Biology - Chpater 22 DNA Biology & Technology
The enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain durign DNA replication is
DNA polymerase
True or false: Gene cloning refers to cloning of whole organisms.
False
The definition of a gene is
a short DNA segment that contains instructions for a specific trait.
Which of the following are findings of the Human Genome Project?
about 99% of the bases in the human genome are identical among different humans the human genome contains about 3.4 billion bases the average gene contains about 3,000 bases
During gene expression, different proteins can sometimes be produced from the same gene through the process of
alternative RNA splicing.
Different proteins can be synthesized by putting their ______ subunits together in different numbers and orders.
amino acid
A tRNA molecule has an anticodon site that binds to an mRNA codon as well as a site that binds to a(n)
amino acid.
A tRNA molecule is shaped like a
cloverleaf
the ribosome moves down the mRNA one codon at a time; tRNAs bring amino acids in to the ribosome
elongation
In this process, cells are removed from the body and a vector is used to insert a gene of interest.
ex vivo gene therapy
Coding portions of genes that remain after mRNA splicing and are later translated into proteins are called
exons
Due to alternative mRNA splicing, different mRNAs can be produced from the same gene when ______________ are joined together in different ways.
exons
All cells have the same genes, but a variety of mechanisms regulate gene ______ to produce different proteins in different types of cells.
expression
Identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made during what is called Blank 1 of 1 cloning.
gene
Transgenic organisms have had a foreign ______ inserted into them.
gene
The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder or a disease is called
gene therapy.
Cells contain different active proteins due to the fact that different ______ are expressed in different types of cells.
genes
DNA is organized into short segments called Blank 1 of 1 that contain instructions for specific traits
genes
The CRISPR method is used in
genome editing
mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome; ribosomal subunits join together
initiation
Segments of DNA that are removed from the pre-RNA molecule are called
introns
Portions of the pre-RNA transcript that are removed are called
introns.
RNA processing
is an event that occurs after RNA is transcribed
After mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit, the two ribosomal subunits _____ to form the translation complex.
join
During gene expression, an anticodon of a tRNA pairs with
mRNA nucleotide bases
Researchers studying functional genomics hope to learn the function of which two of these
noncoding DNA genes
Where in the cell is the pre-mRNA processed into mature mRNA?
nucleus
A lab process that can rapidly create millions of copies of a segment of DNA is the Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 reaction.
polymerase chain
The ______ is a technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA.
polymerase chain reaction
Immediately after transcription, the newly synthesized molecule is called _______________-mRNA; after processing it is called ___________________mRNA.
pre- , matured
Select all of the following that are mechanisms of regulating gene expression.
pretranscriptional control posttranscriptional control transcriptional control translational control posttranslational control
Different arrangements of the 20 different common amino acids generate the great diversity in the structure and function of ____________ molecules.
protein
This field of study examines the function and interaction of proteins with in a cell or an organism.
proteomics
The study of cellular proteins including their structure and function is
proteomics.
The enzyme responsible for opening up a DNA molecule and adding complementary bases to the DNA template to form mRNA is called
rna polymerase
During initiation of translation, mRNA binds to the ______ subunit of a ribosome.
small
Translation is terminated when the A site on the ribosome reaches a(n)
stop codon.
Anticodons are found on which type of RNA?
tRNA
a stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate a stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate
termination
Select the three steps required for polypeptide synthesis.
termination initiation elongation
Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used
to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell
Ribosomes are composed of ______ subunits that join together to perform translation.
2
During translation, as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand, tRNAs will bring amino acids in at the
A site.
In translation, tRNAs bring their amino acids in to the ribosome at the ______ site, and a growing polypeptide forms at the ______ site of a ribosome.
A, P
transcription if a segment of DNA Processing of primary MRNA to mature mRNA mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit; then large subunt binds tRNSs bring amino acids; anticondons bind to codons polypeptide released from the ribosome/mRNA/tRNA complex
Arrange these events that occur during expression of a gene as a protein according to the order in which they occur, with the earliest event at the top.
In this process, a gene of interest is inserted into the chromosome of a bacterium, allowing the gene to be expressed with the cell.
DNA cloning
This process is responsible for the foramtion of a newd DNA helix
DNA replication
Which technique is used to determine the order of nucleotides found within a gene?
DNA sequencing.
The ________ Project sought to determine the complete sequence of human DNA.
Human Genome
A coding portion of a DNA template strand has the sequence GAACCT. Assuming no modification, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the protein product (use the mRNA codon table)?
Leucine - Glycine
A portion of an mRNA transcript has the sequence (start) AUGCUGAAA. Assuming no modification occurs, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the protein product (use the mRNA codon table)?
Methionine - Leucine - Lysine
Select the sites on a ribosome where tRNA can bind to mRNA.
P site A site
RNA is different from DNA in which of the following ways?
RNA is generally single-stranded RNA contains uracil rather than thymine The sugar of RNA is ribose RNA can be translated to form proteins.
Transcription begins when _________ opens up the DNA helix so that complementary base pairing can occur.
RNA polymerase
During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)
anticodon
In translation, tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ______, where polypeptide synthesis occurs.
ribosomes
Select all cellular components that participate in translation.
ribosomes tRNAs mRNAs amino acids
What generally happens after the ribosomal subunits dissociate at the termination of translation?
the translation complex can re-form at the beginning of the mRNA strand
What generally happens after the ribosomal subunits dissociate at the termination of translation?
the translational complex at the beginning of the the mRNA
Choice, A sequence of nucleotides in DNA is copied to a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA A sequence of nucleotides in DNA is copied to a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
transcription
Which of the following processes occurs in the nuclus and forms a complementary copy of one strand of the DNA m,olecule for gene expression?
transcription
The regulation of gene expression occurs at what two main stages of gene expression?
transcription and translation
Genetically modified organisms that have had foreign DNA inserted into their genome are called Blank 1 of 1organisms.
transgenic
RNA is used to produce protein RNA is used to produce protein
translation matches
Gene expression comprises RNA transcription and protein
translation or synthesis
Select all goals of functional genomics.
understand the function of each gene understand how genes function to form a human discover the role of noncoding regions of the genome
