Biology CH 12: Quiz

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

0.04

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

0.64

The scientist who published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 was

Charles Darwin

Which of the following is defined as genetic change in a population from generation to generation?

Evolution

Evolution occurs in individuals, not populations.

False

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

False

What did the researchers conclude based on the data shown in figure (b)?

Harvesting fish in a slot limit led to an increase in average size over time.

Although an "obvious" extension of evolutionary theory, evolution does not address

How life began

One concern of conservation biologists is that endangered species will have low genetic diversity due to a small population size. Why is this a concern?

If a disease occurs in the population, there may not be organisms with resistant alleles.

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females. While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating, what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats.

True

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

True

Evolution does answer the question as to how life originally began.

True

In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

True

Nonrandom mating, gene flow, and genetic drift are mechanisms of microevolution.

True

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to find mates.

True

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

True

Today, 40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one.

True

The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s, and has since recovered, but with decreased genetic diversity. This is an example of

a bottleneck effect

In figure (b), what was the independent variable?

age of fish

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.

A cigarette smoker with lung cancer will not pass any smoking-induced lung cancer mutations to his children because the smoking-induced mutations

are in somatic cells

Farmers and horticulturalists have bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

artificial selection

Which of the following is not a type of natural selection?

artificial selection

A population declines when

death rate exceeds reproductive rate.

Historically, fishermen kept larger adult fish and left smaller adult fish. Over time, the average size of the fish would

decrease by natural selection

A gradual change in an organism, from an ancestral type, was referred to by Darwin as

descent with modification.

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to ________ selection for longer-necked giraffes.

directional

In ________ selection, one extreme phenotype is the fittest while others are selected against.

directional

In ________ selection, individuals with two or more extreme fit phenotypes and selects against the intermediate phenotype.

disruptive

Ancestors of the Galàpagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle, other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ________ among the Galàpagos finches.

disruptive selection

If an environment changes rapidly, individual organisms with ________ will likely survive and reproduce.

existing beneficial mutations

Small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves, are referred to as the

founder effect

The few ancestors of the Galàpagos finches who colonized the islands would be an example of

founder effect

The collection of genes and the corresponding alleles is a population's

gene pool

In Africa and other parts of the world, malaria parasites can cause deadly illness. Individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia can produce a resistance to the malaria infection. This is known as

heterozygote advantage.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, 2pq represents the frequency of

heterozygous individuals.

Natural selection acts on the genetic makeup of

individuals

Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that

individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive and reproduce.

Which of the following is not an assumption in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and will result in a change in allele frequency?

individuals immigrate or emigrate

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

intelligence

Alleles conferring red plumage to male cardinals are common because red plumage

is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate.

The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that occurs when

many members of a population die.

A population with small changes in allele frequencies is called

microevolution

The Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus, and read by Darwin, stated that

organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together, this leads to ________ for babies of average birth weight.

stabilizing selection

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

stabilizing selection

In figure (a), what was the dependent variable?

the mean weight of harvested fish