Biology Chapter 43

As a 7-year-old child, you helped your father nail a birdhouse 7 feet high on a 10-foot-tall maple tree. If the tree grew an average of 12 inches per year, except during a dry year when it grew only 2 inches, how high in the tree is the birdhouse when you are 18 years old? A) 17 feet B) 17 feet, 2 inches C) 7 feet D) 19 feet E) 10 feet

C

Most conifers have only tracheids. Which structural feature allows water and minerals to pass from one tracheid to the next tracheid? A) Sieve plates B) Secondary cell walls C) Pits D) Stomata E) Plasmodesmata

C

Most of a carrot, a root adapted for carbohydrate storage, is A) phloem. B) xylem. C) cortex. D) endodermis. E) pericycle.

C

Of the major tissue systems associated with land plants, the ________ system covers the outer surface of the primary plant. A) ground B) meristem C) dermal D) vascular E) parenchyma

C

Several chemical pollutants from a paper mill are released into the nearby environment. Compound A is rich in calcium and magnesium. Compound B binds tightly to all free polypeptides and proteins in the soil. Compound C is structurally similar to abscisic acid. Based on this scenario, which compound will most likely harm the surrounding vegetation, and what effect(s) will it have on the plants? A) Compound A; because these minerals will act as toxins to the plant as they are absorbed through the roots. B) Compound B; because the uptake of polypeptides and proteins from the soil is critical for plant growth. C) Compound C; because abscisic acid inhibits the active transport of potassium ions and thus closes the stomata. It will interfere with both carbon dioxide uptake and water transport.

C

What cell type permits the continued growth of a plant throughout its life? A) Differentiated cells B) Ground tissue cells C) Meristem cells D) Mesophyll cells E) Secondary cells

C

What type of tissue transports sugars (the product of photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant? A) Xylem B) Mesophyll C) Phloem D) Parenchyma E) Endodermis

C

Which of the following characteristics helps differentiate between a monocot and a dicot? A) Presence of vascular tissue B) Seeds covered by a fruit C) Number of flower parts D) Whether the plant gains length from an apical or a lateral meristem E) Presence or absence of pollen grains

C

Which of the following is NOT found in xylem? A) Tracheids B) Sclerenchyma fibers C) Companion cells D) Vessel elements E) Cell walls with porous dimples called pits

C

Which of these organisms helped biologists determine the contents of phloem? A) Ants B) Leafhoppers C) Aphids D) Termites E) Grasshoppers

C

Which of these plant cells is alive but has no nucleus? A) Companion cell B) Parenchyma C) Sieve-tube element D) Vessel element E) Collenchyma

C

Which of these tissues is between the epidermis and the vascular bundle in a young dicot stem? A) Pith B) Xylem C) Cortex D) Phloem E) Ground tissue

C

You are NOT likely to find a nucleus in A) parenchyma. B) collenchyma. C) sclerenchyma. D) companion cells. E) tracheids.

C

A plant that has only primary growth and no secondary growth does NOT have any A) stem elongation. B) expansion of its root system. C) vascular tissue. D) development of thick woody branches. E) flowers.

D

Cells that are alive, have thickened cell walls, and support the plant body are A) parenchyma. B) sclerenchyma. C) phloem. D) collenchyma. E) vessel members.

D

In a dicot stem, the ________ is between the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. A) vascular cambium B) vascular cylinder C) xylem D) phloem E) cork

D

In the stems of plants, where is sugar converted to starch and stored as a food reserve? A) Mesophyll layer B) Central vascular cylinder C) Sclerenchyma D) Parenchyma cells in both the cortex and pith E) Collenchyma associated with xylem cells

D

In vascular plants, sugar solutions are transported through tubes constructed of cells called A) vessels elements. B) companion cells. C) tracheids. D) sieve-tube elements. E) parenchyma.

D

The dermal tissue system forms A) vascular tissue. B) pith. C) xylem. D) epidermis. E) seeds.

D

Thin-walled, metabolically active cells of parenchyma typically form A) phloem. B) xylem. C) cork. D) ground tissue. E) epidermis.

D

Trees are among the largest and oldest living things on Earth. Like all life on Earth, the majority of a tree's biomass is carbon based. What is the source of this carbon? A) Water B) Crushed rock and water C) The organic layer of the soil D) Air E) Fertilizers

D

What would happen if Casparian strips were not present and water and minerals could pass between endodermal cells of the plant root rather than through endodermal cells? A) An increased concentration gradient of the minerals in the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder would be better maintained. B) Too much energy would be needed to move the minerals between endodermal cells. C) The minerals would enter the conduction vessels of the vascular cylinder much more rapidly. D) Minerals would leak back out of the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder as fast as they were pumped into it. E) Root hairs would lose their ability to take up minerals.

