Biology Ch 4 Cells and Energy
Both types of chlorophyll do what?
-Absorb red and blue wavelengths -neither absorb much green, but reflect it.
What are 2 other names for the light-independent reaction?
-Calvin Cycle -Dark reaction
The 3 types of molecules
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins
What is Proteins role in ATP production?
-Molecules least likely to be broken down -Store about the same amount of energy as Carbs
What is Carbohydrates role in ATP production?
-Molecules most commonly broken down -Glucose yields about 36 ATP -4 calories per MG
What is Lipids role in ATP production?
-Molecules that store most of the energy in a person's body -Triglyceride yields about 146 ATP -9 calories per MG
Name two pigments and plants
-chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b
Types of chlorophyll:
-chlorophyll a -chlorophyll b
What are 3 enviornmental factors that effect photosynthesis
-temp -carbon dioxide (CO2) -Light intensity
How many phosphate groups does ADP have?
2
How many phosphate groups does ATP have?
3
The prefix 𝘵𝘳𝘪- means "three," and the prefix 𝘥𝘪- means "two." Therefore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has___________phosphate groups, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has __________ phosphate groups.
3 ; 2
Carbohydrates have up to ______ ATP from one glucose molecule.
36
What is the equation of the overall process for light-independent?
6CO2+6H2O-----C6H12O6+6O2
The two reactants it the photosynthesis equation are _________ and _____________.
6O2 ; 6H2O
_____ percent of the energy in your body is fat
80
What is the fourth step of the photosynthetic process?
A six-carbon simple sugar (usually glucose; C6H12O6) is formed.
________ is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
ADP
Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ________.
ATP
The light-dependent reactions produce_______.
ATP
________ transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
ATP
The two molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions are _______ and ___________
ATP and NADPH
What are the two energy carriers?
ATP and NADPH
__________________ is an enzyme that makes ATP as ions flow through the channel.
ATP synthase
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
_________________ are not usually needed for energy
Amino Acids
The two products in the photosynthesis equation are _______________ and ___________.
C6H12O6 ; 6CO2
Reactant that sugar is made of?
CO2
In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.....
CO2 enters the Calvin Cycle and sugars are made.
What is not stored in large amounts?
Carbohydrates
______________________ are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
Carbohydrates
What is the third step of the photosynthetic process?
Carbon dioxide is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger molecules.
What phrase best describes the function of the ATP molecule?
Carries energy
_______________ is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
Chlorophyll
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called _______________.
Chloroplasts
Energized electrons enter _____________________________.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Chlorophyll absorbs ______________.
Energy
______________is released when a phosphate group is removed.
Energy
The fourth thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.
Energy added from breakdown of carbon-based molecules, phosphate added.
What is the second step of the photosynthetic process?
Energy carried along the thylakoid membrane is transferred to molecules that carry energy to the light-independent reactions.
What is the first step of the photosynthetic process?
Energy from sunlight is absorbed and transferred along the thylakoid membrane. Water molecules are broken down and oxygen is released.
________ store the most energy.
Fats
The first thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.
High energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What ions get pumped across the thylakoid membrane?
Hydrogen
___________________ are transported across thylakoid membrane.
Hydrogen Ions
The third thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.
Lower energy adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
All cells use adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. ATP is a 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦 / 𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘯𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘦 that transfers energy from the breakdown of 𝘈𝘋𝘗 / 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦𝘴 to cell processes.
Molecule ; Food molecules
Energized electrons are used to make __________.
NADPH
___________ is an energy carrying molecule, which is formed from adding e- to NADP+
NADPH
ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘱𝘩𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘱 / 𝘧𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘮𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘦.
Phosphate group
The second thing that happens in the cycle in the relationship between ATP and ADP.
Phosphate removed, energy released
____________________ captures energy from sunlight to make chemical energy. (sugars)
Photosynthesis
_______________________ captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules.
Photosystem I
____________________ captures and transfers energy.
Photosystem II
______________ make their own source of chemical energy (Food) (autotroph)
Producers
______________ are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
Proteins
What is a grana?
Stacks of thylakoids (Stack of pancakes)
What enzyme makes ATP?
Synthase
What is the relationship between the photosystems and the Calvin cycle?
The photosystems transfers energy to the Calvin cycle through ATP and NADPH
What is true about all cells?
They use chemical energy
_______ and _____________ are needed with light dependent reactions.
Water and Sunlight
Is chemosynthesis similar to photosynthesis?
