Biology 256 - Iowa State University - Final Exam Questions & Answers (2)
An increase in venous return most directly affects...
stroke volume
If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?
stroke volume must increase.
Preparing the body for the "flight-or-flight" response is the role of the...
sympathetic nervous system
The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the...
synapse
Saltatory conduction is made possible by...
the myelin sheath
If capillary hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mm Hg, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mm Hg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, the net filtration pressure will be...
+7 mm Hg.
The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had three children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus...
never was a problem.
Rigor mortis occurs because...
no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
Which receptors adapt most slowly?
nociceptors
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because...
norepinephrine acts indirectly through a second messenger (slower).
Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?
obesity
The neuroglia forming the myelin sheath around neuron fibers in the central nervous system are...
oligodendrocyte
Direct-acting neurotransmitters...
open ionotropic channels to cause rapid responses.
An action potential is initiated by:
opening of voltage gated sodium channels
Which skin receptors detect deep pressure?
pacinian corpuscles
Angina pectoris is...
pain accompanying myocardial ischemia.
A neural circuit with input traveling along several pathways for integration by several CNS systems and providing several response is a...
parallel processing circuit
Which ion is NOT directly involved in a muscle action potential?
Cl-
Which skin receptors detect texture and vibrations?
Meissner's corpuscles
Salty tastes are converted to nerve impulses by...
Na+ influx into detecting cells
Contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials, while autorhythmic fibers use ___.
Na+, Ca++
The pulse pressure is:
Systolic pressure minus Diastolic pressure (mmHg)
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells.
The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the atria or ventricles contract as a unit or not at all.
Which is true about the spinothalamic tract?
The three neuron chain does not decussate in the medulla.
Which is true about PET scans?
They detect increased or decreased metabolic activity by measuring the uptake of radioactive deoxyglucose.
How does your immune system prevent attack on "self"?
Tolerance is developed during fetal life, through interactions with self antigens in the bone marrow and thymus.
Which area largely controls the brain's ability to understand language?
Wernicke's area of the cerebrum
In general, neurons with myelinated, large diameter fibers transmit information more quickly than unmyelinated, small diameter fibers.
Yes, large diameter myelinated neurons are faster.
Sweet tastes are converted to nerve impulses by...
a G protein gustducin transducing the sensation.
A motor unit is...
a motor neuron and myofibers it stimulates
Cardiac ischemia can result in...
a myocardial infarction
Cell membranes depolarize due to:
a rush of sodium ions into the cell called an action potential
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is...
acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors.
Indirect-acting neurotransmitters...
act through second messengers to promote long-lasting effects.
The most abundant plasma protein is...
albumin
Which will increase blood pressure?
alcohol
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n)...
axon
The resting membrane potential is largely preserved by...
the sodium potassium ATPase pump
Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure?
the thymus
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
thick filaments
Which type of receptor's frequency of sensory neuron action potentials increases with the generator potential and stimulus amplitude?
tonic
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by...
travel at high altitudes
The warm up period required for athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
treppe
When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called the...
baroreceptor reflex
If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?
biliruben
When you relax your ciliary muscles, you...
can scan the horizon and watch the sunset
The function of hemoglobin is to...
carry O2
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
Which is a blood vessel that does NOT do vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
conducting artery
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. Which cells detect bright light and are used for high-acuity color vision?
cone cells
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye...
cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasma
Which are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area?
cytokines
The nervous system can override normal endocrine controls.
true
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by...
vasodilation
Vascular resistance is not affected by:
venule vasoconstriction
Which does NOT experience both increases and decreases in pressure as you hear sounds?
vitreous humor
Which describes sleep occurring when you first fall asleep?
eyes are closed and relaxation begins; the EEG shows normal alpha waves; easily aroused
Negative chronotropic factors are...
factors that decrease heart rate.
Over 1000 scent genes have been identified for detecting different odorants. Each odor you smell stimulates only one of the binding chemicals coded by these genes.
false
Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released...
when the body's glucose levels rise
When a skin area's two-point threshold is large, that skin has...
low sensory acuity
Phagocyte mobilization involves...
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas.
