Biology Chapter 19

three characteristics of algae

- contain photosynthetic pigment - primary pigment is chlorophyll - secondary pigments allow them to absorb light energy in deep water

describe dinoflagellates

- unicellular and have two flagella at right angles to one another - some dinoflagelletes are photosynthetic autotrophs, while others are heterotrophs - heterotrophic dinoflagelletes can be carnivorous, parasitic, or mutalistic

what phylum are the unicellular algae members of?

Bacillariophyta

there are 500 species of water molds and downy mildews in the phylum ______________

Oomycota

The protist that causes amoebic dysentery can be classified into what phylum?

Sarcodina

Which phylum classifies all amoeba species?

Sarcodina

Identify the method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Sarcodina

The method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Sarcodina are the use of pseudopods.

Identify the method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Zoomastigina.

The method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Zoomastigina would be the use of its flagella.

Identify the method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Ciliophora

The method of locomotion used by protists in the phyla Ciliphora would be by using the Cilia.

Identify the method of locomotion used by protists in phyla Apicomplexa

The phyla Apicomplexa has no locomotion.

describe alternation of generations

a life cycle of algae that takes two generations; one that reproduces sexually, and one that reproduces asexually to complete a life cycle

animal-like protists: what does the cytoplasm contain?

a nucleus, food vacuoles, and occasionally a contractile vacuole

Which are protozoans? a. amoebas, apicomplexans, ciliates b. apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, euglenoids c. diatoms, euglenoids, zooflagellates d. euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms

a.) amoebas, apicomplexans, ciliates

Which describes amoeba reproduction? a. asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides in half b. asexual reproduction in which two parent cells exchange DNA c. sexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides in half d. sexual reproduction in which two parent cells exchange DNA

a.) asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides in half

Which habitat is least likely to harbor any species of Protista? a. desert b. human liver c. leaf litter d. ocean waters

a.) desert

which is not a characteristic of algae?

acellular

found in the phylum Myxomycota

acellular slime molds

which type of protist carries out photosynthesis and has chloroplasts?

algae

animal-like protists: the most commonly studied sarcodina are found in what genus?

amoeba

3 classifications of protists

animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like

(classification) contains parasitic sporozoans

apicomplexia

Which describes organisms in Kingdom Protista? a. eukaryotes that use similar reproductive methods b. eukaryotes with a diversity of reproductive methods c. prokaryotes that use similar reproductive methods d. prokaryotes with a diversity of reproductive methods

b.) eukaryotes with a diversity of reproductive methods

by what method do ciliates produce asexually?

binary fission

______________ color in __________ algae is from a secondary carotenoid pigment called fucoxanthin

brown

animal-like protists: what can chemical stimuli from smaller organisms cause?

causes the amoeba to form pseudopods from their plasma membrane

which factor is not used to classify plant-like protists?

cell shape

acellular slime molds are so named because they go through a stage in which they...

cell walls

found in the phylum Acrasiomycota; reproduces asexually and sexually

cellular slime molds

what characteristic do green algae and plants have in common?

chloroplasts and store food as carbohydrates

on the paramecium that are used for moving and feeding

cilia

animal-like protists that have numerous short, hairlike projections

ciliaphora

(classification) uses the sexual process called conjugation

ciliophora

how do water molds differ from fungi?

composition of their cell walls and they produce flagellated reproductive cells

Ciliates vary the composition of their DNA by using the process of _______________________.

conjugation

how are fungus-like protists different from fungi?

contains centrioles

amoebas have specialized organelles used to expel excess water called ________

contractile vacuoles

collect the excess water from the cytoplasm and expels it from the cell

contractile vacuoles

Which of the following protists is parasitic? a. ciliate b. green algae c. slime mold d. sporozoan

d.) sporozoan

(green algae) characterized by their symmetrically divided cells

desmids

photosynthetic autotrophs

diatoms

when the food supply diminishes, what happens to the dinoflagellates?

die in large numbers

how do amoebas excrete waste products and undigested food particles?

diffusion

at certain times of the year along ocean shorelines, the waves appear to glow at night. what organisms likely cause this?

dinoflagellates

animal-like protists: amoebas are enveloped in an outer cell membrane and an inner thickened cytoplasm called

ectoplasm

contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize; can be heterotrophs

euglenoids

what type of cells do protists have?