Yes
What is the Calvin cycle?
a) carbon dioxide molecules enters the cycle b) energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged c) a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle d) two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar (glucose) e) remaining molecules stay in the cycle
Why is the photosynthesis equation often written with several arrows? a) Because many enzymes are added to the reactants to make the products. b) Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.
b) Because many chemical reactions occur with the help of many enzymes.
The first stage of photosynthesis _____________ and ____________ energy.
captures and transfers
The Calvin cycle uses energy from the light-dependent reactions to convert _____________________ into sugars
carbon dioxide
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis need
carbon dioxide
Chemosynthesis uses _____________ energy instead of light energy.
chemical
Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 for themselves and for other organisms .
chemical
The _______________ energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
chemical
The light-independent reactions use energy to build a sugar in a cycle ______________ reactions.
chemical
Chemosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 instead of 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 to make energy storing carbon-based molecules.
chemical ; light
The prefix 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘰- means "chemical," and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together." Therefore, chemosynthesis means "to put together with chemicals." In chemosynthesis, _________________ energy is used to produce carbon-based _________________ that store energy.
chemical ; molecules
What is a source of energy used in chemosynthesis
chemical compounds
In ___________________, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
chemosynthesis
The main light-absorbing molecules found in plant leaves are called
chlorophyll
What are thylakoids?
coined-shaped structures (pancake)
Would low temp increase or decrease photosynthesis?
decrease
The light-independent reactions require 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘥𝘰 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵, and they build 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘴 / 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺.
do not require light / sugars
The prefix 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘵𝘰- means "light", and synthesis means "to put together." During photosynthesis, ____________ from light is used to put together______________(food)
energy ; sugar
A molecule of ____________ is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
glucose
Thylakoids are coined-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments inside the ______________.
grana
The prefix 𝘤𝘩𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘰- means "green," and the suffix 𝘱𝘩𝘺𝘭𝘭- means "leaf." Therefore, chlorophyll is the light-absorbing molecule that makes leaves look_________.
green
Energy is released from an ATP molecule for cellular processes when it
has a phosphate group removed.
ATP is a 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 molecule that is converted into 𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released.
high energy ; lower energy
The light-________________ reactions need carbon dioxide from the atmoshpere.
independent
The light-dependent reactions require 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘥𝘰 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘳𝘦𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵, and they absorb and transfer 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘴 / 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺
light ; energy
the __________________ reactions capture energy from sunlight
light dependent
Photosynthesis captures 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 to make sugars that store 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺 / 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘨𝘺
light energy ; chemical energy
NADPH is transferred to ___________________ reactions.
light-independent
____________ is released as waste.
oxygen
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles where ______________________ takes place in plants.
photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called ____________________.
photosystems
What is the term for an organism that makes its own source of chemical energy
producer
Photosynthetic organisms are _______________.
producers
The electron transport chain is a series of 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘴 / 𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘣𝘰𝘩𝘺𝘥𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘴 in the thylakoid membrane along which energized electrons travel.
proteins
When light hits plants what colors are absorbed?
red and blue
The ____________________ of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars.
second stage
Light-independent reactions occur in the __________ and use CO2 molecules.
stroma
The light-independent reactions take place in the ___________.
stroma
The light-independent reactions make _____________.
sugars
Ultimate source of energy is the ______
sun
Chloroplasts absorb _____________ and store chemical energy
sunlight
The first part of an enzyme's name tells you about its function. All enzymes end with the suffix -ase. Therefore, ATP synthase is an enzyme that 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘴 / 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘤𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘻𝘦𝘴 ATP.
synthesizes
Where does the Chemical energy to produce ATP come from?
the breakdown of carbon-based molecules into smaller molecules
What is a stoma?
the fluid inside the chloroplast (syrup)
Energy is transferred along the _______________ membrane then to light-independent reactions.
thylakoid
Hydrogen ions flow through a protein channel in the _______________ membrane
thylakoid
Light dependent reactions takes place in the ________________.
thylakoids
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplast: the _______________ and the _____________.
thylakoids ; stroma
Photosynthesis takes place in ________ parts of chloroplasts.
two
Chlorophyll is a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 / 𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘪𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘵 𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵
visible light
Where do the hydrogen ions for the photosynthesis of the light-dependent reactions come from?
water
The word cycle tells you that the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle go from one to another 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘯 𝘦𝘯𝘥 / 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘯𝘰 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘳 𝘦𝘯𝘥.
with no beginning or end