Biology Chapter 2 (2.1-2.4)
Buffer
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp/sudden changes in pH
lipids are formed when
a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids
anion
an atom that gains an electron becomes negatively charged
cation
an atom that loses an electron becomes positively charged
glycogen
animals store excess sugar
chemical bonds
atoms in compounds held together
organic compounds
carbon containing molecules
Amino acid
compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. Linked together by peptide bonds
strongest bonds
covalent bonds
heat capacity of water
due to the high H bonds in water it takes lots of energy to cause them to raise the temperature of water. To raise is relatively high
major functions of lipids
energy storage and biological membranes
2 major functions of carbohydrates
energy storage and structure
carbon
has 4 valence electrons allowing to form strong covalent bonds with other elements
Protons
hold positive charge
unsaturated
if at least one the carbon carbon bonds in the chain is a double bond liquid at room temperature
saturated
if the carbon carbon bonds in the chain are single bonds solid at room temperature
Radioactive isotopes
isotopes that have unstable nuclei and break down over time relating radiation
Lipid
made from carbon and hydrogen atoms and are insoluble in water
macromolecules
made through polymerization which is monomers going together to form larger compounds
polymers
monomers joined together to form larger compounds
Protons and neutrons are found in the ___________ of the atom and are similar in mass
nucleus
mass number
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons are found
outside of the nucleus
Base
pH value above 7
Acid
pH value below 7
starch
plants store excess sugar
cellulose
polysaccharide that give plants their structure and rigid
chemical reactions ____________ energy while other reactions ________________ it
release, absorb
Polysaccharide
several monosaccharides bonded together (carbohydrate)
chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a ________________
source of energy
chemical reactions that release energy often occur ________________ or own their own
spontaneously
disaccharides
sucrose
4 levels of protein structure
1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary
structure of water
1.polarity 2. hydrogen bonding 3. cohesion 4. adhesion 5. heat capacity
________ levels of protein structure
4
how many different levels of organization does hemoglobin have
4
variables that affect enzyme in a reaction
temperature, ph, molecules
hydrogen bond
the attraction between a H atom on one molecule and an O on another molecule
atomic number
the number of protons found in an element
active site
the substrates bind to a site on the enzyme
Neutrons
uncharged particles
polarity
unequal sharing of electrons between the H and O atoms of water
single covalent bond
when atoms share 2 electrons
double covalent bond
when they are 4 electrons
triple covalent bond
when they share 6 electrons
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
Cohesion
An attraction between molecules of the same substance
pH scale
A chart that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution
Mixture
A material made of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed, not chemically combined
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A nucleic acid containing sugar deoxyribcose
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A nucleic acid containing sugar ribcose
Chemical reaction
A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another
Element
A pure substance (consists entirely of one atom)
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (lowers a reaction's activation energy)
Isotope
Atoms of one element with a different number of neutrons
Carbohydrate
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (main source of energy for living things, ratio 1:2:1)
Product
Elements or compounds made by a chemical reaction
Reactant
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
Covalent bond
Formed when electrons are shared between atoms
Ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons transferred from one atom to another
Nucleotide
Individual sugar molecules (monomers) consisting of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
Solution
Ions gradually dispersed in the water (type of mixture)
Nucleic acid
Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (assembled from monomers known as nucleotides)
Protein/polypeptides
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (made of monomers of amino acid)
Polymer
Made from smaller units into a large compound
Suspension
Mixtures of water and nondisolved material
Electron
Negatively charged particle (1/1840 mass of a proton)
Ion
Positively or negatively charged atoms
Enzyme
Proteins that act as biological catalysts (lower activation energy)
Monosaccharide
Single sugar molecules simple carbohydrates
Monomer
Smaller units joined together to make large compounds
Molecule
Smallest unit of most compounds (the structure resulting from joined atoms forming covalent bonds)
(Chemical) Compound
Something formed by combining two or more elements
Atom
The base unit of matter
Nucleus
The center of the atom
Activation energy
The energy that is needed to get a reaction started (a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases or absorbs energy)
Substrate
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
van der Waals forces
The slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of molecules
Solute
The substance that is dissolved
Solvent
The substance that the solute dissolves in