Biology 256 Exam 3
The sliding filament model of contraction involves
Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called
Acute lymphatic leukemia
What factors influence heart rate?
Age, body temperature, sex
The most abundant plasma proteins are the
Albumins
What blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?
Aorta
Skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through
Arterioles
Which blood vessels play the most important role for local regulation of capillary blood pressure?
Arterioles
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the
Artery
The Lubb heart sound occurs with the _________________ valves closing, while the Dub heart sound occurs as __________________ valves close.
Atrioventricular, semilunar
Intense exercise can cause
Both of the above
The dicrotic notch refers to the
Brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve
Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level
Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluids and capillaries
The function of hemoglobin is to
Carry oxygen
In muscle contraction, calcium acts to
Change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle
Changes in length and moves the "load"
Poor nutrition may lead to
Chronic hypertension
Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?
Circulatory shock
Which ion is NOT directly involved in a muscle action potential?
Cl-
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
Closure of the heart valves
The first heart sound is caused by the
Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
The second heart sound is cause by the
Closure of the semilunar valves
Negative chronotropic factors are
Factors that decrease heart rate
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that they heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood
False
The sheet of connective tissue beneath skin around a muscle, providing a pathway for nerves and blood vessels is called the
Fascia
When cardiac muscle cells die the result is
Fibrosis (scarring)
Which is the best definition of blood pressure?
Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel
Which blood proteins serve as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?
Gamma globulins
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of
Glycoproteins
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
Lack of oxygen in myofibers
Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results where insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyretic acid. As a result, the pyretic acid is converted to
Lactic acid
Acute hypertension may be a result of
Large-scale blood loss
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the _____________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae
Latent
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except
Low blood viscosity
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?
Maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
When old red blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin from the hemoglobin is
Metabolized as amino acids
Blood bypassing a capillary bed flows through its
Metarteriole
Which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte?
Monoblast
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
Monocytes
The myocardium requires ________ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has _______ mitochondria
More, more
Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending know as
Motor end plate
A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a
Motor unit
Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called
Murmurs
Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist of a motor neuron and
Muscle fibers innervated by it
The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as
Muscle tone
Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
Myeloblast
Which of the following is a precursor of an eosinophil?
Myeloblast
Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in
Myoglobin
When a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine, _____ channels on the plasma membrane open
Na+
Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?
Na+ inward flux, Ca++ inward flux, K+ outward flux
What provides a long-term control for blood pressure?
Nervous system
The most abundant human leukocytes are the
Neutrophils
The father is RH- and the mother is RH+. They have had three children without adverse problems due to the RH factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of RH factor, the risk to the fetus now within the uterus
Never was a problem
Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?
Nitric acid
Which will decrease blood pressure?
Nitric oxide
If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum,
No anticoagulant should be added
Which provides a positive choronotropic effect on the heart?
Norepinephrine
When neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinates with a patient's blood, their blood type is
O
Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?
Obesity
Initiation of cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with
Opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels
Angina pectoris is
Pain accompanying myocardial ischemia
In muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ____________ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma
T-tubules
A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about
Tetanus
Which statement is true about an EKG?
The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells
The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the atria or ventricles contract as a unit or not at all
A sarcomere is
The area between two z disks
Pulse is measured in
The arteries
If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be
The heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure?
The thymus
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in his plasma
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
Thick filaments
Which of the following are composed of actin?
Thin filaments
When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, some of the hemoglobin molecules are recycled. Transferrin assists in this by
Transferring the iron to the red bone marrow where it can be reused
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by
Travel at high altitudes
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
Treppe
Calcium ions bind to ___________________ in skeletal muscle cells
Troponin
What causes sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?
Turbulence
The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from tissues is the
Vein
Vascular resistance is NOT affected by
Venule vasoconstriction
The tricuspid valve is closed
When the right ventricle is in systole
A motor unit is
a motor neuron and myofibers it stimulates
The blood vessel type allowing exchange of respiratory gases, delivery of nutrients, and removal of wastes to and from the tissues is the
Capillary
Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to
Reestablish glycogen stores
Which of the following periods is when a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?
