Biology, Chapter 1-4 Exam Review

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List the 4 emergent Properties:

1. Cohesion and Adhesion 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent

What are the 2 main points of the Origin of Species(Charles Darwin Theory)

1. Descent with modification from a common ancestor (we are a modification of what our ancestors were) 2. Process=Natural selection(the environment selects ex. unity and diversity among birds)

What are the following taxonomic terms in the correct order from the most inclusive (at the top) to least inclusive (at the bottom).

1. Domain 2. kingdom 3. phylum 4. class 5. order 6. family 7. genus 8. species

List the levels of biological organization

1. biosphere 2. ecosystems 3. communities 4. populations 5. organisms 6. organ systems and organs 7. tissues 8. cells 9. organelles 10. molecules

What are the characteristics of life?

1. organization 2. regulation 3. energy processing 4. evolutionary adaptation 5. response to the environment 6. reproduction 7. Growth and development

What is The number of valence (outermost) electron in each orbital?

2 in the 1st orbital, 8 in the 2nd orbital, and 8 in the 3rd orbital

Name the proton donor that releases H+

Acids

Favorable mutations may produce BLANK , characteristics that help an organism survive longer or reproduce more successfully under a particular set of environmental conditions.

Adaptation

Describe Cryptic Coloration.

Adaptations that reduce the likelihood of being captured by a predator

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances. Unlike molecules water, to CO2 Clinging of water molecules to other surfaces (ex. To plant cell walls)

A water small from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?

Archaea

Which types of cells utilize DNA as their genetic material but do not have their DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope?

Archaea

Who came up with the theory of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

The origin and inheritance of new variations arise from the structure and variability of .

DNA

The presence of BLANK distinguishes living systems from nonliving matter.

DNA

molecule which distinguishes living systems from nonliving systems and serve as the hereditary material

DNA

Evaporative cooing

Evaporation: liquid to a gas Evaporative cooling occurs when water evaporates and the surface is cooled Evaporative cooling stabilizes temperatures in organisms and bodies of water (Ex. Sweating)

Populations of living organisms change from one generation to the next in a process called biological

Evolution

The process of natural selection results in

Evolutionary change

True or False: Atoms with the outermost energy level completely filled with electrons are reactive

False: Atoms with the outermost energy level filled of electrons are unreactive while atoms that are not completely filled with electrons are reactive

True or False: Most organisms can produce numerous offspring, but genetic factors limit the number that actually survive and reproduce.

False: Environmental factors limit the number of offspring that are able to survive and reproduce

True or False: Natural selection involves differential reproductive success

False: Natural Selection requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success

True or False:The isotopes of an atom differ in both physical and chemical properties

False: The isotopes of an atom differ in physical but NOT chemical properties

True or False: The atomic mass equals the number of electrons in that atom

False: the atomic mass equals the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus

How is radioactivity used?

For medicine: Diagnosing medical disorders through imaging (Radioactive iodine is used to diagnose thyroid health PET SCAN: detects levels of intense chemical activity in the body (hot spots)- Also used to detect the age of trees. Estimate age of organic materials, rocks or fossils.

What is the cation formed when water dissociates

H+

BLANK variations allow some individuals to compete more successfully for space, food, and mates.

Heritable

BLANK is a steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment.

Homeostasis

What is a question that would classify basic research?

How did life begin?

Due to a sudden hormonal imbalance, a patients blood was tested and shown to have a ph of 7.5. What does this ph value mean?

It represents a weak alkaline fluid

Oxygen (O) is a BLANK; the oxygen we breathe (O2) is a BLANK; and the carbon dioxide (CO2) we exhale is a BLANK

O= element, O2= molecule, CO2= compound

Bonds that hold an atom together within a water molecule

Polar covalent bond

molecule that directs the production of protein

RNA

True or False: A compound is a molecule composed of two or more different atoms

True

True or False: Artificial selection refers to the manipulation of traits in domesticated animals and plants.

True

True or False: Atoms are the building blocks of elements

True

True or False: Atoms combine chemically in fixed numbers and ratios to form molecules of living and nonliving matter

True

True or False: Because of the spacing in an ice lattice, solid water is less dense than liquid water.

True

True or False: DNA is a common factor in the process of evolution

True

True or False: Electrons can absorb energy and release it (Potential and Kinetic Energy)

True

True or False: Hydrogen bonds between water molecules produce a water lattice .

True

True or False: Mutations are the random changes in DNA structure.

