Biology A - Unit 4 - Origins and Adaptions

A mutually beneficial relationship between larger and smaller prokaryotic cells is termed _____.

endosymbiosis

Lesson 5 - Origin of Life

endosymbiosis - a mutual beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside another organism primordial soup - the seas in early earth that had free-swimming organic and inorganic molecules

The process that drives most of evolution is ______________.

environmental change

Which of the following is the definition of gene flow?

evolutionary mechanism in which an individual from one population is introduced to another population

If species don't adapt to environmental changes, they become ____________ .

extinct

Gene --- between two populations will be -- if a physical --- is present

flow - reduced - barrier

A preserved life form from the past is a _________.

fossil

Lesson 4 - Mechanics of Evolution

gene flow - when a new individual from one population is introduced to another population gene pool - a species' or population's entire group of alleles genetic drift - the changing frequency of an allele occurring in a population over time gradualism - the theory that all evolution is slow and proceeds at a steady rate over a long period of time population - a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place punctuated equilibrium - a theory characterized by long periods without change that is interrupted, or punctuated, by periods of rapid change

--- a species' or population's entire group of alleles --- the changing frequency of an allele occurring in a population over time --- when an individual from one population is introduced to another population

gene pool genetic drift gene flow

For speciation to occur, populations must develop enough --- changes so that successful --- and producing of --- becomes impossible.

genetic - mating - offspring

___ record deals with rocks, their ages, and the fossils found in them ___ preserved forms of past life ___ looks at cells, DNA, and how they are similar in different species ___ comparative anatomy ___ this looks at the similarities between embryos in different species

geological record fossils molecular studies unsure unsure

--- an evolutionary theory that states all evolution is slow and proceeds at a steady rate over a long period of time --- an evolutionary theory that states that evolution is characterized by long periods without change, interrupted, or punctuated, by periods of rapid change.

gradualism punctuated equilibrium

____________ organs are organs that have a common origin and the same fundamental structures, but can have varied functions.

homologous

What are some different types of fossils? Select all that apply.

insects plants skeletons leaf imprints animals

What are three definitions of Evolution?

mechanism of change to higher life forms change over time universal common descent

--- is evolution within a --- , while --- is the --- of one type of organism to another type of organism.

microevolution - species - macroevolution - change

Looking at cells and DNA similarities is called __________________ and is part of the evidence for evolution.

molecular studies

A ________ is a change in the DNA that makes up genes.

mutation

The process of evolution is driven by changes in the DNA called ________.

mutations

The process of beneficial changes being passed down and harmful changes being weeded out over the generations is _____.

natural selection

The utilization of variation, heritability, and reproductive advantage in driving evolutionary change through generations in living organisms is a definition of _____.

natural selection

What happened in the early earth atmosphere that cannot happen in the atmosphere today?

no free oxygen existed

Which of the following shows Darwin's theory of evolution in the correct order?

overproduction, competition, survival of the fittest

The study of ancient humans is called _____.

paleoanthropology

Lesson 6 - The Controversy of Evolution

paleoanthropology - the study of ancient humans

A tree of life that displays how organisms are related to each other is a _____.

phylogeny

Gene flow, a mechanism of evolution, works in populations not separated by _____.

physical barriers

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location is a _________.

population

In evolution, --- evolve, --- do not.

populations - individuals

In evolution, ___ evolve, ___ do not.

populations - individuals

___ seas absorbed ___ of the atmosphere, there was a heavy concentration of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and frequent ___ strikes, and the environment was helpful in producing ___ molecules from ___ molecules

primordial - gases - lightning - organic - inorganic

Proteins, amino acids, DNA, organic and inorganic molecules all freely swimming in high concentrations in the primordial seas refers to _____.

primordial soup

The modern human brain is about --- in size and can hold about --- billion neurons. The Homo erectus' brain was about --- in size and held about --- billion neurons.

1500 cc - 100 - 850 cc - 50

How old was Darwin when he made his famous voyage?

22

Ultraviolet radiation, lightning, and lack of oxygen create organic molecules (proteins and DNA) from inorganic molecules. Mutation enables cell to perform photosynthesis. Oxygen enters the atmosphere and protocells die off. Protocell is formed with borders like cell membranes. Heterotrophic prokaryotic cell is formed. Primordial seas

3 6 4 5 2

If all mammals today evolved in 65 million years from a common ancestor, and if one species took 100,000 years to evolve, how many ticks would this be?

650

Who is the person who proposed the theory of evolution at the same time as Charles Darwin?

Alfred Wallace

A border, like a cell membrane, forms around some of the reactions happening in the primordial soup. The products go back into the primordial soup. It is not able to create its own energy. This describes how the ____________ might have functioned.

protocell

Which scientist was able to produce ATP?

Carl Sagon

Who is credited as being the founder of the Theory of Evolution?

Charles Darwin

Who is famous for popularizing the Theory of Evolution?

Charles Darwin

The --- island off the western coast of --- were studied by Charles Darwin, leading to the formation of the theory of evolution.

Galapagos - South America

What is the name of the islands where Darwin studied tortoises and finches?

Galapagos Islands

A chronological system of measurement that scientists use to describe the timing of events and its relationship to life and the history of the earth is the ____.

