Biology 251 Test 2
Which of the following is true of passive transport? a. it requires a gradient b. it uses the cell wall c. it includes endocytosis d. it only moves water
a
A bacterium lives in soil most of the time and uses dead matter for its carbon/energy but when a good host comes around it is capable of causing an infection in that host. Out of the choices below, what would be the most accurate/specific description of this organism? a. an opportunistic parasite b. a chemoautotroph c. an obligate saprobe d. an obligate parasite e. a photoautotroph
a
A pathogen would be described as a a. parasite b. commensal c. symbiont d. saprobe
a
A physician has ordered hypotonic parenteral therapy for a postoperative client over a 24 hour period. Based on this order, what is the priority nursing action? a. Assess the patient's labs and verify the order with the pharmacy prior to hanging the ordered fluid b. Contact the physician and request an order for hypertonic solution instead c. Place the client on intake and output measures d. Begin intravenous hypotonic fluids immediately
a
An autotroph gets carbon from where? a. carbon dioxide b. light c. organic chemicals d. chlorophyll e. nitrogen
a
An enzyme that catalyzes starch is called ___________, whereas an enzyme that digests fat is termed _____________. a. carbohydrase, lipase b. maltase, lipase c. carbohydrase, peptidase d. maltase, peptidase
a
An organism that van synthesize all it's required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sum is a a. photoautotroph b. photoheterotroph c. chemoautotroph d. chemoheterotroph
a
Anticodons are found on which structure? a. tRNA b. mRNA c. rRNA d. tDNA e. rDNA
a
Both types of respiration use the citric acid cycle buy fermentation does not a. True b. False
a
Many coenzymes are formed from a. metals b. vitamins c. proteins d. substrates
a
Single nucleotide polymorphisms are found in a. DNA b. RNA c. plasmids d. slRNA
a
The organism you are working with always uses NO3 (an inorganic molecule) as an electron acceptor to make ATP however you can grow this organism in the presence of oxygen. What type of organism is this? a. aerotolerant anaerobe b. facultative anaerobe c. obligate anaerobe d. microaerophile e. obligate aerobe
a
What does the term "infectious dose" mean? a. The number of individual microbes someone must be exposed to for an infection to occur b. The number of individual microbes needed to make food safe to eat c. The number of individual microbes required to start an immune response to the microbe
a
What happens in the active site of enzymes? Pick the most accurate response. a. a chemical reaction that the cell might be able to carry out if it weren't for the enzyme takes pkace b. a chemical reaction that the cell would be able to carry out whether the enzyme was there or not occurs c. nothing d. chemicals are joined together e. chemicals are broken apart
a
What is a codon? a. a series of three nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid b. a nitrogenous base that codes for an amino acid c. An amino acid that relates to nucleotides on DNA d. a series of three nucleotides that corresponds to a nitrogenous base e. a series of four nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid
a
What type of microbe would likely infect a human? a. a mesophile b. a thermophile c. a psychrotroph d. a psychrophile e. a hyperthermophile
a
What types of reactions allow an organism to move electrons from one place to another and may ultimately result in ATP production? Remember to pick the best/most precise response. a. redox reactions b. anabolic reactions c. catabolic reactions d. enzymatic reactions e. exergonic reactions
a
Which of the following is not a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? a. spontaneous mutations b. transformation c. transduction d. conjugation
a
You are working with a recently discovered bacterium in the lab. This bacterium requires carbon to make enzymes that are used in ATP production and manganese (a type of metal) to make a special inclusion body allows this organism to stay alive (without the inclusion body the bacterium will die). From the information you have in "this" question, what can you say for sure about carbon and manganese? a. both carbon and manganese are essential nutrients to this particular bacterium b. carbon is a micronutrient and manganese is a macronutrient c. manganese is an essential nutrient, carbon is a micronutrient d. carbon is a macronutrient, manganese is a micronutrient e. carbon is an essential nutrient, manganese is a non essential nutrient
a
________________ are the individual subunits of _________________ which are sequences of genetic material that code for a ____________________. a. Nucleotides, genes, protein b. Chromosomes, proteins, gene c. Genes, chromosomes, protein d. Nucleotides, proteins, chromosome
a
___________________ are changes in the ____________________ that may affect the ____________________. a. Mutations, genotype, phenotype b. Phenotype, genotype, mutations c. Genotype, phenotype, mutations d. Mutations, phenotype, genotype
a
A client is being treated with recombinant insulin, Lispro, and asks the nurse to explain what is meant by the term recombinant during their teaching session. Which statement should the nurse make to the client? a. This type of insulin is simular in structure to the insulin that is produced in your body, so there is less likelihood of developing a reaction than if a different type of insulin was used. b. DNA recombinant medication utilizes genes that were transferred from one organism to another to cause a desired effect. c. DNA recombinant medication, Lispro, is the same as other insulin preparations but has a longer onset of action. d. Using Lispro will reduce the need for frequent Accuchek testing during a 24 hour period.
