Biology Chapter 2 (2.1-2.4)

Buffer

Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp/sudden changes in pH

lipids are formed when

a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids

anion

an atom that gains an electron becomes negatively charged

cation

an atom that loses an electron becomes positively charged

glycogen

animals store excess sugar

chemical bonds

atoms in compounds held together

organic compounds

carbon containing molecules

Amino acid

compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. Linked together by peptide bonds

strongest bonds

covalent bonds

heat capacity of water

due to the high H bonds in water it takes lots of energy to cause them to raise the temperature of water. To raise is relatively high

major functions of lipids

energy storage and biological membranes

2 major functions of carbohydrates

energy storage and structure

carbon

has 4 valence electrons allowing to form strong covalent bonds with other elements

Protons

hold positive charge

unsaturated

if at least one the carbon carbon bonds in the chain is a double bond liquid at room temperature

saturated

if the carbon carbon bonds in the chain are single bonds solid at room temperature

Radioactive isotopes

isotopes that have unstable nuclei and break down over time relating radiation

Lipid

made from carbon and hydrogen atoms and are insoluble in water

macromolecules

made through polymerization which is monomers going together to form larger compounds

polymers

monomers joined together to form larger compounds

Protons and neutrons are found in the ___________ of the atom and are similar in mass

nucleus

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are found

outside of the nucleus

Base

pH value above 7

Acid

pH value below 7

starch

plants store excess sugar

cellulose

polysaccharide that give plants their structure and rigid

chemical reactions ____________ energy while other reactions ________________ it

release, absorb

Polysaccharide

several monosaccharides bonded together (carbohydrate)

chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a ________________

source of energy

chemical reactions that release energy often occur ________________ or own their own

spontaneously

disaccharides

sucrose

4 levels of protein structure

1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary

structure of water

1.polarity 2. hydrogen bonding 3. cohesion 4. adhesion 5. heat capacity

________ levels of protein structure

4

how many different levels of organization does hemoglobin have

4

variables that affect enzyme in a reaction

temperature, ph, molecules

hydrogen bond

the attraction between a H atom on one molecule and an O on another molecule

atomic number

the number of protons found in an element

active site

the substrates bind to a site on the enzyme

Neutrons

uncharged particles

polarity

unequal sharing of electrons between the H and O atoms of water

single covalent bond

when atoms share 2 electrons

double covalent bond

when they are 4 electrons

triple covalent bond

when they share 6 electrons

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

An attraction between molecules of the same substance

pH scale

A chart that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution

Mixture

A material made of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed, not chemically combined

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A nucleic acid containing sugar deoxyribcose

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A nucleic acid containing sugar ribcose

Chemical reaction

A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

Element

A pure substance (consists entirely of one atom)

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (lowers a reaction's activation energy)

Isotope

Atoms of one element with a different number of neutrons

Carbohydrate

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (main source of energy for living things, ratio 1:2:1)

Product

Elements or compounds made by a chemical reaction

Reactant

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Covalent bond

Formed when electrons are shared between atoms

Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons transferred from one atom to another

Nucleotide

Individual sugar molecules (monomers) consisting of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Solution

Ions gradually dispersed in the water (type of mixture)

Nucleic acid

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (assembled from monomers known as nucleotides)

Protein/polypeptides

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (made of monomers of amino acid)

Polymer

Made from smaller units into a large compound

Suspension

Mixtures of water and nondisolved material

Electron

Negatively charged particle (1/1840 mass of a proton)

Ion

Positively or negatively charged atoms

Enzyme

Proteins that act as biological catalysts (lower activation energy)

Monosaccharide

Single sugar molecules simple carbohydrates

Monomer

Smaller units joined together to make large compounds

Molecule

Smallest unit of most compounds (the structure resulting from joined atoms forming covalent bonds)

(Chemical) Compound

Something formed by combining two or more elements

Atom

The base unit of matter

Nucleus

The center of the atom

Activation energy

The energy that is needed to get a reaction started (a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases or absorbs energy)

Substrate

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

van der Waals forces

The slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of molecules

Solute

The substance that is dissolved

Solvent

The substance that the solute dissolves in