D

When potassium ion is transported into guard cells, water A) is actively transported out of the cells. B) is actively transported into the cells. C) leaves by osmosis. D) enters by osmosis. E) moves to the edge of the cell.

D

Which of the following is plant tissue derived from lateral meristem cell division and differentiation? A) Flower bud B) Leaf bud C) Stem branch D) Bark E) Primary xylem

D

Which of these pathways best summarizes the route of a mineral that is absorbed by a plant? A) Root hairs → pericycle → endodermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem B) Root hairs → epidermis → endodermis → cortex → xylem C) Root hairs → endodermis → cortex → pericycle → xylem D) Root hairs → epidermis → cortex → endodermis → pericycle → xylem E) Root hairs → cortex → epidermis → phloem → xylem

D

You found the following plants growing on campus during a field trip: a small plant with a notable absence of root hairs; a short, stubby plant with an enlarged taproot; a tall annual herb with fungal strands extending from its roots; a low-growing plant with nodules on the roots; and a woody shrub with an extensive fibrous root system. Based on this scenario, which plant is most likely a legume with nitrogen-fixing bacteria? A) The plant with no root hairs B) The plant with the enlarged taproot C) The annual herb with the fungal-root association D) The plant with the root nodules E) The woody shrub with the fibrous root system

D

________ cells that convert sugar to starch in mature roots are part of the ________ tissue system. A) Phloem; vascular B) Periderm; dermal C) Xylem; vascular D) Parenchyma; ground E) Companion; ground

D

Bacteria-containing nodules in the roots of legume plants aid in the utilization of A) carbon dioxide. B) trace elements. C) water. D) phosphates. E) nitrogen.

E

Because most of the trunk of a tree is made of xylem cells, it is safe to say that most of the tissue in a tree is A) dividing rapidly. B) used for storage. C) manufacturing sugars. D) conducting sugars. E) dead.

E

Parenchyma cells are located in all of the following structures EXCEPT the A) cortex. B) central cylinder. C) mesophyll. D) pith. E) cuticle.

E

Plant cells that are actively dividing are ________ cells. A) differentiated B) conducting C) vascular D) ground E) meristem

E

The formation of sieve plates between phloem sieve-tube elements allows A) the dead phloem cells to form an empty tube. B) each cell to function independently. C) mesophyll cells to connect with xylem cells. D) water to transpire from each surface. E) adjacent cells to connect via membrane-lined channels.

E

The soft, thin-walled, living ground tissue cells that make up most of a leaf such as lettuce are A) collenchyma. B) xylem. C) sclerenchyma. D) phloem. E) parenchyma.

E

Which of the following is NOT true of sclerenchyma? A) It is found with xylem and phloem in the vascular tissue system. B) It dies at maturity. C) It is made up of cells with thickened cell walls. D) It provides support to strengthen the plant. E) It is a storage site for sugars and starches.

E

Which of the following is the correct order of the tissues in a young dicot stem, from the center out? A) Pith → cortex → phloem → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis B) Pith → phloem → cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → epidermis C) Cortex → vascular cambium → xylem → phloem → epidermis → pith D) Cortex → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → pith → epidermis E) Pith → xylem → vascular cambium → phloem → cortex → epidermis

E

Which of these tissue types is (are) found throughout young plant bodies? A) Epidermis only B) Periderm only C) Vascular only D) Epidermis and periderm E) Epidermis and vascular

E

Ground tissue is found in the primary plant only, never in the secondary plant. True or False?

False

The concentration of nutrients in plants is approximately the same as the concentration of nutrients in the surrounding soil. True or False?

False

Water flows upward in some xylem tubes and downward in others. True or False?

False

All the following are true of companion cells EXCEPT that they A) fuse together to form the sieve plates of sieve-tube elements. B) provide direct nourishment for sieve-tube elements. C) cooperate with sieve-tube elements in conducting the movement of sugar. D) repair the plasma membrane of sieve-tube elements. E) are connected to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata.

A

Diffusion doesn't require energy. Why do plants expend energy in active transport to transport minerals into root hairs? A) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too low for diffusion. B) Mineral concentrations in the soil are too high for diffusion. C) Minerals are too large for diffusion. D) Minerals are strongly attracted to soil particles.

A

How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf? A) CO2 passes through openings called stomata on the leaf surface. B) CO2 diffuses through the epidermal cells into the mesophyll. C) CO2 is moved by active transport into the leaf by special cells called guard cells. D) Atmospheric pressure forces CO2 through pits on the leaf surface. E) CO2 travels dissolved in the water in the xylem.

