Biology Ch 4 Cells and Energy

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Both types of chlorophyll do what?

-Absorb red and blue wavelengths -neither absorb much green, but reflect it.

What are 2 other names for the light-independent reaction?

-Calvin Cycle -Dark reaction

The 3 types of molecules

-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins

What is Proteins role in ATP production?

-Molecules least likely to be broken down -Store about the same amount of energy as Carbs

What is Carbohydrates role in ATP production?

-Molecules most commonly broken down -Glucose yields about 36 ATP -4 calories per MG

What is Lipids role in ATP production?

-Molecules that store most of the energy in a person's body -Triglyceride yields about 146 ATP -9 calories per MG

Name two pigments and plants

-chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b

Types of chlorophyll:

-chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b

What are 3 enviornmental factors that effect photosynthesis

-temp -carbon dioxide (CO2) -Light intensity

How many phosphate groups does ADP have?

2

How many phosphate groups does ATP have?

3

The prefix 𝘵𝘳𝘪- means "three," and the prefix 𝘥𝘪- means "two." Therefore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has___________phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has __________ phosphate groups.

3 ; 2

Carbohydrates have up to ______ ATP from one glucose molecule.

36

What is the equation of the overall process for light-independent?

6CO2+6H2O-----C6H12O6+6O2

The two reactants it the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _____________.

6O2 ; 6H2O

_____ percent of the energy in your body is fat

80

What is the fourth step of the photosynthetic process?

A six-carbon simple sugar (usually glucose; C6H12O6) is formed.

________ is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

ADP

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ________.

ATP

The light-dependent reactions produce_______.

ATP

________ transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.

ATP

The two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are _______ and ___________

ATP and NADPH

What are the two energy carriers?

ATP and NADPH

__________________ is an enzyme that makes ATP as ions flow through the channel.

ATP synthase

What does ADP stand for?

Adenosine Diphosphate

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

_________________ are not usually needed for energy

Amino Acids

The two products in the photosynthesis equation are _______________ and ___________.

C6H12O6 ; 6CO2

Reactant that sugar is made of?

CO2

In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.....

CO2 enters the Calvin Cycle and sugars are made.

What is not stored in large amounts?

Carbohydrates

______________________ are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.

Carbohydrates

What is the third step of the photosynthetic process?

Carbon dioxide is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger molecules.

What phrase best describes the function of the ATP molecule?

Carries energy

_______________ is a molecule that absorbs light energy.

Chlorophyll

In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called _______________.

Chloroplasts

Energized electrons enter _____________________________.

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Chlorophyll absorbs ______________.

Energy

______________is released when a phosphate group is removed.

Energy

The fourth thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.

Energy added from breakdown of carbon-based molecules, phosphate added.

What is the second step of the photosynthetic process?

Energy carried along the thylakoid membrane is transferred to molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions.

What is the first step of the photosynthetic process?

Energy from sunlight is absorbed and transferred along the thylakoid membrane. Water molecules are broken down and oxygen is released.

________ store the most energy.

Fats

The first thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.

High energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What ions get pumped across the thylakoid membrane?

Hydrogen

___________________ are transported across thylakoid membrane.

Hydrogen Ions

The third thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.

Lower energy adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦 / 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘦 that transfers energy from the breakdown of 𝘈𝘋𝘗 / 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘴 to cell processes.

Molecule ; Food molecules

Energized electrons are used to make __________.

NADPH

___________ is an energy carrying molecule, which is formed from adding e- to NADP+

NADPH

ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘱𝘩𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘱 / 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦.

Phosphate group

The second thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.

Phosphate removed, energy released

____________________ captures energy from sunlight to make chemical energy. (sugars)

Photosynthesis

_______________________ captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules.

Photosystem I

____________________ captures and transfers energy.

Photosystem II

______________ make their own source of chemical energy (Food) (autotroph)

Producers

______________ are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.

Proteins

What is a grana?

Stacks of thylakoids (Stack of pancakes)

What enzyme makes ATP?

Synthase

What is the relationship between the photosystems and the Calvin cycle?

The photosystems transfers energy to the Calvin cycle through ATP and NADPH

What is true about all cells?