eukaryotic cells

t/f: american sleeping sickness is transmitted by the bite of a tsete fly

false

t/f: the method of reproduction is a characteristic used to classify protozoans into different catagories

false

t/f: the yellow and brown carotenoids give chlorophayta their characteristic color

false

T/F: there are under 7000 species of ciliates

false; over

absorb their nutrients from other organisms

fungus-like protists

Organelles called contractile vacuoles enable a paramecium to ___________

get rid of excess water and waste products

contain chlorophyll, store their food as carbohydrates, have cell walls, similar to plants; live in mostly freshwater

green algae

Contractile vacuoles help freshwater paramecia maintain ____________________________ by expelling water.

homeostasis

algae is different from plants that in that they do not have

leaves, roots, and stems

what do some spieces of dinoflagellates produce?

lethal nerve toxin

which microscopic organism lives in the guts of termites and produces enzymes that digest wood

microsporidium

What are two of the most important eukaryotic features that evolved in protists?

multicellularity and sexual reproduction

what is plasmodium?

multinucleated mass of cytoplasm

The three major groups of protists are classified based on their methods for __________

obtaining nutrients

a unicellar protozoan

paramecia

You are collecting samples at a lake. You find a protist that is unicellular, has cilia all around it, and a deep oral groove. This organism can be classified as a(n)

paramecium

a layer of membrane that encloses protozoans such as paramecia is called what?

pellicle

what is the tough flexible outer membrane of the euglenoids called?

pellicle

what organism makes up the base of the food web in aquatic environments?

phytoplankton

protists that make their own food through photosynthesis

plant-like protists

algae is classified as what?

plantlike protists

heterotrophs and usually ingest bacteria and algae

protozoans

Amoebas extend their plasma membranes to feed and move. What are those extensions called?

pseudopods

when dinoflagellates have red photosynthetic pigments, and they bloom, tinging the ocean red

red tides

what is the insect host for the protist that causes Chagas' disease?

reduviid bug

when food is plentiful and environmental conditions are favorable, what do dinoflagellates do?

reproduce in great numbers

(classification) includes all species of amoebas

sarcodina

animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion

sarcodina

uses spores to reproduce, feeds on decaying organic matter and absorbs nutrients through their cell walls; cell walls contain cellulose or celluloselike compounds

slime molds

why are euglenoids difficult to classify?

some absorb nutrients, while others ingest organisms

how do protists reproduce?

some reproduce asexually by mitosis, while others exchange genetic material during meiosis

(green algae) multicellular species characterized by its long, thin filaments

spirogyra

A protist that lacks contractile vacuoles, cannot locomote, and is parasitic can be classified as a(n)

sporozoan

which group of animal-like protists are parasites?

sporozoans

what do foraminiferians and radiolarins have that other sarcodines do not have?

test

what happens as dead algae decompose?

the oxygen supply in the water is depleted, suffocating fish and other marine organisms

how do scientists classify protists? (2)

their methods of obtaining nutrients method of movement

Why are protozoans classified as animal-like protists

they are heterotrophs

why are diatoms found closer to the surface of the water?

they store their food as oil

T/F: Most of the 1500 species of brown algae live along rocky coasts in cool areas of the world

true

T/F: all protists are eukaryotes

true

t/f: algae are primary producers because they are at the bottom of the food chain

true

t/f: algae growing on sloth fur is the same type of relationship as a flagellate in the ter-

true

t/f: algae have secondary pigments that allow them to absorb light energy in deep water

true

t/f: diatoms store food as oils, this helps them to be buoyant

true

t/f: fungus-like protists contain centrioles, an organelle not found in true fungi

true

t/f: red algae is used to thicken pudding, syrups, and shampoo

true

t/f: the cell wall of water mold is composed of cellulose

true

While both illnesses are ultimately caused by protozoans, American Sleeping Sickness is transferred by the reduviid bug and African Sleeping Sickness is transferred by the ___________________________.

tsete fly

when does asexual reproduction occur?

two separated halves each create a new half that can fit inside the old one

(green algae) example of an alga that has a colonial growth pattern

volvox

when is sexual reproduction triggered and gametes produced?

when a diatom is about one-quarter of the original size

chrysophytes are what type of algae?

yellow-green algae and golden-brown algae - yellow and brown carotenoids give them this color

(classification) have a whiplike projection called a flagella

zoomastigina