Biology B - primavera

what is the function of junk DNA in cells ? select all that apply .

- protecting the ends of chromosomes - turning genes on and off

which of these statements describe ways that eukaryotic cells regulate protein production ? select all that apply .

- proteins are broken down into amino acids . - alteration of mRNA occurs in the nucleus . - small RNA binds to a target on mRNA.

what biome has very little rainfall , has temperatures that can vary greatly throughout a day , and is located in Mexico and Australia ?

a desert

what is a genetic map ?

a diagram showing where genes are located along a chromosome

what is disruptive selection ?

a form of natural selection in which individuals with extreme representations of a trait are favored over the average

what is cancer ?

a general term for diseases in which cells lose the ability to regulate their normal cycle

if a biologist says that she is sequencing a DNA molecule , what is she doing with it ?

determining the order of nucleotides along the DNA strand

How is inbreeding related to the expression of human genetic disorders ?

inbreeding increases the chances that a human genetic disorder will be expressed by the offspring .

name a way that genetic engineering is beneficial to farmers

increased resistance to disease

what are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes ? select all that apply .

- ribosomes can be found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes . - eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than prokaryotic ribosomes .

what are some benefits of cloning organisms ? select all that apply .

- it can help us save endangered animals . - livestock with increased productivity can be produced .

what are some ethical concerns with whole genome sequencing ? select all that apply .

- it can result in discrimination within society . - it has the potential to impact personal privacy .

what is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis ? select all that apply .

- it carries dna's genetic code to the ribosomes . - small and large ribosomal subunits attach to an mRNA molecule .

what factors affect carrying capacity ? select all that apply .

- presence of disease - quality of habitat - predators in habitat

what are possible uses for gene editing ? select all that apply .

- prevention of some diseases - treatment of genetic diseases - understanding how genes affect certain traits

which of the following are parts of the gene editing process ? select all that apply .

- DNA is targeted by an RNA or protein . - both strands of the target DNA are cut in half .

which options describe Darwin's theory of natural selection ? select all that apply .

- Evolution occurs because of natural selection . - Natural selection results in descent with modification .

which statements are true about mRNA ? select all that apply .

- Its base sequence is complementary to that of DNA . - It has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) . - It is the product of transcription during protein synthesis .

what are some observations that support the rna world hypothesis ? select all that apply .

- RNA can act as enzymes . - RNA is involved in protein production .

what functions are central to RNA in the RNA world hypothesis ? select all that apply .

- RNA strands can act as enzymes . - RNA can serve as a genetic code .

A pea plant that is tall has a dominant trait . Which statements are true about the genotype / phenotype relationship of the plant ? Select all that apply .

- The genotype Tt always results in a phenotype that is tall . - When the phenotype is tall , the genotype can either be TT or Tt .

what is a start codon ? select all that apply .

- a codon that begins protein synthesis . - a codon that inserts the first amino acid of a protein chain .

what are examples of secondary succession ? select all that apply .

- a severe drought kills most of the species in an area . once the area gets more rain , new vegetation starts to appear . - a mudslide removes most of the plant life from a habitat . afterwards , some mosses from neighboring habitats start to move in .

a scientist is trying to determine if a nucleic acid is rna . what features should the molecule have ? select all that apply .

- a single strand - the sugar ribose

which of the following are the correct base pairs that are found in DNA ? select all that apply .

- a-t - c-g

what factors that limit population growth may be caused by human activity ? select all that apply .

- agricultural runoff into water - paving land for a road - cutting down trees in forest

in which direction does dna polymerase work ?

- away from the replication fork - toward the replication fork - from the 5' end of dna to the 3' end

mutagens are agents that cause dna mutations . what are the major types of mutagens ? select all that apply .

- biological - chemical - physical

which statements are true about the genetics behind cancer development ? select all that apply .

- cancer cells generally contain mutations that involve cell cycle checkpoints . - cancer cells usually contain multiple different DNA mutations.

which of the following can scientists learn about from studying fossils ? select all that apply .

- cellular structure - how extinct organisms moved

wow can gene editing assist in disease prevention and treatment ? select all that apply .

- certain disease-causing genes can be disabled . - a new gene can be added to a person's DNA .

what are external causes of DNA mutations ? Select all that apply .

- chemical agents , such as the preservatives in food - physical agents, such as ultraviolet radiation

which of the following statements about energy flow in an ecosystem are true ? select all that apply .

- chemical energy is transferred to a primary consumer when it eats a producer . - tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers .

which are effects of making a habitat a protected site ? select all that apply .

- commercial activities like logging are controlled . - people have to give up doing agriculture in the protected site .

which of the following describe conditions that allow natural selection to occur ? select all that apply .

- competition - overproduction - variation

eutrophication can cause die-offs of plants and animals , leading to a decline in the number of species . what specifically causes this ? select all that apply .

- decrease in oxygen - excess nutrients

which of the following is a predicted impact of global warming on terrestrial life ? select all that apply .

- decreased biodiversity caused by droughts - decreased biodiversity caused by timing changes in flowering and pollinator emergence

which of the following statements about limiting factors are true ? select all that apply .

- density-dependent factors are dependent on a population's density . - density-independent factors impact a population regardless of a population's density .

which were direct results of the human genome project ? select all that apply .

- discovery that humans have approximately 20,000 genes - creation of PCR-based tests for many genetic diseases - routine test for genetic forms of breast cancer

the genome contains all the information about you . your genome is found in almost every cell in your body . your whole genome sequence can be deciphered from one strand of your hair . what are some concerns people have about the whole genome sequencing of individuals ? select all that apply .

- discrimination may occur as a result of a person's genetic makeup . - people may discover information that they do not want to know . - anyone can easily access your personal data .

what are advantages of next-generation sequencing over Sanger sequencing ? select all that apply .

- dna can be sequenced much faster . - a whole genome could be sequenced in a single day . - dna can be sequenced less expensively .

what can cause cancer ? select all that apply .

- dna mutations - carcinogens - certain viruses

what human activities reduce air quality in cities ? select all that apply .

