Biology Chapter 44: Osmosregulation (study questions)

B) the concentration gradient; ATP

1) The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. A) the concentration gradient; ADP B) the concentration gradient; ATP C) transmembrane pumps; electron transport D) phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

B) it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate

10) A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _____. A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions B) it was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate C) its contractile vacuoles ruptured D) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize

C) isoosmotic

12) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____. A) hyperosmotic B) hypoosmotic C) isoosmotic D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic

D) seawater in a tidal pool

13) The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____. A) distilled water B) plasma in birds C) plasma in mammals D) seawater in a tidal pool

B) excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion

14) A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____. A) thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life B) excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion C) develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload D) risk becoming overhydrated within twelve hours

A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

16) The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____. A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure B) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse C) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis D) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation

C) a marine bony fish

17) Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? A) a vampire bat B) a salmon in fresh water C) a marine bony fish D) a shark inhabiting the Mississippi River

D) I, II, and III I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea

18) One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea A) only I and III B) only II and III C) only I and II D) I, II, and III

A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

19) Urea is produced in the _____. A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide B) liver from glycogen C) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids D) bladder from uric acid and water

C) excrete large quantities of water

2) To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____. A) excrete large quantities of electrolytes B) consume large quantities of water C) excrete large quantities of water D) take in electrolytes through simple diffusion

B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans

20) Urea is _____. A) insoluble in water B) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

22) Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____. A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment C) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets D) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats

A) is soluble in water

24) Ammonia _____. A) is soluble in water B) has low toxicity relative to urea C) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea D) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects

B) urea is less toxic than ammonia

25) The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____. A) urea can be exchanged for Na+ B) urea is less toxic than ammonia C) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient D) less nitrogen is removed from the body

C) proteins and nucleic acids

26) In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____. A) starch and cellulose B) triglycerides and steroids C) proteins and nucleic acids D) phospholipids and glycolipids

C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

27) Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. A) is readily soluble in water B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass D) can be reused by birds as a protein source

B) kangaroo rats

28) Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____. A) frogs B) kangaroo rats C) humans D) freshwater bass

B) Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. (Ammonia is generally produced by freshwater species because they have ample water available to dilute the ammonia. In this situation, they have little water so available so they produce urea.)

29) African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. B) Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. D) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

30) Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? A) An input of energy is required for transport. B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. C) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. D) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.

33) Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates? A) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. B) The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. C) The kidneys require higher than normal levels of hormones. D) The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

A) a

34) The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____. A) a B) b C) c D) d

B) selective reabsorption

36) Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) selective reabsorption C) secretion D) excretion

B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

38) The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the _____. A) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate B) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids C) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure D) expulsion of urine from the body

D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

42) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule _____. A) results from active transport B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

A) the vasa recta

43) Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in _____. A) the vasa recta B) Bowman's capsule C) the proximal tubule D) the collecting duct

A) filtration

45) Which process in the nephron is LEAST selective? A) filtration B) reabsorption C) active transport D) secretion

B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

46) What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. A) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes C) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein D) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus

C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries

48) Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____. A) H+ pumping to control pH B) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries D) secretion along the distal tubule

B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

51) Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules _____. A) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea B) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids C) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons D) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance

A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

55) If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack which of the following to ensure proper hydration? A) a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes B) caffeinated beverages C) bottled water kept at room temperature D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

56) Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____. A) drinking lots of pure water B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity C) eating a small sugary snack D) blood pressure becomes abnormally high

B) desert

9) Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss? A) wet rain forest B) desert C) prairie D) chaparral