Biology, Chapter 1-4 Exam Review
List the 4 emergent Properties:
1. Cohesion and Adhesion 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent
What are the 2 main points of the Origin of Species(Charles Darwin Theory)
1. Descent with modification from a common ancestor (we are a modification of what our ancestors were) 2. Process=Natural selection(the environment selects ex. unity and diversity among birds)
What are the following taxonomic terms in the correct order from the most inclusive (at the top) to least inclusive (at the bottom).
1. Domain 2. kingdom 3. phylum 4. class 5. order 6. family 7. genus 8. species
List the levels of biological organization
1. biosphere 2. ecosystems 3. communities 4. populations 5. organisms 6. organ systems and organs 7. tissues 8. cells 9. organelles 10. molecules
What are the characteristics of life?
1. organization 2. regulation 3. energy processing 4. evolutionary adaptation 5. response to the environment 6. reproduction 7. Growth and development
What is The number of valence (outermost) electron in each orbital?
2 in the 1st orbital, 8 in the 2nd orbital, and 8 in the 3rd orbital
Name the proton donor that releases H+
Acids
Favorable mutations may produce BLANK , characteristics that help an organism survive longer or reproduce more successfully under a particular set of environmental conditions.
Adaptation
Describe Cryptic Coloration.
Adaptations that reduce the likelihood of being captured by a predator
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances. Unlike molecules water, to CO2 Clinging of water molecules to other surfaces (ex. To plant cell walls)
A water small from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification?
Archaea
Which types of cells utilize DNA as their genetic material but do not have their DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope?
Archaea
Who came up with the theory of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
The origin and inheritance of new variations arise from the structure and variability of .
DNA
The presence of BLANK distinguishes living systems from nonliving matter.
DNA
molecule which distinguishes living systems from nonliving systems and serve as the hereditary material
DNA
Evaporative cooing
Evaporation: liquid to a gas Evaporative cooling occurs when water evaporates and the surface is cooled Evaporative cooling stabilizes temperatures in organisms and bodies of water (Ex. Sweating)
Populations of living organisms change from one generation to the next in a process called biological
Evolution
The process of natural selection results in
Evolutionary change
True or False: Atoms with the outermost energy level completely filled with electrons are reactive
False: Atoms with the outermost energy level filled of electrons are unreactive while atoms that are not completely filled with electrons are reactive
True or False: Most organisms can produce numerous offspring, but genetic factors limit the number that actually survive and reproduce.
False: Environmental factors limit the number of offspring that are able to survive and reproduce
True or False: Natural selection involves differential reproductive success
False: Natural Selection requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success
True or False:The isotopes of an atom differ in both physical and chemical properties
False: The isotopes of an atom differ in physical but NOT chemical properties
True or False: The atomic mass equals the number of electrons in that atom
False: the atomic mass equals the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus
How is radioactivity used?
For medicine: Diagnosing medical disorders through imaging (Radioactive iodine is used to diagnose thyroid health PET SCAN: detects levels of intense chemical activity in the body (hot spots)- Also used to detect the age of trees. Estimate age of organic materials, rocks or fossils.
What is the cation formed when water dissociates
H+
BLANK variations allow some individuals to compete more successfully for space, food, and mates.
Heritable
BLANK is a steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment.
Homeostasis
What is a question that would classify basic research?
How did life begin?
Due to a sudden hormonal imbalance, a patients blood was tested and shown to have a ph of 7.5. What does this ph value mean?
It represents a weak alkaline fluid
Oxygen (O) is a BLANK; the oxygen we breathe (O2) is a BLANK; and the carbon dioxide (CO2) we exhale is a BLANK
O= element, O2= molecule, CO2= compound
Bonds that hold an atom together within a water molecule
Polar covalent bond
molecule that directs the production of protein
RNA
True or False: A compound is a molecule composed of two or more different atoms
True
True or False: Artificial selection refers to the manipulation of traits in domesticated animals and plants.
True
True or False: Atoms are the building blocks of elements
True
True or False: Atoms combine chemically in fixed numbers and ratios to form molecules of living and nonliving matter
True
True or False: Because of the spacing in an ice lattice, solid water is less dense than liquid water.
True
True or False: DNA is a common factor in the process of evolution
True
True or False: Electrons can absorb energy and release it (Potential and Kinetic Energy)
True
True or False: Hydrogen bonds between water molecules produce a water lattice .
True
True or False: Mutations are the random changes in DNA structure.