- driving automobiles for transportation - burning coal or oil for heating

what are examples of abiotic factors that limit population growth ? select all that apply .

- drought - volcanic activity

gene editing to germline cells and embryos is illegal in many countries . why ? select all that apply .

- edits to germline cells will be passed on to future generations . - embryos are unable to give permission for gene editing .

what is the relationship between genetic mutations and cancer ?select all that apply .

- exposure to carcinogens can lead to mutations in the DNA . - cells with damaged DNA continually and rapidly divide . - certain genes are shut off in cancer cells .

what are some ways that increasing human populations have affected the planet ? select all that apply .

- forests being cut down for wood to build human shelters has led to losses in biodiversity . - the plowing of fields for crops has caused soil erosion in some areas .

which of the following are behaviors that are used to defend against predators ? select all that apply .

- forming a herd - forming a school - playing dead

the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle can be causes of evolutionary change . what are some assumptions that cause evolutionary change ?

- genetic drift - nonrandom mating - gene movement

which of the following describes organisms that need to obtain energy from other organisms ? select all that apply .

- heterotrophs - consumers

how can human activity affect water resources ? select all that apply .

- human activity can reduce the amount of available fresh water . - human activity can pollute water resources, making them unusable .

how does movement into or out of an area affect population size ? select all that apply .

- immigration increases population size . - emigration decreases population size .

what are some effects of agriculture on ecosystems ? select all that apply .

- increasing erosion in some areas - changes in the chemical composition of soil - a reduction in forestlands

what are conditions that must be present for natural selection to occur ? select all that apply .

- individuals have to compete with each other for resources . - surviving individuals need to breed to pass on traits . - a population has to be producing more offspring than can survive based on resources .

what are some benefits of cloning genes ? select all that apply .

- introducing new traits into plants and other organisms - producing hormones like insulin

what are types of large-scale mutations on chromosomes ? select all that apply .

- inversion - translocation - duplication

what are some functions of RNA ? select all that apply .

- is part of the structure of ribosomes - serves as a temporary mobile copy of the DNA's instructions - brings amino acids to the ribosome

which of the following statements about the Hardy-Weinberg principle are true ? select all that apply .

- it assumes certain forces are not acting on a population . - it is used to model genetic equilibrium .

what is the role of transfer rna in protein synthesis ? select all that apply .

- it brings amino acids to the ribosome . - it translates the genetic code to determine how the amino acids will link together .

what is true about polyploidy and speciation ? select all that apply .

- it can happen fast . - asexual reproduction helps polyploidy lead to speciation .

what are some potential ethical problems with having the whole genome sequenced ? select all that apply .

- it could be a source of worry, causing stress to individuals who are genetically predisposed to certain illnesses . - it could be an obstacle in securing employment or medical insurance .

what are effects of cancer on the body ? select all that apply .

- it destroys healthy tissue . - it disrupts normal cell function .

what are the benefits of whole genome sequencing ? select all that apply .

- it detects genetic disorders in unborn children . - it enables personalized treatment for illnesses . - it empowers patients and doctors .

which of the following statements describe exponential growth ? select all that apply .

- it is not dependent on the number of individuals in a population . - it occurs under ideal conditions with unlimited resources . - when graphed , it appears as a J-shaped curve .

why does the amount of energy in an ecosystem decrease from one trophic level to the next ? select all that apply .

- it is released as heat . - the organism may not have been eaten , it decomposes instead . - it is used by the organism to carry out life processes .

what is true about the genetic code ? select all that apply .

- it is the entire set of codons that carries the instructions for making proteins . - it determines the amino acid sequence of all proteins in an organism .

which of the following statements describe logistic growth ? select all that apply .

- it occurs when factors in the environment limit the population growth . - when graphed , it appears as an S-shaped curve .

which statements are true about tRNA ? select all that apply .

- it reads an mRNA strand three bases at a time during protein production . - it carries an anticodon on one end, which is complementary to mRNA codons .

which of the following are true of natural selection ? select all that apply .

- it reduces the frequency of unfavorable traits in a population . - it increases the overall fitness of the species .

which statements are true about the AUG codon ? select all that apply .

- it signals the beginning of protein production . - In humans , it codes for the methionine amino acid .

which of the following are important uses of genetic maps ? select all that apply .

- locating genes that cause disease - studying evolution

which are important uses of genetic maps ? select all that apply .

- locating new genes on chromosomes - locating genes that cause disease - understanding events that occur during evolution

what are some benefits of cloning genes ? select all that apply .

- mass producing useful proteins - making vaccines - providing DNA for use in gene therapy

what can be said about mitochondria and its genetic code ? select all that apply .

- mitochondria interpret some codons differently than the standard genetic code . - the mitochondrial genetic code varies slightly from the standard genetic code .

examine the image showing the locations of three different genes on a chromosome . which of the following would be expected from breeding experiments involving these genes ? select all that apply .

- more genetic recombinants would be observed for genes A and C than for genes A and B . - genes A and B show strong linkage, but genes A and C show little to no linkage .

the Hardy-Weinberg principle assumes that certain forces are not acting on a population . if they are acting, they could cause evolutionary change . what are some of these forces ? select all that apply .

- mutations occurring - natural selection occurring

the Hardy-Weinberg principle assumes certain conditions for genetic equilibrium . what are some of these assumptions ? select all that apply .

- no gene flow - no mutations - no genetic drift

what factors typically affect population size ? select all that apply .

- number of births - number of deaths - number of individuals that enter or leave a population

which of the following statements are true about dna polymerase ? select all that apply .

- on the leading strand , it works toward the replication fork . - it adds nucleotides from the 5' end of the dna toward the 3' end . - on the lagging strand, it works away from the replication fork .

which statements are true for a protein whose genetic sequence has 11 codons ?

- one start codon and one stop codon are used for its synthesis . - the piece of genetic code will produce a protein that contains 10 amino acids .

DNA sequences can be used to construct cladograms . which of the following statements describe how this is done ? select all that apply .

- only one DNA strand from each species is needed . - DNA sequences must come from the same gene .

which of the statements about operons are true ? select all that apply .