Geologic Time Scale

Lesson 2 - Evidence For Evolution

Geologic Time Scale - a chronological (through the years) system of measurement that scientists use to describe the timing of events and their relationship to life and the history of the earth

What is one reason Alfred Wallace might not be as famous as Charles Darwin?

He did not write as clearly or as plainly as Charles Darwin.

Modern humans are thought to be direct descendents of ____________________.

Homo erectus

What are the two questions that scientists have a hard time answering when it comes to evolution?

How did evolution happen so quickly? How was new information added to genomes?

Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the following: Select all that apply.

If a species cannot adapt to a changing environment, it becomes extinct. Species that can adapt to change in their environment will form a new species. Every plant or animal came from an existing species and then changed to fit its current environment.

Why is polyploidy not a very good explanation for how animals increased the number of chromosomes they have?

It is usually fatal for animals.

A theory characterized by long periods without change, interrupted, or punctuated, by periods of rapid change is _____.

punctuated equilibrium

Why do scientists today not believe that Miller's experiment accurately portrayed conditions of early earth?

Methane and ammonia, needed for Miller's experiments, were likely not present in early earth.

He was able to produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules by replicating what he thought to be conditions of early earth's atmosphere He was able to produce ATP (energy) molecules by replicating conditions of early earth's atmosphere.

Stanley Miller Carl Sagan

_____ is a better explanation for how chromosomes were added in plants, rather than in animals.

Polyploidy

The ____________ states that the growth of an embryo in the womb (ontology) follows the organism's evolutionary history (phylogeny).

Recapitulation Theory

Which scientist was able to produce amino acids from inorganic substance by duplicating conditions of early earth?

Stanley Miller

Great Danes and Chihuahuas are members of the same species because of the following reasons _____. Select all that apply.

They have distinct characteristics The could have viable offspring They could breed

What is a gene pool?

a species' or population's entire group of alleles

Transposition, which includes transposons or jumping genes, is similar to what process in meiosis?

crossing over

What did Darwin propose caused these differences?

UNSURE

What do some scientists today believe causes more adaptations'competition or environmental changes?

UNSURE

Fossilization is _____.

a process where evidence of dead plants and animals are preserved in rock

Lesson 1 - Origins and Adaptions

anatomy - the branch of biology dealing with the structures of plants and animals evolution - change over time, or the idea that all life on earth shares a common ancestor fossil - preserved evidences of life forms from the past natural selection - the process of beneficial changes being passed down and harmful changes being weeded out over the generations phylogeny - a family tree in which we see how organisms are related to each other physiology - the branch of biology dealing with the functions of living organisms and their parts speciation - the process of forming a new species from an existing species species - a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

What did Darwin notice about the different species of finches? The finches differed from their --- in South America. Different finches had different --- habits and different --- and shaped --- that matched what they ---.

ancestors - feeding - sized - beaks - ate

Give examples of things that make humans unique.

art abstract reasoning complex language

When humans manipulate the breeding of plants and animals in order to obtain desired traits, it is known as _____.

artificial selection

Lesson 3 - Darwin's View of Natural Selection

artificial selection - the process of humans manipulating the breeding of plants and animals in order to obtain desired traits camouflage - the act, means, or results of obscuring or altering appearances to deceive an enemy

Evolution may be defined as: ___ over ___ all life on earth having a ___ common ___ a ___ of change to ___ life forms (a demonstration of natural selection)

change - time universal - ancestor mechanism - higher

What is the basic idea of evolution?

change over time

Finding similarities in body structures between organisms is due to ______________.

comparative anatomy

What are the three parts of natural selection?

competition overproduction survival of the fittest

Humans are unique in their _______________ abilities.

complex language

___ dating uses radioactive elements to ___ matter such as rocks and ___. As the radioactive elements ___, they turn into other elements. Scientists then use the ratio of the two elements to determine how old something is.

radioactive - date - fossils - disintegrate

Scientists can tell how old a fossil is by ____________ .

radioactive dating

The results of genetic drift are more apparent in ______________ populations.

small

The process of forming a new species from an existing species is _____.

speciation

A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing viable fertile offspring is a definition of _____.

species

Species that successfully adapt will evolve into another _____________.

species

--- changes in an organism's structure --- changes in a body's internal response to environmental changes --- changes in organism's behavior

structural adaptation physiological adaptation behavioral adaptation

The process of only the fittest individuals surviving environmental changes is _____.

survival of the fittest

Which of these statements defines genetic drift?

the changing frequency of an allele occurring in a population over time

Which of these statements defines speciation?

the process of forming a new species from an existing species

What is paleoanthropology?

the study of ancient humans

What is gradualism?

the theory that all evolution is slow and proceeds at a steady rate over a long period of time

Most evolutionary biologists believe that life arose ___________.

through chemical processes on early earth

Fragments of fossils are _____.

trace fossils

There are two ways that new information might be added to a species genome to create a new species: --- dating (jumping genes in which information is transposed or moved to a different location) and --- dating (chromosome duplicates, quadruples, or multiplies itself many times).

transposition - polyploidy

There are two ways that new information might be added to a species genome to create a new species: --- (jumping genes in which information is transposed or moved to a different location) and --- (chromosome duplicates, quadruples, or multiplies itself many times).

transposition --- polyploidy