Refractory period
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to
Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects
Resistance
Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?
Right atrium
The time from when the ventricular contractile myofibers are depolarized until they depolarize is represented by the
S-T segment
The muscle cell plasma membrane is called
Sarcolemma
An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
Send a parasympathetic nerve system impulse to the baroreceptors
You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. No anticoagulants are used in the tube, so the blood clots. The tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the clot and cells. The liquid thus obtained is called
Serum
Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?
Serum cholesterol
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
Significant because resistance goes up when the diameter goes down
During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the
Sinoatrial node
Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the
Sinoatrial node
Which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction?
Skeletal muscle
Bradycardia is a _________ heartbeat while tachycardia is a ________ heartbeat
Slow, fast
Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?
Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle
The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn out red blood cells are the
Spleen and liver
An increase in venous return most directly affects
Stroke volume
The neurotransmitter used at a motor end pate is
Acetylcholine
A heart beat is normally initiated when
Enough Ca++ enters the cells of the sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials
Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7 to 9 um in diameter with no nuclei are
Erythrocytes
The process of forming new red blood cells is called
Erythropoiesis
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
When red blood cells wear out, the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. The remainder of the heme is
Excreted as bile pigments (bilirubin)
How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?
Exercising provides increased venous return to the heart
On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about
5 liters/min
Normal cardiac output is about ______ L/min
5.2
The stroke volume for a normal resting heart rate is _____ ml/beat
70
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is
Acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Cardiac Ischemia can result in
A myocardial infarction
Cardiac ischemia can result in
A myocardial infarction
Select the correct statement about cardiac output
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
Muscle tone is
A state of sustained partial contraction of muscles
Rigor mortis occurs because
ATP required to detach myosin actin molecules depleted
Which anatomical component of intrinsic audtorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?
AV node
The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is
About 25%
The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is
Above 50%
The neurotransmitter initiating a muscle action potential is
Acetylcholine
Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?
BP = CO x PR
When you go from sitting or lying down to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called
Baroreceptor reflex
Which is NOT a term referring to the immune system proteins made by plasma cells?
Beta globulins
If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?
Bilirubin
The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to
Bind to regulatory sites on troponin and to remove contraction inhibition
The cardiac muscle contraction occurs when
Ca++ enters the myofibers through slow channels
During contraction of heart muscle cells
Calcium comes in from the extracellular space and then is additionally released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The molecule binding calcium to smooth muscle cells is
Calmodulin
An individual who is blood type AB negative
Can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except those with the Rh antigen
Gas exchange occurs in
Capillaries
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine is
Destroyed by the acetylcholinesterase
Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they
Do not have mitochondria
If the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels is lower than that in the tissues, tissue _____________ will result
Edema
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by
Endomysium
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
Endomysium
Which blood protein carries oxygen from the lungs and to the tissues?
Hemoglobin
Which of these is NOT a normal plasma protein?
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells
Which of the following is NOT a complication of aplastic anemia?
Hypertension
Blood pressure peaks
In the morning
Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to
Increase
What might trigger erythropoiesis?
Increased tissue demand for oxygen
Peripheral resistance
Increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin
Increases when environmental temperature rises
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon
Is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine
Is destroyed by acetylcholine esterase
The velocity of blood flow
Is slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure
Is the same as capillary blood pressure.
Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?
Perimysium
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin b 12 and large, pale red blood cells called microcytes, is characteristic of
Pernicious anemia
You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. EDTA anticoagulant is in the tube, so the blood does not clot. The tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the cells. The liquid thus obtained is called
Plasma
Which formed element is NOT a cell
Platelet
Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its
Pre-capillary sphincter
Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?
Production of vacuoles
Place the following in the correct developmental sequence
Proerythroblast, Late erythroblast, Normoblast, Reticulocyte
Aldosterone will
Promote an increase in blood pressure
On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the
QRS complex
Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
Which takes the longest time in contracting skeletal myofiber?
Recovery