True

True or False: The chemical activities of atoms are determined largely by the number of electrons in the outermost energy level

True

True or False: The high resistance of water molecules to separation, a consequence of the hydrogen-bond lattice, is known as internal cohesion

True

True or false: The water lattice excludes non polar substances

True

True or False: Energy of the electron is due to the location of that electron

True: Farthest from the electron = greater energy

True or False: When an element s radioactive it is also unstable

True: Radioactive means unstable. (unstable to the point where it is shooting off electrons/protons)

True or False: Reproduction allows evolution to occur

Ture: With out reproduction nothing would evolve

A hydrogen bond is...

a bond between a hydrogen atom already covalently bound one atom and made partially positive by unequal electron sharing with another atom

All the trees, fungi, animals, bacteria, etc. on your campus make up...

a community

Houseflies develop through a series of programmed stages from egg to larva, to pupa to flying adult. This series of stages is called:

a life cycle

When electrons are shared equally between atoms they form...

a non polar covalent bond

Which structure allows living organisms to detect changes in the environment?

a receptor

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

Trace element

an element that occurs in organisms in very small quantities (less than 0.01%); in nutrition, a mineral required by organisms only in small amounts (ex. iron, iodine)

Bonds

an energy relationship that forms two or more compounds

Bases

are substances that decrease the H+ ions concentration by gathering H+ ions or releasing OH- ions as they dissolve

Acids

are substances that increase the H+ions concentration by releasing additional H+ ions as they dissolve in water

Isotopes

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

Prokaryotes are classified belonging to which two different domains?

bacteria and arachaea

the collection of all of the earth's ecosystems

biosphere

What os the lowest level of biological organization biologists consider to be alive?

cell

a group of organisms with a common ancestor

clade

The collection of all the populations living in the same place forms a

community

study of groups of organisms interacting with one another and their nonliving environment

ecology

Characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter, but do not exist at lower levels of organization, are called

emergent properties

covalent bond

established by a pair of electrons shared between two atoms(equally shared-nonploar covalent bond/unequally shared polar covalent bond)

ionic bond

forms between atoms that gain or lose an electrons in the outermost energy level completely

What are some properties of water?

has a high heat of vaporization, its molecules can resist separation(cohesion), it has the ability to stick charged and polar groups in molecules (adhesion, it can form hydrogen bonds to a molecule below but not above its surface

The specific BLANK of water is measured in calories.

heat

Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification that stated that organisms of a particular species adapted to their environment when they possess...

heritable traits that enhances their survival and reproductive succession the local environment,

Water's stabilizing lattice structure gives it a BLANK specific heat.

high

What does it mean when a hypothesis must be falsifiable?

if the hypothesis is wrong, scientist must be able to demonstrate that it is wrong

The transmission of DNA from one generation to the next is called

inheritance

Lack of this trace element can lead to thyroid disfunction

iodine

Radon

is a radioactive element

Which of the following characteristics would not qualify an animal as a model organism?

it has unique genes and unusual cells

Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys Stomaches

kingdom, phylum, class, order , family, genus, species

The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is...

light energy

Surface Tension

measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid (related to cohesion)

bilayer

molecular arrangement of phospholipid molecules in water

What is not a component of Darwins theory as he understood it?

mutations in genes produce new variations in a population

Bonds formed with equal sharing of electrons

non polar covalent bond

Decay

occurs when an element becomes unstable. The element will continue to decay until it becomes stable again

Which category false immediately below "class" in the systematic hierarchy?

order

In taxonomic grouping, a class has fewer number of organisms than...

phylum

All the white-tailed deer living in Edinboro is called a...

population

animal-like unicellular organisms

protozoan

buffers

regulate ph by absorbing or releasing H+ ions to compensate for changes in the H+ concentration

Prior to developing the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin believed in BLANK the idea that living organisms were placed on Earth in their present numbers and did not change.

special creation

Buffering capacity

stable range over which the ph of a solution does not change

buffers

substances that maintain the ph of a solution

Valence electrons

the electron that will determine whether they will react (the electrons that will determine whether a reaction will take place or balance will occur)

The chemical activity of an atom depends on...

the electrons in the outer most energy level

Electronegativity

the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons

hydration layer

water molecules that surround ions or molecules in a solution

Vn der Waals forces

weaker than hydrogen bonds, and form when regions of positive and negative charge cause molecules to stick together briefly

Cohesion

when molecules cling/stick to one another tightly (often results in surface tension)

When do chemical reactions occur?

when molecules form or break chemical bonds


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