a, b
Which of the following statements about genetic material are true? Select all that apply a. A chromosome is made up of a series of genes b. The genotype describes the genetic composition of an organism, whereas the phenotype describes the expression of traits c. RNA contains the genetic code for protein synthesis d. In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell
a, b, c, d
A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _____________ by osmosis a. gain water b. lose water c. neither gain nor lose water d. burst
b
A reaction that requires energy as it goes forward is termed a. exergonic b. endergonic c. oxidative d. reductive
b
DNA is semiconservative because the _____________ strand will become half of the ______________ molecule a. RNA, DNA b. template, finished c. sense, mRNA d. codon, anticodon
b
Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of a. ADP b. high energy ATP bonds c. coenzymes d. inorganic phosphate
b
Halophiles live in the ocean a. True b. False
b
In a viable count, each _____________ represents a ________________ from the sample population a. CFU, colony b. colony, CFU c. hour, generation d. cell, generation
b
The electron transport system in bacteria is located on the ____________________ and in eukaryotic cells on the _____________________. a. plastid, chloroplast b. cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondrion c. cell wall, mitochondrion d. mitochondrion, cytoplasmic membrane
b
The lac operon is usually in the _______________ position and us activated by a/an _________________ molecule a. on, repressor b. off, inducer c. on, inducer d. off, repressor
b
Which of the following is/are considered to be an anabolic reaction? Select all that apply a. Krebs cycle b. polypeptide synthesis c. cell assembly d. glycolysis
b, c
Which statements are true with respect to environmental factors' influence on microbes? Select all that apply a. The optimum temperature range for microbes reflects the highest temperature at which growth will occur b. Microbial cells often adapt to the temperature of their habitat, modifying their metabolic processes to allow for survival c. Certain microbes require a higher carbon dioxide concentration for growth than that found in our atmosphere d. All microbes live and/or grow within a narrow pH range of 6 to 8 e. The majority of microbes live in hypotonic and/or isotonic solutions
b, c, e
How many cycles of PCR would it take to create 16 copies of a DNA molecule? a. two b. three c. four d. eight
c
Most bacteria increase their numbers by a. sexual reproduction b. hyphen formation c. binary fission d. endocytosis
c
The following are all true of RNA, except a. it is a single stranded molecule existing in helical form b. it contains uracil rather than thymine as the complementary base pairing mate for adenine c. uracil does not follow the pairing rules: therefore, the inherent DNA code is changed d. The sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose
c
The type of microbial metabolic pathway that is most often exploited to make acids and alcohols industrially is a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. fermentation d. non of the above
c
A saprobe derives its energy from a. sunlight b. conversions of nutrients from other organisms c. utilizing the tissues/fluids of a living host d. metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms
d
Enzyme action can be blocked by competitive molecules binding in the active site, by repressors binding in a distant site, and by a. product binding to the DNA used to make enzymes b. substrates being in high concentration c. incorrect temperature conditions d. two of the above
d
Enzymes that can be shut down or activated based on the presence of chemicals in their environment are called a. constitutive b. repressed c. holoenzymes d. regulated
d
The creation of biological molecules and cells entirely from chemicals is called a. recombination b. sequencing c. artificial biology d. synthetic biology
d
The function of a codon in protein synthesis is best described as a three nucleotide sequence a. that specifies the initiation of translation b. that specifies the termination of translation c. on tRNA that complements the mRNA code d. that dictates a specific amino acid
d
Which descriptors are likely to have applied to the earliest microbes on the planet a. chemoautotrophic b. thermophilic c. chemoheterotrophic d. two of the above
d
Which if the following is true? a. The suffix "ase" indicates an enzyme b. Often enzymes are named for the substrates they act upon c. Enzymes are larger than their substrates d. All of the above are true
d
Which individual chemical reaction helps bacteria capture energy from nutrients/chemicals like glucose and put that energy into ATP? a. phosphorylation b. aerobic respiration c. fermentation d. anaerobic respiration
d
Which of the following is a characteristic of RNA? a. RNA is double stranded b. RNA contains thymine, which pairs with adenine c. RNA contains deoxyribose d. RNA molecules are necessary for translation and gene regulation
d
Mineral ions used in microbial nutrition include a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. magnesium e. all of these
e