True
True or False: The chemical activities of atoms are determined largely by the number of electrons in the outermost energy level
True
True or False: The high resistance of water molecules to separation, a consequence of the hydrogen-bond lattice, is known as internal cohesion
True
True or false: The water lattice excludes non polar substances
True
True or False: Energy of the electron is due to the location of that electron
True: Farthest from the electron = greater energy
True or False: When an element s radioactive it is also unstable
True: Radioactive means unstable. (unstable to the point where it is shooting off electrons/protons)
True or False: Reproduction allows evolution to occur
Ture: With out reproduction nothing would evolve
A hydrogen bond is...
a bond between a hydrogen atom already covalently bound one atom and made partially positive by unequal electron sharing with another atom
All the trees, fungi, animals, bacteria, etc. on your campus make up...
a community
Houseflies develop through a series of programmed stages from egg to larva, to pupa to flying adult. This series of stages is called:
a life cycle
When electrons are shared equally between atoms they form...
a non polar covalent bond
Which structure allows living organisms to detect changes in the environment?
a receptor
hydrogen bond
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
Trace element
an element that occurs in organisms in very small quantities (less than 0.01%); in nutrition, a mineral required by organisms only in small amounts (ex. iron, iodine)
Bonds
an energy relationship that forms two or more compounds
Bases
are substances that decrease the H+ ions concentration by gathering H+ ions or releasing OH- ions as they dissolve
Acids
are substances that increase the H+ions concentration by releasing additional H+ ions as they dissolve in water
Isotopes
atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Prokaryotes are classified belonging to which two different domains?
bacteria and arachaea
the collection of all of the earth's ecosystems
biosphere
What os the lowest level of biological organization biologists consider to be alive?
cell
a group of organisms with a common ancestor
clade
The collection of all the populations living in the same place forms a
community
study of groups of organisms interacting with one another and their nonliving environment
ecology
Characteristics that depend on the level of organization of matter, but do not exist at lower levels of organization, are called
emergent properties
covalent bond
established by a pair of electrons shared between two atoms(equally shared-nonploar covalent bond/unequally shared polar covalent bond)
ionic bond
forms between atoms that gain or lose an electrons in the outermost energy level completely
What are some properties of water?
has a high heat of vaporization, its molecules can resist separation(cohesion), it has the ability to stick charged and polar groups in molecules (adhesion, it can form hydrogen bonds to a molecule below but not above its surface
The specific BLANK of water is measured in calories.
heat
Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for descent with modification that stated that organisms of a particular species adapted to their environment when they possess...
heritable traits that enhances their survival and reproductive succession the local environment,
Water's stabilizing lattice structure gives it a BLANK specific heat.
high
What does it mean when a hypothesis must be falsifiable?
if the hypothesis is wrong, scientist must be able to demonstrate that it is wrong
The transmission of DNA from one generation to the next is called
inheritance
Lack of this trace element can lead to thyroid disfunction
iodine
Radon
is a radioactive element
Which of the following characteristics would not qualify an animal as a model organism?
it has unique genes and unusual cells
Kings Play Chess On Fat Guys Stomaches
kingdom, phylum, class, order , family, genus, species
The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is...
light energy
Surface Tension
measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid (related to cohesion)
bilayer
molecular arrangement of phospholipid molecules in water
What is not a component of Darwins theory as he understood it?
mutations in genes produce new variations in a population
Bonds formed with equal sharing of electrons
non polar covalent bond
Decay
occurs when an element becomes unstable. The element will continue to decay until it becomes stable again
Which category false immediately below "class" in the systematic hierarchy?
order
In taxonomic grouping, a class has fewer number of organisms than...
phylum
All the white-tailed deer living in Edinboro is called a...
population
animal-like unicellular organisms
protozoan
buffers
regulate ph by absorbing or releasing H+ ions to compensate for changes in the H+ concentration
Prior to developing the theory of evolution, Charles Darwin believed in BLANK the idea that living organisms were placed on Earth in their present numbers and did not change.
special creation
Buffering capacity
stable range over which the ph of a solution does not change
buffers
substances that maintain the ph of a solution
Valence electrons
the electron that will determine whether they will react (the electrons that will determine whether a reaction will take place or balance will occur)
The chemical activity of an atom depends on...
the electrons in the outer most energy level
Electronegativity
the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
hydration layer
water molecules that surround ions or molecules in a solution
Vn der Waals forces
weaker than hydrogen bonds, and form when regions of positive and negative charge cause molecules to stick together briefly
Cohesion
when molecules cling/stick to one another tightly (often results in surface tension)
When do chemical reactions occur?
when molecules form or break chemical bonds
