Biology Ch 10

Select all of the characteristics of growth factors.

-Each growth factor is recognized by a specific cell surface receptor. -Over 300 growth factors have been identified that can be grouped into 30 families.

A nondividing nucleus typically contains active and inactive domains of chromatin. The active domains are referred to as _____ , while the inactive ones are called _____.

euchromatin heterochromatin

One complete set of chromosomes necessary to define an organism is also known as the _____ number of chromosomes.

haploid (23)

During cell division, chromatin becomes increasingly more condensed with one of the highest states of condensation seen in X-shaped metaphase chromosomes. In these structures, DNA is organized _____.

on a protein scaffold

In bacterial cells, the replication of DNA begins at a specific site called the _____ of replication, and proceeds in both directions around the circular DNA until a specific _____ site is reached.

origin termination

During the formation of the spindle apparatus which of the following must break down?

plasma membrane

Growth factors bind to which part of the cell?

plasma membrane

Condensation of chromosomes continues throughout which phase of mitosis?

prophase

Two centriole pairs establish a bridge of microtubules which form the _____ _____ during prophase.

spindle apparatus

On this diagram of chromosome replication in a eukaryotic cell, the arrows labeled with the letter A point to ______.

the kinetochores

Place the events that occur during the action of a growth factor on a target cell in the correct order, starting at the top.

1. Growth factor binds 2 growth factor receptpr intiates 3. a protein kinase 4. G1 cyclins

Place the events in the order they occur (starting at the top) during the segregation of bacterial chromosomes during binary division.

1. Replication begins 2. Origins move 3. The entire replicated chromosomes move 4. Two new nucleoids 5. Chromosomes untangle

Animal embryonic cells complete the cell cycle in less than _____ minutes. The shortest cell cycle is found in embryonic cells of the fruit flies: ______ minutes.

20 8

Match the letters to the chromosomal structures they indicate.

A: Homologue B: Kinetochore C: Cohesin complex D. Sister Chromatid

Histone proteins have a positive charge due to an abundance of which of the following amino acids?

Arginine Lysine

Which histone interacts with the linker DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome?

H1

Which are the 4 core histones of the nucleosome?

H2A H3 H4 H2B

In a cell's life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?

G1

Fruit flies have the shortest known animal cell cycle because they lack which of the following stages?

G1 G2

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the name of the phase that occurs after the replication of DNA and before the start of mitosis?

G2

In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following?

Interphase

Choose the correct features of the nucleosome core particle.

It contains 147 bp of DNA. The DNA is wrapped in 1.7 left-handed turns around the nucleosome protein core. The nucleosome core particle has a diameter of about 10 nm.

If the sister chromatids are attached to microtubules from the same polar region of the cell, which of the following is/are likely to occur?

One daughter cell will receive both of the sister chromatids Failure of the sister chromatids to separate

The group of proteins involved in the compaction and organization of bacterial DNA in the nucleoid is called _____ maintenance of _____ proteins.

Structural chromosome

Which statement accurately compares chromatin condensation in dividing and nondividing cells?

The chromatin of a cell undergoing division is more condensed than the chromatin of a nondividing cell.

APC/C marks mitotic cyclins for destruction by adding _____ to them.

ubiquitin

Condensin and cohesin are SMC proteins that _____

can induce DNA to form loops

Mammalian cells in tissue culture grow to a single layer because when cells come into contact, a signal transduction pathways is triggered that results in the inhibition of the action of _____.

cdks

The cell cycle of multicellular eukaryotes is regulated by several_____ and many different ____ signals.

cdks external

Which structures, typical of animal cells, are replicated during the G2 phase?

centrioles

In eukaryotic chromatin, topologically associated domains (TADs) are composed of loops of DNA that are anchored by two proteins: the CTCF and the _____ complex of proteins.

cohesin

When DNA replicates, the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins?

cohesins

During cell division in both bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells, genetic information is _____ and segregated and the contents of the cell are divided between the daughter cells.

copied

The division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells is referred to as _____.

cytokinesis

The _____ protein is necessary for septation and cell division in bacteria.

FtsZ

Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis?

Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following does not occur during the mitosis phase of the cell cycle?

Replication of Chromosomes

Replication of each chromosome and its centromere takes place during the _____ phase to produce two complete DNA molecules.

S

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?

S phase

Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis?

animal

The radial arrangement of microtubules around the polar centrioles in an animal cell is called a(n) _____.

aster

During the five phases of _____, the replicated genetic material is partitioned into _____ new nuclei.

mitosis two

The cells of many eukaryotic organisms contain two sets of chromosomes and are said to contain a _____ number of chromosomes.

diploid (46)

Nucleosomes are composed of _____ and _____ proteins.

dna histone

The inactive domains of chromatin in a nondividing nucleus are referred to as _____.

heterochromatin

In a diploid eukaryotic cell, a pair of chromosomes, one maternal and the other paternal, are known as being _____ chromosomes. Each chromosome in a pair is termed a(n) ______.

homologous homologue

During _____, which includes the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the cell grows and chromosomes replicate in preparation for cell division.

interphase

A visual representation of the number, size, and shape of chromosomes is called a _____.

karyotype

During prometaphase, sister chromatids attach to the spindle by their _____, which are attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid.

kinetochores

In a eukaryotic cell, each nucleosome core is separated from the next one by a variable length of DNA of 20-80 bp called _____ dna.

linker

The structural maintenance of chromosome proteins condensin and cohesin interact with DNA and seem to be able to induce it to form _____.

loops

The _____ plate is an imaginary plane halfway between the poles along which chromosomes align during mitosis.

metaphase

The spreading of cancer cells from the original tumor where they were produced to other areas of the body is called

metastasis

In the cell cycle, the M phase consists of _____ (division of the nucleus) and _____ (the cell divides into two daughter cells).

mitosis cytokinesis