Biology: Chapter 1 and 2

Due to its polarity, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?

Water's polarity allow it to dissolve ionic compounds and polar molecules

How does water's polarity affect its solubility?

breathing, growing and developing, digesting food, and etc

How humans release energy?

Level of organization of a protein

1. arrangements of amino acids 2. foiling and coiling of the polypeptide chain 3. complete 3-D arrangement of polypeptide chain 4. different polypeptides bonded to each other

pH, temperature, and regulatory molecule

What affect the activity of enzymes?

cellular basis of life, information and heredity, matter and energy, growth, development, reproduction, homeostasis, evolution, structure, function, unity and diversity of life, interdependence in nature, and science as a way of knowing

What are the central themes of biology?

made up of the basic unit (cells), grow and develop, genetic code, obtain and use materials, reproduce, respond to their environment, homeostasis (maintain stable environment), and change over time (evolve)

What characteristics do all living things share?

chemical reactions that absorb energy

What chemical reaction can't occur without a energy source?

chemical reactions that release energy

What chemical reaction often occur on their own?

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur

What elements does carbon bond with to make life's molecules?

from consuming organisms

Where does animals get their energy for their reactions?

sunlight

Where does plants get their energy for their reactions?

covalent bonds

a band when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

ionic bond

a bond when one or more electrons are transferred from atom to another

solution

a mixture that have materials evenly distributed

molecule

atoms joined by covalent bonds; smallest unit of most compounds

isotopes

atoms of the same elements that differ in the number of neutrons but have the same number of electrons and protons; elements that are this have the same chemical properties

hydrogen bond

attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge (usually the atom bonded is oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine)

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances; causes capillary action which causes water to rise and stick to the sides of glass in a graduated cylinder creating a meniscus

cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance; creates surface tension; this ability cause water molecules to be drawn together

atom

basic unit of matter

glycogen

carbohydrate; many animals including humans store excess sugar in this polysaccharide; similar to starch for plants in a way

starch

carbohydrate; most organisms (usually plants) store extra sugar as this complex carbohydrate; monomer of this molecule is glucose

cellulose

carbohydrate; polysaccharide utilized by plants to give plants strength and rigidity

glucose

carbohydrate; supplies for immediate energy for cell activities; breakdown of it=energy

sexual reproduction

cells from two parents unite to form the first cells of a new organism; Living things reproduce

nucleus

center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons

metabolism

combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials; Living things obtain and use materials and energy

Protein's tertiary structure

complete 3-D arrangement of polypeptide chain

disaccharide

compound made by two simple sugars joined together

acid

contains or forms more H+ ions in solution than hydroxide; have pH lower than 7 ex: Hydrochloric (the word)= produce by the stomach to help digest food

base

contains or forms more hydroxide (OH-) than H+ ions; have pH higher than 7

peptide bonds

covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form a polypeptide

energy change

determines whether a chemical reaction will occur

Protein's fourth structure

different polypeptides bonded together with respect to each other

products

elements or compounds that come out of a chemical reactions

reactants

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

activation energy

energy needed to get a reaction started

Protein's secondary structure

folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain

DNA

genetic code of a living being; All living beings need a universal genetic code

polysaccharide

large molecules formed from monosaccharides

steroids

lipids; hormones that are chemical messengers

Carbohydrates

macromolecule made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; used by living things as a source of energy and some animals, organisms, and plants for structural purposes

lipid

macromolecule mostly made out of carbon and hydrogen; this category includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; used to store energy; play an important role of biological membrane and waterproof coverings

proteins

macromolecule that contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; functional molecule built from one or more polypeptide; role: control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes and form cellular structures and others transport substances into or out of our cells and help fight diseases

nucleic acids

macromolecule that has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous; role: store and transmit hereditary, or genetic info. ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)

polymer

made up of monomers ex: a necklace made out of beads

homeostasis

maintaining internal environment; Living things maintain stable internal environment

mixture

material composed of two or more elements that are physically mixed together not chemically combined

pH (power of hydrogen)

measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution; the higher the number= more basic; the lower #= more acidic

suspension

mixture of water and non-dissolved materials as seen in blood

nucleotides

monomer of nucleic acids; consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base; some of its role (ex: ATP) play an important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy

amino acids

monomers of proteins; compounds with an amino group on the left and a carboxyl group on the right and a R group; R group is what determine the different types of this thing

electron

negatively charged particles in an atom

ions

positively and negatively charged particles

polymerization

process of a monomers joining to form a polymer

chemical reaction

process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

enzyme

proteins that act as biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells by lowering the activation energy in reactions

substrate

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

Protein's primary structure

sequence of its amino acid

stimulus

signal to which an organism responds to; Livings things respond environment

asexual reproduction

single organism produces offspring identicals to itself; Living things reproduce

monosaccharide

single sugar molecule ex: glucose and galactose

monomers

smaller unit of a polymer ex: beads of a necklace

proton, neutron, and electron

subatomic particles of an atom

solvent

substance in which the solute dissolves in

solute

substance that dissolves

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; work by lowering activation energy

Heat capacity of water

the hydrogen bonding of the water affects this attribute of water by requiring large amounts of heat energy in order to make the water molecules move faster

active site

the part of the enzyme where the substrate bind; substrate and active site have complementary shapes like a lock and key

buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and strong bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH; plays important role in homeostasis in organs

enzyme-substrate complex

when the substrate and enzyme are bonded together