- operons are commonly found in prokaryotes . - genes in an operon are transcribed together , resulting in one large mRNA molecule .

what are factors that limit population growth ? select all that apply .

- parasitism - competition for resources

a Punnett square predicts that the ratio of phenotypes in the F2 offspring of a dihybrid cross are 9:3:3:1 . what would cause the actual ratio to be different ? select all that apply .

- partial genetic linkage - genetic linkage

what were some challenges to achieving the human genome project's goals ? select all that apply .

- performing millions of separate sequencing reactions - placing millions of short DNA sequences into the correct order

"Whole genome sequencing increases the effectiveness of the treatment." which sentences support this information ? select all that apply .

- physicians can diagnose diseases in early stages . - people can have personalized treatment plans .

which of these are ways that eukaryotic cells regulate protein production ? select all that apply .

- post-translational modifications - RNA processing - chromatin remodeling

why are DNA primers an important ingredient in a PCR reaction ?

- primers create a double-stranded section of DNA . - DNA polymerase cannot start to copy a DNA molecule without a double-stranded starting point .

what things do people depend on forests for ? select all that apply .

- producing wood for construction , fuel , and other purposes - preventing soil erosion

what are the functions of junk DNA ? select all that apply .

- protecting the ends of chromosomes - providing binding sites on chromosomes during replication - turning genes on and off

what is true about repetitive elements ? select all that apply .

- repetitive elements have the ability to copy themselves and insert into new locations in chromosomes . - repetitive elements are sections of DNA code that are repeated throughout the genome .

which statements are true about translation ? select all that apply .

- ribosomal RNA is able to recognize mRNA and tRNA . - translation occurs in ribosomes .

which of the following statements are true about the structure of ribosomes ? select all that apply .

- ribosomes do not have an outer membrane . - ribosomes are composed of a small subunit and large subunit . - ribosomes contain proteins and RNA .

which of these statements describe the function of the ribosome ? select all that apply .

- ribosomes translate mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide . - ribosomes are protein-manufacturing centers .

which correctly describe a part of the dna molecule and what the part is made of ? select all that apply .

- rungs—bases - backbone—a phosphate group and a sugar

what are some possible sources for early organic molecules ? select all that apply .

- simple inorganic compounds arriving on Earth through meteorites or other objects - existing inorganic molecules forming into more complex organic ones by using energy from lightning

what are ethical concerns in using animals for research ? select all that apply .

- some animals may have adverse reactions . - animals cannot consent to being used in experiments .

an ecosystem with high biodiversity experiences a natural disaster . what is likely to happen ? select all that apply .

- some species will survive . - the ecosystem will survive .

what types of variation does biodiversity include ? select all that apply .

- species - genetic - ecosystem

what are results of high biodiversity ? select all that apply .

- species that are more likely to survive disease - greater variety of food sources

what are some functions of dna ? select all that apply .

- storing information about all of life's processes - transferring genetic information to generations

which of the following are ways that large amounts of biodiversity can be preserved ? select all that apply .

- storing seeds from many types of plants - creating protected areas such as national parks

what factors determine the type aquatic ecosystem ? select all that apply .

- temperature - depth of the water - chemistry of the water - distance from the shore

under which conditions would a Punnett square fail to predict the result of a dihybrid cross ? select all that apply .

- the genes are partially linked . - the genes are completely linked .

if two genes show nearly 100 percent linkage , what does that tell us ? select all that apply .

- the two genes are located very close to each other . - the two genes are on the same chromosome . - the two genes are always inherited together .

what are some ethical concerns related to gene editing ? select all that apply .

- there may be unknown negative effects of editing genes . - it is expensive and may create wider gaps between the rich and poor . - gene editing may prevent human suffering, so not using it may be wrong .

what are some issues with captive breeding programs ? select all that apply .

- they are expensive . - they produce individuals with low genetic diversity .

cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways . what are some of their features ? select all that apply .

- they can form their own blood vessels . - they divide uncontrollably . - hey fail to stop growing upon contact with neighboring cells .

which statements are true about ribosomes ? select all that apply .

- they contain rRNA . - they are the main protein-manufacturing sites of the cell .

which sentences correctly describe restriction enzymes ? select all that apply .

- they cut DNA strands at specific locations . - in bacteria , they function to cut up the DNA of invading viruses .

which statements are true for stop codons ? select all that apply .

- they do not insert amino acids in the protein chain . - they signal the termination of protein synthesis .

what are some characteristics of cancer cells ? select all that apply .

- they grow and divide uncontrollably . - they can spread to other parts in the body . - they have abnormal shapes .

which of the following would be true of plants found growing in deserts on different continents ? select all that apply .

- they show more similarities to other plants on the same continent that they do to each other . - they share special adaptations that are analogous .

which statements are true about start codons ? select all that apply .

- they signal the protein production mechanism to start . - the start codon sequence can be different in some cases . - they insert the first amino acid in the protein chain .

which are functions of small RNAs ? select all that apply .

- to prevent mRNA molecules from being translated - to cause a protein complex to break down mRNA molecules

how can gene cloning be used in medical science ? select all that apply .

- to produce vaccines - to produce useful proteins

which are considered carcinogens ? select all that apply .

- tobacco smoke - asbestos

AUG is the start codon , and UAG , UGA , and UAA are the possible stop codons . the code on a human mRNA reads AUGCCCUUUAUGGGGUAA . which statements are true about this sequence ? select all that apply .

- two methionine amino acids will be in the protein chain . - the protein will have five amino acids .

what can fix nitrogen ? select all that apply .

- ultraviolet radiation - bacteria - lightning

which actions depend on the use of genetic maps ? select all that apply .

- understanding which traits might be inherited together - predicting the risk of contracting genetic disorders - studying the cause of genetic diseases

pollution is a major threat to biodiversity . which situations describe pollution ? select all that apply .

- water bottles are dumped into the ocean . - fossil fuels are burned , releasing harmful chemicals into the atmosphere .

during the winter solstice , which hemisphere is tilted away from the sun ?

