Biology Chapter 12 Gene Expression
amino acid
A 3 base codon specifies an _____________
- different proteins - same gene
Alternative splicing allows __________ to be produced from the ____________
genes
DNA stores information in units called _______
non-template DNA strand
In the literature, the sequence of the ___________ is conventionally given
polypeptide
Most genes encode a ___________ (DNA → mRNA → polypeptide)
coding strand
Non-template strand is the _____
A
T pairs with ____
Codons
________________ are translated to a sequence of amino acids
mRNA
a copy of a gene that contains the information to make a polypeptide
Exons
are expressed regions
Introns
are intervening regions
Ribosomes
are the site of translation
tRNAs
carry the amino acid specified by the codon
Coding sequence
codons that determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Transcribed region
contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence
translation
produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA
transcription
produces an RNA copy of a gene
U
A pairs with ____
large subunit and small subunit
A ribosome has 2 subunits:
A site - Aminoacyl site P site - Peptidyl site E site - Exit site
A ribosome has 3 sites where tRNAs bind during translation... what are they?
different genes
Different cells express ____________ _____________
complementary tRNA anticodon
Each codon is recognized by a ____________
DNA to RNA to polypeptide
Flow of genetic material occurs from ______ to ______ to _________
C
G pairs with _____
transcription and translation
Gene expression involves the processes of _______ & ______
terminator sequence.
In bacteria DNA polymerase dissociates after the __________
polyA signal sequence.
In eukaryotes, DNA polymerase dissociates after the __________
Stop codon
Specifies STOP (UAA, UAG, UGA).
Regulatory sequence
Regulatory proteins bind and control the rate of transcription
ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and proteins
Ribosomes are composed of:
Gene
Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product
Terminator
Signals the end of transcription
RNA
Some genes encode a functional _______ molecule (e.g. DNA → ribosomal RNA)
non-coding strand
The DNA template strand is also called the _______
degenerate
The genetic code is ..........................
Promoter
The region where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription
more than one
The same amino acid can be encoded by _____________ codon.
Ribosomal-binding site:
The site for ribosome binding (only present in prokaryotes)
removes introns and joins exon
The spliceosome removes _____ and joins______
promoter
during transcription initiation in bacteria, sigma (σ) factor recognizes a __________ and recruits RNA polymerase.
that is being used to make a functional product
if a gene is being expressed it means what?
triplet codons
mRNA is read as a series of ___________
template strand
mRNA sequence is complementary to the DNA _______
non-template strand
mRNA sequence is the same as the __________
polypeptide
proteins are produced from one or more __________
Start codon
specifies the first amino acid (usually AUG)
- Initiation - Elongation - Termination
the 3 steps of initiation:
more factors are involved
transcription initiation Process is similar in eukaryotes, but _________________
- addition of 5' cap - addition of polyA tail - splicing
what happens when a Eukaryotic pre-mRNA is modified to mature mRNA?