A

If a tree's heartwood rots out, the tree will A) be weaker than normal and more likely to blow over in a storm. B) not survive because the active phloem is destroyed. C) not survive because the active xylem is destroyed. D) replace the heartwood with sapwood to compensate for the damaged tissue.

A

Of the types of ground tissues, ________ is (are) generally most abundant. A) parenchyma B) sclerenchyma C) collenchyma D) tracheids E) vessel elements

A

The location of the pericyle is best described as A) the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder. B) just beneath the epidermis. C) adjacent to the apical meristem. D) between layers of primary xylem and primary phloem. E) lining the cells of the endodermis.

A

The most widely accepted explanation for the transport of sugar containing fluids in phloem is the ________ theory. A) pressure-flow B) transpiration C) bulk flow D) root pressure E) cohesion-tension

A

What cellular feature allows a mineral such as manganese to diffuse from cell to cell after being taken up by roots? A) Plasmodesmata B) Secondary cell walls C) Sieve plates D) Microtubules E) Microfilaments

A

Which essential plant nutrient regulates the opening and closing of pores in the leaves? A) Potassium B) Calcium C) Copper D) Phosphorus E) Iron

A

Why can't plants use N2 directly as a nutrient? A) Plants lack the enzymes necessary to convert N2 into NO3— or NH4+. B) Plant hormones are not capable of carrying out nitrogen fixation. C) Most soils are depleted of N2 as a nutrient. D) N2 diffuses out of leaves as quickly as it diffuses in, so it has to be "fixed" to remain in leaves. E) The N2 molecule is too large to enter the root hairs

A

You are examining a rigid plant tissue; it does not flex or bend. Tests show that it is not consuming oxygen gas, as would be expected if aerobic respiration were occurring. This tissue is probably A) sclerenchyma. B) primary. C) collenchyma. D) parenchyma. E) ground.

A

You discover a plant that has unusual fruit around the seed and leaves with parallel veins. In which of the two major groups of flowering plants does it belong, and why? A) Monocots, because it has parallel veins B) Neither monocot nor dicot, because it has fruits C) Either monocot or dicot, depending on the presence or absence of flowers D) Dicots, because it has fruit around the seed

A

If a beaver eats the bark all the way around a tree trunk (a process called "girdling"), why does the tree die? A) The tree is susceptible to insect and fungal diseases. B) The phloem is damaged, and the transport of sugars ceases. C) Cells of the lateral meristem can no longer continue to divide. D) Water and minerals are no longer supplied to the leaves. E) The tree cannot continue to photosynthesize.

B

Increases in plant length (such as overall height or branch and root length) result from cell division that occurs A) equally throughout the plant body. B) only in apical meristems at shoot and root tips. C) only from lateral meristems (cambia). D) from cell division of differentiated cells.

B

Periderm consists of mostly A) epidermis. B) cork cells. C) lateral meristem. D) undifferentiated cells. E) endodermis

B

Under the influence of hormones, branch roots emerge from the ________ of a growing root. A) endodermis B) pericycle C) central cylinder D) epidermis E) Casparian strip

B

Water-conducting cells that are narrow and have small central cavities are called A) vessel elements. B) tracheids. C) sieve-tube elements. D) companion cells. E) collenchyma.

B

Which of the following makes up most of an old tree trunk? A) Primary xylem B) Secondary xylem C) Primary phloem D) Secondary phloem E) Meristem tissue

B

You discovered an unidentified weed and cut it almost to the ground with the lawn mower. Soon it grows as tall as it was before you cut it. This growth is likely due to which growth region? A) Shoot apical meristem B) Lateral bud meristems at the node near the ground surface C) Root apical meristem D) Vascular cambium E) Cork cambium

B

All the following are true of xylem EXCEPT: A) tracheids and vessel elements are the two types of cells that form xylem. B) water and minerals are transported through xylem. C) companion cells provide nutrition for tracheids. D) tracheids contain pits. E) at maturity xylem is dead.

C

An onion bulb is made up of ________ that are specially adapted for food storage. A) roots B) flowers C) leaves D) stems E) branches

C

On a stem, branches grow and develop from ________ ________, whereas on the roots, branches grow and develop from ________ ________.

lateral buds; pericycle cells

Guard cells control the opening and closing of plant stomata by creating osmotic gradients across their membranes, adjusted by the concentration of ________ ________ in their cytoplasm.

potassium ions

) Phloem sieve-tube elements are able to remain alive because adjacent ________ cells provide nourishment in the form of proteins and high-energy compounds such as ATP.

companion

As an oak tree ages, the trunk becomes thicker and woodier due to ________ growth. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) meristem E) differentiated

B