Northern Hemisphere

In some situations , when two purple-flowered pea plants reproduce , the offspring can have purple or white flowers . When this experiment is run repeatedly , it is discovered that three-fourths of the offspring have purple flowers and one-fourth of the offspring have white flowers . What would happen if this experiment were run only once ?

The experiment would result in a plant with either purple or white flowers . The conclusion would depend on this single result and would not be accurate .

What can be shown by a dihybrid cross experiment ?

The inheritance of one trait does not affect the chance of inheriting another .

What statement would be true according to the theory of blending inheritance ?

The offspring of a tall parent plant and a short parent plant will all have a height in the middle .

A scientist is studying two traits on a fruit fly . She discovers that these are most often inherited together . What can be said about these traits ?

They are on the same chromosome and are linked together .

replace X , Y , and Z to make the statement correct . during X , one end of a Y RNA is attached to a specific amino acid , while the Z on its other end complements the bases on messenger RNA . what correctly completes this statement ?

X: translation Y: transfer Z: anticodon

a preservative in skincare products can alter dna . what can the preservative be defined as ?

a chemical mutagen

Which statement best describes a monohybrid cross ?

a cross in which traits of several different characteristics are studied

What statement is true ?

a diploid organism most often has two alleles for a trait.

What effects can epistasis have on polygenic inheritance ? Select all that apply .

a gene can modify the effect of another gene a gene can mask the effect of another gene genes can combine to produce entirely new traits

which statement defines heterozygous ?

a genotype composed of two different alleles

a whale's fin is homologous to which of the following ?

a human's arm

which discovery came about as a result of the Human Genome Project ?

a large amount of DNA in our chromosomes does not code for any genes .

which of the following is an urban area where concrete and asphalt absorb the sun's heat and reradiate that heat back to the surrounding air ?

a microclimate

Which of these statements about mutation are true ? Select all that apply .

a mutation can be inherited from a parent's genetic material . a mutation changes the DNA found in a cell . a mutation can occur when DNA replicates during cell division .

X-rays can mutate DNA . what can X-rays be defined as ?

a physical mutagen

what is a trophic level ?

a reflection of where an organism is in the sequence of energy transfers

which terrestrial biome is characterized by tall grasses and scattered trees ?

a savanna

in a phylogenetic tree , what does a node represent ?

a shared common ancestor

Blood type is an example of which of the following ? Select all that apply .

a situation in which a gene has three or more alleles a situation in which more than one allele for a trait is dominant

read the statement. a natural disaster reduces the size of a population . the allele frequencies in the population may change after the disaster . what type of population does this have the strongest evolutionary effect on ?

a small-sized population .

water is a/an ___________

abiotic factor

genes are the parts of DNA that code for proteins . how many genes are in a healthy human being ?

about 20,000

how many genes does the human genome contain ?

about 20,000

which correctly describes the function of a micropipette ?

accurately measures small volumes

what is the role of DNA polymerase enzymes in replication ?

adding the free nucleotides to the complementary strand of DNA

what do dna and rna have in common ?

adenine and guanine

A type of insect can be red or black . Red is the dominant trait and is represented by a capital R . Identify the Punnett square that illustrates all offspring being homozygous recessive for a trait .

all lowercase r

a genome is most accurately defined as which of the following ?

all the DNA found in our cells

what does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state ?

allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless forces cause the frequencies to change .

Which of the following facts was unknown to Gregor Mendel ?

alleles for genes are found on chromosomes

which of the following environments would you expect to have the most biodiversity ?

amazon rainforest

what is a ribozyme ?

an RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme .

which of the following is not a terrestrial biome ?

an estuary

what is the most specific ecological level ?

an organism

which is an example of primary succession ?

an uninhabited cave is exposed to sunlight due to recent earthquakes . colonies of bacteria start to live in the cave .

What is the difference between blood types in the ABO blood type system ?

antigens on red blood cells

the _[blank]_ is the zone where no sunlight penetrates the water .

aphotic zone

in a community producers are ___________ which converts light energy to chemical energy is a process called ______________

autotrophs , photosynthesis

examine the events that occur in dna replication listed below. a. dna polymerase adds nucleotides floating freely in the nucleus to the template strands. b. dna helicase opens a dna molecule. c. Two dna molecules form. d. Two single strands of dna are left with their bases exposed. What is the correct order of the events?

b , d , a ,c

how is nitrogen gas fixed biologically ?

bacteria in plant roots and soil

a lab technician is running a test on a patient's sample that is likely infected with salmonella . the technician correctly performs PCR on the sample using primers known to identify salmonella . then they run the PCR product on an electrophoresis gel . what is the technician likely to see on the gel if the patient does have salmonella ?

bands matching the size found in known salmonella samples

which of the following is not a type of rna ?

carrier rna

the ___________ is the maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support

carrying capacity

what is the largest number of individuals an environment can support over a sustained period of time ?

carrying capacity

what does GFP do ?

causes cells to appear green when viewed with ultraviolet light

which is an example of an ecosystem change that resulted from human activity ?

chaparral shrublands turning to grass due to frequent fires

which of the following is a type of producer that gets energy from a source other than sunlight ?

chemoautotroph

w dog is trained to salivate at the sound of a bell . what type of behavior is this, and is it innate or learned ?

conditioning ; learned behavior

Parent A is homozygous dominant for curly hair , and Parent B is homozygous recessive for straight hair . What is the expected phenotype of the offspring ?

curly hair

A mutated CFTR gene codes for an abnormal CFTR protein . This protein alters the normal function of the cell, leading to the disorder cystic fibrosis . Based on the statements, which of the following is true ?

cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutated cftr gene.

