone 3) muscle to bone 4) nerve to muscle 5) bone to bone

bone to bone

Bones play an important role in regulating blood __________ levels, which must be maintained within narrow limits for functions such as muscle contraction and membrane potentials to occur normally. 1) chloride 2) potassium 3) sodium 4) calcium

calcium

Compared to other tissues, normal bone growth requires higher amounts of __________, __________, and __________ in the diet. 1) potassium; calcium; and vitamin D 2) vitamin E; vitamin B; and vitamin A 3) sodium; calcium; and vitamin E 4) calcium; phosphate; and vitamin D 5) vitamin D; phosphate; and chloride

calcium; phosphate; and vitamin D

Hyaline cartilage 1) can serve as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body. 2) has a double-layered connective tissue sheath covering it called the periosteum. 3) can be found between vertebrae, serving as shock absorbing disks. 4) can grow on the outside by appositional growth and on the inside by interstitial growth.

can serve as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.

Osteocytes send long, slender cell processes down narrow passageways called __________. These passageways connect osteocytes both with each other, and with the blood supply of the osteon. 1) canaliculi 2) lacunae 3) central canals 4) osteocanals 5) lamella

canaliculi

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called __________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells they become __________ that are trapped in lacunae. 1) chondroclasts; chondroblasts 2) chondroblasts; chondroclasts 3) chondroblasts; chondrocytes 4) chondrocytes; chondroblasts

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone. 1) articular surface 2) growth plate 3) epiphyseal line 4) diaphysis 5) epiphysis

diaphysis

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone may result in ____________. 1) a decrease in calcitriol levels 2) an increase in calcium excreted in the urine 3) bones that lack flexibility 4) elevated blood calcium levels

elevated blood calcium levels

Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage 1) give cartilage its resilient nature. 2) make cartilage hard and compact. 3) fill the lacunae. 4) make the perichondrium very stretchable. 5) replace collagen fibers in the matrix.

give cartilage its resilient nature.

In endochondral ossification, chondroblasts produce a _________ cartilage model that has the approximate shape of the bone to be formed. 1) elastic 2) reticular 3) fibrocartilage 4) hyaline

hyaline

Skeletal system tissue that provides structural support along with flexibility is __________. 1) hyaline cartilage 2) elastic cartilage 3) spongy bone 4) fibrous cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Mechanical stress applied to bone __________ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress __________ osteoblast activity. 1) increases; maintains 2) increases; decreases 3) decreases; maintains 4) decreases; increases

increases; decreases

In _________ growth of cartilage, chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells. 1) intramembranous 2) appositional 3) interstitial 4) endochondral

interstitial

During development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as ______ bone formation, and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as ______ bone formation. 1) intramembranous; endochondral 2) endochondral; intramembranous

intramembranous; endochondral

Lack of sunlight will directly affect the formation of vitamin D. This implies that the specific cell type required for vitamin D synthesis using sunlight energy is the ___________. 1) osteocyte 2) intestinal epithelial cell 3) keratinocyte 4) chondroblast

keratinocyte

A concentric ring of bone produced during bone growth is called a/an __________. 1) osteoblast 2) endosteum 3) periosteum 4) lamella 5) osteon

lamella

The flat bones of the skull develop from ___________ in a process called intramembranous ossification. 1) hyaline cartilage 2) compact bone 3) mesenchyme 4) areolar connective tissue

mesenchyme

In appositional growth of cartilage, 1) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow. 2) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added onto the outside of the tissue. 3) osteoblasts replace chondroblasts. 4) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside. 5) cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added onto the outside of the tissue.

Bone-forming cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans and release matrix vesicles are called __________. 1) osteogenic cells 2) osteoblasts 3) osteoclasts 4) osteocytes

osteoblasts

Bone cells called ___________ have processes that lie in canaliculi. 1) osteoblasts 2) osteochondral progenitor cells 3) osteocytes 4) osteoclasts

osteocytes

Brittle bone disorder is another name for __________. 1) osteoporosis 2) osteomyelitis 3) scurvy 4) osteomalacia 5) osteogenesis imperfecta

osteogenesis imperfecta

The entire complex of concentric rings and cells that surround a single central canal is called a/an __________. 1) periosteum 2) endosteum 3) osteoblast 4) lamella 5) osteon

osteon

Sam was a 60-year-old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object, he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely 1) parathyroid hormone. 2) thyroid hormone. 3) calcitonin. 4) growth hormone. 5) vitamin D.

parathyroid hormone.

Structures called _________ house blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon. These passages run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. 1) lamellar canals 2) central canals 3) perforating canals 4) osteochondral canals

perforating canals

Important functions of the skeletal system include 1) protection of the brain and soft organs. 2) elimination of excess minerals. 3) production of Vitamin E. 4) integration of other systems. 5) storage of water.

protection of the brain and soft organs.

The cartilage matrix molecule _________ can trap large quantities of water, helping cartilage remain flexible and resilient. 1) collagen 2) hydroxyapatite 3) elastin 4) proteoglycan

proteoglycan

The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by __________. 1) growth hormone 2) sex hormones 3) calcitonin 4) parathyroid hormone 5) thyroid hormone

sex hormones

Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except 1) adjustment to physical stress. 2) bone growth. 3) sodium ion regulation in the body. 4) changes in bone shape.

sodium ion regulation in the body.

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the 1) ability of the bone to heal. 2) strength of the bone. 3) growth rate of bone. 4) thickness of the bone. 5) length of the bone.

strength of the bone.