They use chemical energy

_______ and _____________ are needed with light dependent reactions.

Water and Sunlight

Is chemosynthesis similar to photosynthesis?

Yes

What is the Calvin cycle?

a) carbon dioxide molecules enters the cycle b) energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged c) a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle d) two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar (glucose) e) remaining molecules stay in the cycle

Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows? a) Because many enzymes are added to the reactants to make the products. b) Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.

b) Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.

The first stage of photosynthesis _____________ and ____________ energy.

captures and transfers

The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert _____________________ into sugars

carbon dioxide

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis need

carbon dioxide

Chemosynthesis uses _____________ energy instead of light energy.

chemical

Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 for themselves and for other organisms .

chemical

The _______________ energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.

chemical

The light-independent reactions use energy to build a sugar in a cycle ______________ reactions.

chemical

Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 instead of 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 to make energy storing carbon-based molecules.

chemical ; light

The prefix 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘰- means "chemical," and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together." Therefore, chemosynthesis means "to put together with chemicals." In chemosynthesis, _________________ energy is used to produce carbon-based _________________ that store energy.

chemical ; molecules

What is a source of energy used in chemosynthesis

chemical compounds

In ___________________, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.

chemosynthesis

The main light-absorbing molecules found in plant leaves are called

chlorophyll

What are thylakoids?

coined-shaped structures (pancake)

Would low temp increase or decrease photosynthesis?

decrease

The light-independent reactions require 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘥𝘰 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵, and they build 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘴 / 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺.

do not require light / sugars

The prefix 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘵𝘰- means "light", and synthesis means "to put together." During photosynthesis, ____________ from light is used to put together______________(food)

energy ; sugar

A molecule of ____________ is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.

glucose

Thylakoids are coined-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the ______________.

grana

The prefix 𝘤𝘩𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘰- means "green," and the suffix 𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘭𝘭- means "leaf." Therefore, chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look_________.

green

Energy is released from an ATP molecule for cellular processes when it

has a phosphate group removed.

ATP is a 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 molecule that is converted into 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.

high energy ; lower energy

The light-________________ reactions need carbon dioxide from the atmoshpere.

independent

The light-dependent reactions require 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘥𝘰 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵, and they absorb and transfer 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘴 / 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺

light ; energy

the __________________ reactions capture energy from sunlight

light dependent

Photosynthesis captures 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 to make sugars that store 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺

light energy ; chemical energy

NADPH is transferred to ___________________ reactions.

light-independent

____________ is released as waste.

oxygen

Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where ______________________ takes place in plants.

photosynthesis

The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called ____________________.

photosystems

What is the term for an organism that makes its own source of chemical energy

producer

Photosynthetic organisms are _______________.

producers

The electron transport chain is a series of 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘴 / 𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘣𝘰𝘩𝘺𝘥𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘴 in the thylakoid membrane along which energized electrons travel.

proteins

When light hits plants what colors are absorbed?

red and blue

The ____________________ of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars.

second stage

Light-independent reactions occur in the __________ and use CO2 molecules.

stroma

The light-independent reactions take place in the ___________.

stroma

The light-independent reactions make _____________.

sugars

Ultimate source of energy is the ______

sun

Chloroplasts absorb _____________ and store chemical energy

sunlight

The first part of an enzyme's name tells you about its function. All enzymes end with the suffix -ase. Therefore, ATP synthase is an enzyme that 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘴 / 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘴 ATP.

synthesizes

Where does the Chemical energy to produce ATP come from?

the breakdown of carbon-based molecules into smaller molecules

What is a stoma?

the fluid inside the chloroplast (syrup)

Energy is transferred along the _______________ membrane then to light-independent reactions.

thylakoid

Hydrogen ions flow through a protein channel in the _______________ membrane

thylakoid

Light dependent reactions takes place in the ________________.

thylakoids

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplast: the _______________ and the _____________.

thylakoids ; stroma

Photosynthesis takes place in ________ parts of chloroplasts.

two

Chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘵 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵

visible light

Where do the hydrogen ions for the photosynthesis of the light-dependent reactions come from?

water

The word cycle tells you that the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle go from one to another 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘯𝘥 / 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘯𝘰 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘥.

with no beginning or end


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