Fathers can only pass X-linked traits to their _[blank1]_ , while mothers can pass X- linked traits to their _[blank2]_ . What option correctly completes this sentence .

daughters ; sons and daughters

review the following dna sequences : original dna sequence : A T T G C T A A G T C A mutated dna sequence : A T T G T A A G T C A which type of mutation has occurred ?

deletion

what is a limiting factor whose effects are dependent on a population's density ?

density-dependent factor

which type of organism feeds on dead organic matter ?

detritivores

what is sympatric speciation ?

different populations of the same species in the same geographic area forming new species

what is allopatric speciation ?

different populations of the same species physically separated from each other forming new species

a single phenotype is favored because individuals with its allele have a higher fitness . what form of natural selection does this describe ?

directional selection

study the histogram . what form of natural selection does the histogram show ?

directional selection

study the histogram . what form of natural selection does the histogram show ?

disruptive selection

a lab technician is using PCR to test a patient's DNA for the presence of a genetic mutation . what exactly will he be looking for ?

dna band of a certain size on a gel

which enzyme pairs the free nucleotides to the complementary strand of dna ?

dna polymerase

which of these describes how eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in gene regulation ?

each eukaryotic cell has a nucleus , which separates transcription and translation .

which option correctly describes how Earth's temperature has changed during its history ?

earth was initially very hot. It gradually cooled down .

all living and nonliving parts of an environment found in a specific location

ecosystems

which is an illustration that shows the amount of energy contained at each trophic level ?

energy pyramid

which processes release water vapor to the atmosphere ?

evaporation, transpiration, sublimation

Which of these describe an inheritance pattern of autosomal genetic disorders ? Select all that apply .

for an autosomal dominant disorder to be expressed , just one copy of the abnormal allele must be inherited . for an autosomal recessive disorder to be expressed , two copies of the abnormal allele must be inherited .

wow many separate reactions are needed to determine the sequence of DNA using the Sanger method ?

four

in which freshwater ecosystem is it possible for the soil to be saturated with water for only part of the year ?

freshwater wetlands

which of the following bases pair with pyrimidines ? select all that apply .

g , a

which of the following describes how Earth's temperature is maintained by the greenhouse effect ?

gases such as carbon dioxide and methane reflect heat from the Earth back towards Earth's surface .

a biologist has a mixture of DNA molecules of different sizes , and she needs to determine the exact size of one of them . which technique should she use ?

gel electrophoresis

what is the ability to make changes to an organism's DNA sequence called ?

gene editing

new individuals are introduced to a population , bringing in new alleles and combinations of genetic traits . what evolutionary process does this describe ?

gene flow

In which situation are you likely to find a trait with only one allele ?

genes found in the DNA of the mitochondria

what is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used to study ?

genetic equilibrium

genes located close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together . what is this called ?

genetic linkage

which of the following lines of evidence helped Darwin explain the origin of unique species of birds on islands ?

geographic distribution

what is a group behavior that enhances survival ?

giving warning of an approaching predator

what is the law of the minimum ?

growth is not limited by the total amount of resources , but by the scarcest resource .

what potential practice sparks debate around cloning ?

harvesting tissues or organs of human embryos

what is a result of group behavior that enhances survival ?

having an easier time finding mates

a graduate student is running a PCR reaction to study DNA extracted from a lizard specimen from a museum . the reaction does not seem to be working, so he checks his notes to see what he added to the reaction mix . he finds the following list : lizard DNA , DNA polymerase , and DNA nucleotides . what is the error in the setup ?

he forgot to add primers .

Twenty-five percent of the possible offspring for a cross are homozygous dominant . What genotype do each of the parents have ?

heterozygous

structures that develop from the same type of embryonic tissue but take on different forms and functions when the organisms fully develop are called _[blank]_ .

homologous structures

the bones in the diagram represent which type of structures ?

homologous structures

How are human genetic disorders related to genetic mutations ?

human genetic disorders are caused by genetic mutations that occur in human genetic material .

A lab technician observes that the red blood cells in a blood sample display codominance . What alleles does the person who provided the blood sample have ?

iA and iB

A person has blood type B . What combination of alleles could she have to give her this blood type ? Select all that apply .

iBi iBiB

Two people have the genotype IAIB . Of the following options , what possible genotypes could their children have ?

iBiB iAiA iAiB

A lab technician observes that the red blood cells in a blood sample have surface antigen B . What alleles does the person who provided the blood sample have ?

iBiB or iBi

What valuable information was gained from Mendel's dihybrid crosses ? Select all that apply .

inheritance of one trait does not affect inheritance of another . statistical and probability methods can be used to determine how likely an offspring is to inherit certain traits .

review the following DNA sequences : original DNA Sequence : A T T C G T A T G A A C mutated DNA Sequence : A T T C G T T A T G A A C which type of mutation has occurred ?

insertion

a study of a person's dna reveals that a segment of a chromosome is rotated around in the wrong direction . what is this mutation called ?

inversion

what happens to the amount of energy as it moves from one trophic level to the next ?

it becomes smaller and smaller .

which is a social concern about whole genome sequencing ?

it could result in discrimination , preventing some people from getting jobs or loans .

how can acid rain affect ecosystems ?

it increases the acidity of bodies of water , making the water harmful to many kinds of life .

how does energy flow through living organisms in an ecosystem ?

it is transferred when one organism consumes another .

Multiple alleles for a gene make populations more diverse . What are the benefits of this ? Select all that apply .

it makes it more likely that a population will survive environmental changes . if a population encounters a new disease , some of the individuals may be immune to it .

why is dna antiparallel ?

its double strands run in opposite directions .

the same section of DNA is compared in different bird species . which type of bird is most closely related to the woodpecker ?

kingfisher

what would happen if a producer were removed from an ecosystem ?

less energy would be available .

Study the experiment illustrated by the following image:

lightning

what is a density-independent factor ?

limiting factor whose effects impact a population regardless of the population's density

the genes that code for the major histocompatibility complex in humans are found next to each other on chromosome 6 . what are these called ?

linked genes

Why are linked traits inconsistent with Mendel's laws ?

linked traits are likely to be inherited together. this is not consistent with mendel's law of independent assortment.

a region has mostly dark colored soil , but a small patch of light-colored soil creates a microclimate . which of the following is an expected feature of this microclimate ?

lower temperature than the surrounding climate

Which statements about the inheritance of color blindness are true ? Select all that apply .

males are more likely to be color blind than females . females can inherit the color blindness allele from their fathers .