The sum of visual input from _____ rod(s) stimulates ______ ganglion cell(s). This results in _____ vision.
many, a single, indistinct
Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?
medulla oblongata
Which controls goal-directed behavior and is often affected by abused drugs?
midbrain dopaminergic neurons
Which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte?
monoblast
A person with chronic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body.
more
The most abundant human leukocytes are the...
neutrophils
The tricuspid valve is closed...
when the ventricle is in systole.
Which type of receptors fire quickly when first stimulated but then slow their firing to adapt to the stimulus?
phasic
The perception of different sound frequencies is called...
pitch
Which autonomic fiber releases norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter?
postganglionic sympathetic fiber
In a resting neuron there is more ____ and ____ inside the cell.
potassium;protein
Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?
production of vacuoles
Aldosterone will...
promote an increase in blood pressure
Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to...
reestablish glycogen stores
Brain wave amplitude...
reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously.
A second action potential may be generated with a large stimulus during the ___ refractory period.
relative
The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects
resistance
Which skin receptors are able to detect a slight breeze blowing on your skin?
root hair plexus
You would expect ___ to be stimulated as you take an elevator up. These extend from the vestibule into the ___.
saccular, cochlea
The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a...
sarcolemma
The functional unit of a skeletal muscle is...
sarcomere
Which neurotransmitter is NOT a catecholamine?
serotonin
Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers
Which is regulated by only the sympathetic, not the parasympathetic branch, of the autonomic nervous system?
smooth muscle of the stomach
IN an isometric contraction, muscles...
stay the same length
What is saltatory conduction in a neuron? is it fast or slow?
Saltatory conductions describes how an action potential jumps node to node in a myelinated fiber. It is fast.
Aldosterone
increases blood pressure, maintains sodium ion balance
Considering the effects of membranes in the body, which would best describe the role of the myelin sheath during impulse conduction?
insulator
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by...
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Cellular receptors on muscle and nerve cells control the opening and closing of...
ion channels
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors respond to ___ and are found on ___.
Acetylcholine, post ganglion dendrites
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
Choose the most accurate statement about sound.
A ten-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in sound intensity.
Which characterizes the fourth stage of sleep in the sleep cycle?
EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves; skeletal muscles are relaxed; arousal difficult.
Which structure controls the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
Iris
Which is true about functional MRI?
It detects oxygen use by determine the ratio of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin.
The neurotransmitter used at a motor end plate is...
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter utilized at neuromuscular junctions is...
acetylcholine
Which regular, rhythmic low-amplitude brain waves indicate an idling brain?
alpha waves
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the
artery
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. Which transmits information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells?
bipolar cells
Inside the crista ampullaris, rotational head movement...
both increases and decreases neural firing, depending on the direction of movement.
Information from balance receptors goes directly to the...
brain stem reflex centers
Which controls the motor aspects of speech?
broca's area of speech
Lying may invoke the sympathetic NS. Its effects cause pupil ___ as mediated by ___ receptors.
dilation, α1 and β2
If one incoming impulse causes several outgoing nerve impulses, we know that there is a...
diverging circuit
Normal vision is called...
emmetropia
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by...
endomysium
A heartbeat is normally initiated when...
enough Ca++ enters the cells of the sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials.
Steroid hormones exert their action by...
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering gene expression.
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus...
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
____ is the fasting hormone; ____ is the fed hormone.
glucagon, insulin
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of...
glycoproteins
When a skin area's two-point threshold is small, that skin has...
high sensory acuity
Oxytocin release...
in labor and delivery is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to...
increase
Fact memory...
is the ability to learn specific information.
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
During the relative refractory period, a neuron may respond to a...
larger stimulus than normal
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisternae.
latent
Which is the most accurate description of how action potentials work?
ligand gated ion channels open --> voltage gated sodium channels open --> voltage gated potassium channels open -->voltage gated sodium channels close --> voltage gated potassium channels close
Which type of receptor proteins are most commonly associated with the formation of second messenger molecules?
ligand-gated ion channels
Which is NOT detected by a mechanoreceptor type?
taste
Which is not a driving force that moves molecules across cell membranes?
temperature
Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by
the amino acids of hemoglobin.
Voltage gated channels
the channels open in regards to a change in the membrane potential
