Chapter 32

Increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following

IUGR, Placental insufficiency, Perinatal mortality

Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:

Intracranial calcifications

Penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:

Placenta percreta

All of the following are associated with a thin placenta

Preeclampsia, IUGR, long standing diabetes

With Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:

Red blood cells

The fetal contribution of the placenta is the:

Chorion frondosum

The maternal contribution to the placenta is the:

Decidua basalis

All of the following are associated with a thick placenta

Fetal infections, Rh isoimmunization, Multiple gestations

The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:

>4 cm

A succenturiate lobe of the placenta refers to a

Accessory lobe

An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Allantoic cyst

When the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as

Total previa

chorioangioma?

benign placental tumor

anemia?

caused condition of having a deficient number of of red blood cells

decidua basalis?

endometrial tissue at the implantation site, and the maternal contribution of the placenta

immune hydrops?

fetal hydrops caused by Rh incompatibility

nonimmune hydrops?

fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies and infections

chorionic villi?

fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decidualized endometrium and allow the transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus

neural tube defects?

group of developmental abnormalities that involve the brain and spine

cotyledons?

groups or lobes of chorionic villi

multiparity?

having had several pregnancies

philtrum?

the vertical groove seen between the upper lip and the nasal septum

The measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:

АС

fetal hydrops?

abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities

Normally, the S/D ratio decreases with

advancing gestation

hemangioma?

benign tumor composed of blood vessels

nuchal cord?

condition of having the umbilical cord wrapped completely around the fetal neck

gestational diabetes?

diabetes acquired as a result of pregnancy

placentomegaly?

enlargement of the placenta

idiopathic?

from an unknown origin

The placenta releases _____ to maintain the corpus luteum.

human chorionic gonadotropin

oligohydramnios?

lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational age

bilobed placenta?

placenta that consists of two separate discs of equal size

abruptio placentae?

placental abruption

placenta previa?

when the placenta covers or nearly covers the internal os of the cervix

Placenta accrete denotes:

The abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium

The normal umbilical cord has:

Two arteries and one vein

All of the following are clinical features of placental abruption

Vaginal bleeding, Uterine tenderness, Abdominal pain

A velamentous cord insertion is associated with which of the following?

Vasa previa

Doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. This finding is indicative of

Vasa previa

The abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge is termed:

Velamentous insertion

placenta accreta?

abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal

circumvallate placenta?

abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental shape

amniotic fluid index?

amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus: the sum of four quadrant measurements of amniotic fluid

polyhydramnios?

an excessive amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational age

omphalocele?

anterior abdominal wall defect where there is herniation of the fetal bowel and other abdominal organ into the base of the umbilical cord

leiomyoma (uterine)?

benign, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus; may also be referred to as a fibroid or uterine myoma

erythroblastosis fetalis?

condition in which there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal red blood cells

esophageal atresia?

congenital absence of part of the esophagus

duodenal atresia?

congenital maldevelopment or absence of the duodenum

anasarca?

diffuse edema

hydronephrosis?

dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder; also referred to as pelvocaliectasis or pelvicaliectasis

gestational trophoblastic disease?

disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as molar pregnancy

diethylstilbestrol?

drug administered to pregnant women from the 1940s to the 1970s to treat threatened abortions and premature labor that has been linked with uterine malformation in the exposed fetus

macrosomia?

estimated fetal weight of greater than the 90th percentile or the neonate that measures more than 4,500 g

bilateral renal agenesis?

failure of both kidneys to develop in the fetus

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?

fetal renal disease thought to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes in the renal fossa

meconium?

fetal stool that is composed of fetal skin, hair, amniotic fluid, and bile

estimated fetal weight?

fetal weight based on sonographic measurements

intrauterine growth restriction?

fetus that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age (small for gestational age) and whose growth is impeded for some reason

neonatal period?

first 28 days of life

cesarean section?

form of childbirth in which a surgical incision is made through the maternal abdomen to deliver the fetus

gastroschisis?

herniation of abdominal contents through a right-sided, periumbilical abdominal wall defect

diaphragmatic hernia?

herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm

infantile polycystic kidney disease?

inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts; also referred to as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

placenta increta?

invasion of the placenta within the myometrium

posterior urethral valves?

irregular thin membranes of tissue located within the male posterior urethra that does not allow urine to exit the urethra

cystic adenomatoid malformation?

mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest

biophysical profile?

method of fetal monitoring with sonography to produce a numerical scoring system that predicts fetal well-being

nongravid?

not pregnant

cervical incompetence?

painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester

chorion frondosum?

part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta

placenta percreta?

penetration of the placenta through the uterine serosa and possibly into adjacent pelvic organs

mirror syndrome?

rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hydropic fetus

funneling (cervical)?

result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix

hypoxia?

shortage of oxygen or decreased oxygen in the blood

microcephaly?

small head

blastocyst?

stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium

lower uterine segment?

term used for the isthmus during pregnancy

cerclage?

the placement of sutures within the cervix to keep it closed

exsanguination?

total blood loss; to bleed out

IUGR is evident when the EFW is:

Below the 10th percentile

All of the following are associated with oligohydramnios

Bilateral renal agenesis, Infantile polycystic kidney disease, Premature rupture of membranes

Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:

Can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia

The normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is:

Central

The most common placental tumor is the:

Chorioangioma

Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:

Gastrointestinal system

Which of the following would be least likely associated with immune hydrops?

Leiomyoma

Which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os?

Low-lying placenta

Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:

Macrosomic

Insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:

Marginal cord insertion

Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as:

Maternal lakes

What would be most likely confused for a uterine leiomyoma?

Myometrial contraction

Mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:

Neural tube defects

All of the following are associated with polyhydramnios

Omphalocele, Gastroschisis, Esophageal atresia

One of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters is:

Placenta previa

Nonimmune hydrops is associated with all of the following

Pleural effusion, Turner syndrome, Fetal infections

Pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks' gestation is termed:

Preeclampsia

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa?

Previous cesarean section

The cervix should measure at least ____ in length.

3 cm