Why are males more likely than females to have an X-linked disorder ?

males have only one x chromosome ; thus , if a recessive allele is inherited, it is always expressed .

an ecosystem with low biodiversity experiences a wildfire . what is likely to happen ?

many of the species will die , and the ecosystem will collapse .

which two organelles are thought to have arisen from prokaryotes that became engulfed by other cells according to the theory of endosymbiosis ?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

what is a model that uses DNA comparisons to see how long two different organisms have been evolving independently from each other ?

molecular clock hypothesis

how does gene regulation relate to organism complexity ?

more complex organisms need to have more methods of gene regulation .

what is the term for a physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation ?

mutagen

read the statement . a new allele added to the gene pool provides an advantage . the individual with the allele breeds and passes on the trait to their offspring . this describes the evolutionary effects of what process ?

mutation

when two organisms live in a close association , and both benefit , the relationship is called __________

mutualism

read the statement . a population has a variety of genetic traits and produces more individuals than resources can support . individuals within the population compete against each other for resources . survivors reproduce and pass on beneficial genetic traits to their offspring . what evolutionary process does this describe ?

natural selection

which of the following technologies will make obtaining a copy of your own DNA code quick and affordable ?

next-generation sequencing

each organism has its own ___________ or function in a community and is part of the _________ or web of life .

niche , food chain

mRNA being made from DNA occurs in the______________

nucleus

What are characteristics of polygenic traits ? Select all that apply .

on a histogram , traits distribute on a bell-shaped curve traits are continuous across a range

in which of the following situations would primary succession occur ?

on an island just formed by a volcano

what method of gene regulation is used by prokaryotic cells to promote or inhibit transcription ?

operon sequences

what were the products of experiments that were similar to the one Miller and Urey conducted ?

organic compounds

what organisms are at the first trophic level ?

organisms that use energy from the sun

organisms produce many young during their lifetime . this means that, if resources are available , populations increase over time . what process does this describe ?

overproduction

what gas present in today's atmosphere was largely absent from early Earth's atmosphere ?

oxygen

which theory suggests that life on Earth originated from microbes carried to Earth by meteorites or comets ?

panspermia

study the diagrams below and then answer the following three questions . which type of evolution is illustrated by diagram A ?

parallel evolution

a tick feeding off the blood of a dog is an example of which type of relationship ?

parasitism

what is junk DNA ?

parts of the genome that do not code for a protein

how is carbon dioxide fixed into carbon that is usable for biological life ?

photosynthesis

study the image . which two species are most closely related ?

pigeon and spotted dove

how can polyploidy cause speciation in plants ?

plants can asexually reproduce or pollinate themselves . this allows polyploid individuals to reproduce .

how does polyploidy cause speciation ?

polyploidy is a mutation . the individual with the mutation can reproduce and form a new species .

organisms of the same species living in the same environment together are ______________

population

what is a main goal of in situ conservation ?

preserving biodiversity of existing habitats

what is true about prey in large groups ?

prey in the middle of the group are relatively safe .

what term describes the conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon ?

primary production

a theory that suggests that simple inorganic molecules could have reacted with each other by using energy either from the sun or from lighting . this resulted in simple organic molecules that could have later combined to form more complex molecules . which of the following is being described ?

primordial soup

some types of antibiotic medicine harm the ribosomes of prokaryotes , such as bacteria , but not eukaryotes . why are only prokaryotic ribosomes affected ?

prokaryotic ribosomes have a different molecular composition than eukaryotic ribosomes .

temperate forests are characterized by _[blank]_ .

pronounced seasons with year-round rainfall

what part of the carbon cycle breaks down carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water ?

respiration

which term refers to the cell's main protein-production site ?

ribosomes

what are RNA molecules that can act as enzymes ?

ribozymes

what does the RNA world hypothesis state about ribozymes ?

ribozymes were once more common than they are now . they eventually got replaced by proteins .

Which factor determines if someone has brown eyes or green eyes ?

several genes acting together

what type of mutation occurs when a base is substituted in the dna sequence for a gene , but the same amino acid is still produced ?

silent

what kind of population is more likely to be affected by genetic drift ?

small

which is a way that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes regulate protein production ?

small RNA

which is an example of the environment affecting gene expression ?

some genes being turned off in warm temperatures

review the following DNA sequences : original DNA Sequence : A T T G C T A A G T C A mutated DNA Sequence : A T T G A T A A G T C A which type of mutation has occurred ?

substitution

which type of mutation occurs when one base in a dna sequence is replaced by a different base ?

substitution

the creation of a genetic test for hereditary forms of breast cancer was a direct result of what ?

the Human Genome Project

in a phylogenetic tree , what does the distance between branches represent ?

the amount of evolutionary change

in an ecosystem , buffalo eat grass , and bears prey upon the buffalo . what would happen to the buffalo and bear populations if the grass population declined dramatically ?

the buffalo population and the bear population would decrease .

Which of these are genes that have more than two alleles ?

the c gene for melanin production in rabbit coats

why should a scientist use a plasmid with a GFP gene when inserting a new gene ?

the cells that take up the plasmid will fluoresce , allowing for easy identification of successful uptake .

A few genes are responsible for melanin pigmentation in human skin . Each gene has one allele that codes for melanin production and one allele that does not . Which of the following are true ? Select all that apply .

the combination of alleles determines how pigmented the skin will be each allele only contributes a small amount to the phenotype

which of the following defines primary production ?

the conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon

what is the purpose of the human genome ?

the data will help researcher devise new diagnostic and treatments for genetic diseases .

scientists are studying several genes . breeding experiments show that 10 percent of the offspring are recombinants for genes A and B . crosses with genes C and D produce 15 percent recombinants . what can be said about the two pairs of genes ?

the distance between genes A and B is less than the distance between genes C and D .

study the image . what can be interpreted from this cladogram ?

the dodo is most closely related to the spotted dove .

what is adaptive radiation ?

the evolution of many species from a single ancestor in a short amount of time

a Punnett square incorrectly predicts the outcome of a dihybrid cross . there are only two phenotypes in the F2 offspring instead of four . why ?

the genes are completely linked .

a punnett square incorrectly predicts the outcome of a dihybrid cross . there are four phenotypes in the F2 offspring , but not in the expected ratios . why ?

the genes are partially linked .

in pea plants , red flowers and round pollen are known to be recessive traits . in a dihybrid cross experiment , lots of plants with red flowers and round pollen are found in the F2 generation . how is this possible ?

the genes for flower color and pollen shape are linked .

