Chapter 32
Increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following
IUGR, Placental insufficiency, Perinatal mortality
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:
Intracranial calcifications
Penetration of the placenta beyond the uterine wall would be referred to as:
Placenta percreta
All of the following are associated with a thin placenta
Preeclampsia, IUGR, long standing diabetes
With Rh isoimmunization, the maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the fetal:
Red blood cells
The fetal contribution of the placenta is the:
Chorion frondosum
The maternal contribution to the placenta is the:
Decidua basalis
All of the following are associated with a thick placenta
Fetal infections, Rh isoimmunization, Multiple gestations
The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:
>4 cm
A succenturiate lobe of the placenta refers to a
Accessory lobe
An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Allantoic cyst
When the placenta completely covers the internal os, it is referred to as
Total previa
chorioangioma?
benign placental tumor
anemia?
caused condition of having a deficient number of of red blood cells
decidua basalis?
endometrial tissue at the implantation site, and the maternal contribution of the placenta
immune hydrops?
fetal hydrops caused by Rh incompatibility
nonimmune hydrops?
fetal hydrops caused by congenital fetal anomalies and infections
chorionic villi?
fingerlike projections of gestational tissue that attach to the decidualized endometrium and allow the transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus
neural tube defects?
group of developmental abnormalities that involve the brain and spine
cotyledons?
groups or lobes of chorionic villi
multiparity?
having had several pregnancies
philtrum?
the vertical groove seen between the upper lip and the nasal septum
The measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:
АС
fetal hydrops?
abnormal accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal body cavities
Normally, the S/D ratio decreases with
advancing gestation
hemangioma?
benign tumor composed of blood vessels
nuchal cord?
condition of having the umbilical cord wrapped completely around the fetal neck
gestational diabetes?
diabetes acquired as a result of pregnancy
placentomegaly?
enlargement of the placenta
idiopathic?
from an unknown origin
The placenta releases _____ to maintain the corpus luteum.
human chorionic gonadotropin
oligohydramnios?
lower-than-normal amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational age
bilobed placenta?
placenta that consists of two separate discs of equal size
abruptio placentae?
placental abruption
placenta previa?
when the placenta covers or nearly covers the internal os of the cervix
Placenta accrete denotes:
The abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium
The normal umbilical cord has:
Two arteries and one vein
All of the following are clinical features of placental abruption
Vaginal bleeding, Uterine tenderness, Abdominal pain
A velamentous cord insertion is associated with which of the following?
Vasa previa
Doppler sonography reveals vascular structures coursing over the internal os of the cervix. This finding is indicative of
Vasa previa
The abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the membranes beyond the placental edge is termed:
Velamentous insertion
placenta accreta?
abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium in an area where the decidua is either absent or minimal
circumvallate placenta?
abnormally shaped placenta caused by the membranes inserting inward from the edge of the placenta, producing a curled-up placental shape
amniotic fluid index?
amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus: the sum of four quadrant measurements of amniotic fluid
polyhydramnios?
an excessive amount of amniotic fluid for the gestational age
omphalocele?
anterior abdominal wall defect where there is herniation of the fetal bowel and other abdominal organ into the base of the umbilical cord
leiomyoma (uterine)?
benign, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus; may also be referred to as a fibroid or uterine myoma
erythroblastosis fetalis?
condition in which there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal red blood cells
esophageal atresia?
congenital absence of part of the esophagus
duodenal atresia?
congenital maldevelopment or absence of the duodenum
anasarca?
diffuse edema
hydronephrosis?
dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder; also referred to as pelvocaliectasis or pelvicaliectasis
gestational trophoblastic disease?
disease associated with an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic cells during pregnancy; may also be referred to as molar pregnancy
diethylstilbestrol?
drug administered to pregnant women from the 1940s to the 1970s to treat threatened abortions and premature labor that has been linked with uterine malformation in the exposed fetus
macrosomia?
estimated fetal weight of greater than the 90th percentile or the neonate that measures more than 4,500 g
bilateral renal agenesis?
failure of both kidneys to develop in the fetus
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease?
fetal renal disease thought to be caused by an early renal obstruction; leads to the development of multiple noncommunicating cysts of varying sizes in the renal fossa
meconium?
fetal stool that is composed of fetal skin, hair, amniotic fluid, and bile
estimated fetal weight?
fetal weight based on sonographic measurements
intrauterine growth restriction?
fetus that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age (small for gestational age) and whose growth is impeded for some reason
neonatal period?
first 28 days of life
cesarean section?
form of childbirth in which a surgical incision is made through the maternal abdomen to deliver the fetus
gastroschisis?
herniation of abdominal contents through a right-sided, periumbilical abdominal wall defect
diaphragmatic hernia?
herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm
infantile polycystic kidney disease?
inherited renal disease that results in bilateral enlargement of the fetal kidneys and microscopic renal cysts; also referred to as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
placenta increta?
invasion of the placenta within the myometrium
posterior urethral valves?
irregular thin membranes of tissue located within the male posterior urethra that does not allow urine to exit the urethra
cystic adenomatoid malformation?
mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest
biophysical profile?
method of fetal monitoring with sonography to produce a numerical scoring system that predicts fetal well-being
nongravid?
not pregnant
cervical incompetence?
painless dilation of the cervix in the second or early third trimester
chorion frondosum?
part of the chorion, covered by chorionic villi, that is the fetal contribution of the placenta
placenta percreta?
penetration of the placenta through the uterine serosa and possibly into adjacent pelvic organs
mirror syndrome?
rare disorder in which the mother suffers from edema and fluid buildup similar to her hydropic fetus
funneling (cervical)?
result of the premature opening of the internal os and the subsequent bulging of the membranes into the dilated cervix
hypoxia?
shortage of oxygen or decreased oxygen in the blood
microcephaly?
small head
blastocyst?
stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium
lower uterine segment?
term used for the isthmus during pregnancy
cerclage?
the placement of sutures within the cervix to keep it closed
exsanguination?
total blood loss; to bleed out
IUGR is evident when the EFW is:
Below the 10th percentile
All of the following are associated with oligohydramnios
Bilateral renal agenesis, Infantile polycystic kidney disease, Premature rupture of membranes
Doppler assessment of the middle cerebral artery:
Can evaluate the fetus for hypoxia
The normal umbilical cord insertion point into the placenta is:
Central
The most common placental tumor is the:
Chorioangioma
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
Gastrointestinal system
Which of the following would be least likely associated with immune hydrops?
Leiomyoma
Which of the following is described as the situation in which the placental edge extends into the lower uterine segment but ends more than 2 cm away from the internal os?
Low-lying placenta
Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:
Macrosomic
Insertion of the umbilical cord at the edge of the placenta is referred to as:
Marginal cord insertion
Pools of maternal blood noted within the placental substance are referred to as:
Maternal lakes
What would be most likely confused for a uterine leiomyoma?
Myometrial contraction
Mothers with pregestational diabetes, as opposed to gestational diabetes, have an increased risk of a fetus with:
Neural tube defects
All of the following are associated with polyhydramnios
Omphalocele, Gastroschisis, Esophageal atresia
One of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimesters is:
Placenta previa
Nonimmune hydrops is associated with all of the following
Pleural effusion, Turner syndrome, Fetal infections
Pregnancy-induced maternal high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks' gestation is termed:
Preeclampsia
Which of the following would increase the likelihood of developing placenta previa?
Previous cesarean section
The cervix should measure at least ____ in length.
3 cm