Dihybrid cross experiments led Mendel to propose his law of independent assortment . Which statement best describes this law ?

the law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes are inherited independently of each other .

what is an ethical concern with cloning mammals ?

the low success rate of cloned embryos

If both parents are unaffected carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder , which one of the following statements is true ?

the offspring will have a 25% chance of having the disorder .

estuaries are characterized by _[blank]_ .

the presence of fresh water and salt water

the short-term conditions in Earth's atmosphere at a certain time and place is the definition of _[blank]_ .

the weather

read the statement : When Mendel crossed a purple-flowered pea plant with a white-flowered pea plant , the offspring always gad purple flowers , when Mendel crossed the offspring with each other , the second-generation offspring had some white-flowered plants . what conclusion can be drawn from this observation ?

there is a chance that any second-generation plant will be a white-flowered one .

what is an ethical concern about editing genes for diseases in specific tissues like the lungs in humans ?

there may be unknown effects from altering the genome .

the same DNA strand is analyzed in four species of fish . two species have more identical nucleotides than the others . what does this mean ?

they are more closely related .

which statement is true about model organisms ?

they help scientists understand biological processes

what function do the DNA sequences found at the ends of chromosomes serve ?

they protect the chromosome from losing genes as parts of the chromosome are lost during cell division .

what property of greenhouse gases allows them to maintain a suitable temperature on the Earth ?

they reflect heat emitted by the Earth , back down towards the planet .

what is the function of the ribosome ?

to make proteins

What is epistasis ?

traits where one gene interferes with the effect of another

which of the following evidence for evolution can be obtained from fossils ?

transitional stages

which two processes are involved in protein synthesis ?

translation and transcription

a segment of a chromosome is transferred to a non-homologous chromosome . what is this mutation called ?

translocation

gene therapy is the attempt to

treat disease by changing a patient's DNA

ribosomes manufacture polypeptide chains in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells .

true

the closer genes are on a chromosome the fewer recombination's will occur

true

the side of a mountain that is exposed to more direct sunlight than the opposite side of the mountain can create a microclimate .

true

which statement correctly defines coevolution ?

two entirely different species affecting each other's evolution , as in predator-prey relationships

which describes symbiosis ?

two organisms belonging to different species live closely together and have specific interactions .

which mutagen is an example of a physical agent ?

ultraviolet radiation

read the scenario . a biologist inserts a human gene into a plasmid and then inserts the plasmid into some bacterial cells so that the function of the gene can be studied . however , he finds that he cannot identify which bacterial cells contained the new DNA . what should the biologist have done differently ?

used a plasmid containing the GFP gene

a population contains a lot of diversity in genetic traits . what condition does this describe ?

variation

which of the following is NOT a mutagen ?

water

what occurs in evaporation ?

water changes from liquid to water vapor

which of the following options has the resource correctly classified ?

water; renewable fossil fuels; nonrenewable forests; renewable

which of the following statements about the beaks of the Galápagos finches is correct ?

wheir beaks were adapted to the finches' particular environment .

Read the following statement . A dihybrid cross experiment is carried out in pea plants . The traits being observed are flower color and stem length . In the F2 generation , 81 plants have purple flowers and long stems , 27 plants have purple flowers and short stems , 27 plants have white flowers and long stems , and 3 plants have white flowers and short stems . Which traits are recessive ?

white flowers , short stem

replace X and Y with the correct answers x is the genetic makeup of an organism , as determined by the alleles , while Y is the observable form

x : genotype y : phenotype

Read the statement : When Mendel crossed a purple-flowered pea plant with a white-flowered pea plant , the offspring were always X . When Mendel crossed the offspring with each other , the distribution was about Y purple and Z white . The more experiments Mendel did with pea plants , the closer they approached these percentages . Which option correctly replaces X , Y , and Z in the statement ?

x : purple y : 75% z : 25%

PCR was used to amplify a specific 500-base section of DNA from three birds of the same species that were thought to be related . the three samples of amplified DNA were run on an electrophoresis gel . three bands were seen on the gel that were exactly the same size . are the birds related ?

yes , because the bands were the same size .

what are organisms that use chemical energy instead of sunlight produce carbohydrates ?

chemoautotrophs

which mutagen is an example of a chemical agent ?

cigarette smoke

plenty of dissolved oxygen exists in fast-moving river ecosystems , allowing plant life to flourish .

false

which of the following genes are linked in pea plants ?

flower color and pollen-grain shape

what is a common first step in ecological restoration ?

planting local native plants in an area

a single average phenotype is favored . what form of natural selection does this describe ?

stabilizing selection

study the histogram below . what form of natural selection does this histogram show ?

stabilizing selection

what are ethics ?

standards that establish right and wrong behavior

a biologist wishes to take a useful gene found in penguins and introduce it into some bacterial cells . her experimental procedure is given below . use a restriction enzyme to cut a gene out of the penguin DNA . use a restriction enzyme to cut open a plasmid . treat the plasmid with DNA ligase . treat the plasmid with DNA polymerase . introduce the plasmid into bacterial cells . a step is missing . where should it go in this procedure ?

" Mix the desired gene and plasmid together " should go between steps 2 and 3 .

which statements are true about variations in the genetic code ? select all that apply .

( missed one , 0.67/1 ) - they may provide selective advantages. - slight differences in the genetic code may have significant results.

what is true for DNA but not for RNA ? select all that apply .

( missed one , 0.67/1 ) - it has a double-stranded helix structure. - it contains the nitrogenous base thymine.

a scientist is given some frog tissue by a zoo . he is told that the zoo thinks the tissue may be from a rare Chiricahua Leopard Frog . in what order should the following procedures be done to identify the frog ? a. run PCR on the tissue using known Chiricahua Leopard Frog DNA primers . b. compare the results of the tissue sample and the known sample . c. run an electrophoresis gel using the sample given by the zoo and a known Chiricahua Leopard Frog DNA sample .

- A - C - B

how does linkage help to create genetic maps ? select all that apply .

- weak linkage between two genes on the same chromosome shows that they are not extremely close to one another . - linkage strength is a direct indicator of the distance between genes and markers .

if there is no immigration or emigration , how do the birth rate and the death rate affect population size ? select all that apply .

- when the birth rate and the death rate remain the same , the population size does not change . - when the death rate exceeds the birth rate , the population shrinks .

review the following data . what can be interpreted from this data ? select all that apply .

- woodpeckers are more closely related to hornbills than to owls . - out of all the birds listed, woodpeckers are least closely related to falcons .

A father is color blind , and a mother is homozygous dominant for normal vision . What is the probability that one of their offspring will be color blind ?

0%

How many alleles are typically found for mitochondrial genes ?

1

rank the levels in the ecology hierarchy from broadest level to most specific .

1 (broadest) : biosphere 2 : biome 3 : ecosystem 4 : community 5 : population 6 (most specific) : organism

on average , how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next ?

10%

In pea plants , green seeds are dominant (Y) , and yellow seeds are recessive (y) . The following Punnett square shows a cross for seed color .

100 percent

read the statements below : earth's surface was cool enough for water to remain liquid . earth was struck by a large body that caused the planet to melt . earth cooled enough for solid rock to form on the surface and volcanic activity to take place . place the statements in the order in which they occurred during the development of early Earth .

2 , 3 , 1

scientists now think humans have _____ genes .

20,000 to 25,000

a biologist wishes to take a useful gene found in pine trees and introduce it into some bacterial cells. her experimental procedure is given below . use a restriction enzyme to cut a gene out of the pine tree DNA . use a restriction enzyme to cut open a plasmid . treat the plasmid with DNA ligase . mix the desired gene and plasmid together . introduce the plasmid into bacterial cells . which steps should be switched in the biologist's procedure ?

3 and 4

a codon is group of nucleotides that code for an amino acid and is made of _____ nucleotides

3 nucleotides

What is the ratio of tall offspring to short offspring ?

3:1

A female has a brother who is color blind and a mother who is not . What is the probability that the female is a carrier for the trait ?

50%

approximately how much of the Earth's primary production occurs in the oceans ?

50%

A dihybrid cross experiment produces offspring of four different types in the F2 generation . What is the predicted ratio of the four phenotypes in the offspring ?

9:3:3:1

examine the sequence of bases below. T T A G C A T G G C identify the complementary strand of dna for the sequence of bases

A A T C G T A C C G

which choice describes the first nine letters of the DNA code shown in the sequence ?

AAA GTA TAT

Two parents both have homozygous genotypes . One parent has blood type A and the other has blood type B . What genotype can be expected in all of their children ?

AB

Multiple alleles for a gene exist in a population . Which of these statements describes how alleles are inherited ?

An individual can only inherit two alleles for a gene .

the physical exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes is called

Crossing over

some people have dimples ; other people do not . Having dimples is dominant over not having dimples . if the alleles for having dimples is represented with the letter D , what allele combinations can result in having dimples

DD , Dd

which enzyme "glues" DNA fragment together ?

DNA ligase

which type of enzyme repairs nicks or breaks along the DNA backbone ?

DNA ligase

How can epistatic interactions affect the number of phenotypes that can appear ? Select all that apply .

Epistasis can mask genes and prevent them from affecting the phenotypes . Epistasis can create new phenotypes . Epistasis can modify existing phenotypes .

which are sex-linked traits ? select all that apply

Duchenne muscular dystrophy red-green color blindness

Which of the following statements about polygenic inheritance are true ? Select all that apply .

Each gene only contributes a small part to the phenotype . When a high number of genes is involved , the number of possible phenotypes is also high .

What statement is true about heterozygous organisms ?

Heterozygous organisms are more genetically diverse than homozygous organisms.

the process of cancer cells spreading to to parts of the body is called _____________

Metastasis

What is an effect that results when two genes are located side by side on the same chromosome ?

Punnett squares can give incorrect predictions of inheritance.

what summarizes the RNA world hypothesis ?

RNA was the first biomolecule to evolve and did so before DNA and proteins .

which statement is true about recessive traits ?

Recessive traits can only be expressed with recessive alleles

which of these diseases are examples of autosomal recessive human genetic disorders ? select all that apply .

Tay-Sachs disease cystic fibrosis sickle cell anemia

why might a Punnett square predicting the results of a dihybrid cross give incorrect results ?

The two genes are on the same chromosome, making some combinations less likely than others .

Mendel crossed a tall pea plant with a short pea plant . All the offspring in the first generation were tall pea plants . How did Mendel explain why all the offspring were tall pea plants ?

Two factors affect the height trait of pea plants . One of the factors is dominant over the other .

which option correctly replaces X and Y ? the Miller-Urey experiment resulted in the formation of several X molecules that are the basis for Y .

X: amino acid Y: proteins

replace X and Y to make the statement correct . in X , the instructions on the DNA are copied and transcribed onto a molecule of Y RNA . which terms correctly complete this statement ?

X: transcription Y: messenger

what is a major risk associated with cloning plants and animals for agriculture ?

cloned organisms are susceptible to diseases .

what ecological level is more specific than an ecosystem but less specific than a population ?

community

overproduction results in more individuals in a population than the resources can support . what does this cause ?

competition

what is the name for an organism that eats producers ?

primary consumer

the greenhouse effect causes an increase in Earth's _[blank]_ .

temperature

A dihybrid cross experiment is carried out in pea plants . Which statements are true ? Select all that apply .

the f1 generation will all have both dominant phenotypes . the f2 generation will be a mixture of four different phenotypes .

which procedure would help ensure that a new piece of DNA can be inserted inside a bacterial plasmid when the two are mixed together ?

the fragment and plasmid are both cut with the same restriction enzyme .

What is an example of an environmental effect on phenotype ?

the gender of sea turtles being affected by the temperature