Biology - Chpater 22 DNA Biology & Technology

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The enzyme responsible for adding new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain durign DNA replication is

DNA polymerase

True or false: Gene cloning refers to cloning of whole organisms.

False

The definition of a gene is

a short DNA segment that contains instructions for a specific trait.

Which of the following are findings of the Human Genome Project?

about 99% of the bases in the human genome are identical among different humans the human genome contains about 3.4 billion bases the average gene contains about 3,000 bases

During gene expression, different proteins can sometimes be produced from the same gene through the process of

alternative RNA splicing.

Different proteins can be synthesized by putting their ______ subunits together in different numbers and orders.

amino acid

A tRNA molecule has an anticodon site that binds to an mRNA codon as well as a site that binds to a(n)

amino acid.

A tRNA molecule is shaped like a

cloverleaf

the ribosome moves down the mRNA one codon at a time; tRNAs bring amino acids in to the ribosome

elongation

In this process, cells are removed from the body and a vector is used to insert a gene of interest.

ex vivo gene therapy

Coding portions of genes that remain after mRNA splicing and are later translated into proteins are called

exons

Due to alternative mRNA splicing, different mRNAs can be produced from the same gene when ______________ are joined together in different ways.

exons

All cells have the same genes, but a variety of mechanisms regulate gene ______ to produce different proteins in different types of cells.

expression

Identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made during what is called Blank 1 of 1 cloning.

gene

Transgenic organisms have had a foreign ______ inserted into them.

gene

The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a disorder or a disease is called

gene therapy.

Cells contain different active proteins due to the fact that different ______ are expressed in different types of cells.

genes

DNA is organized into short segments called Blank 1 of 1 that contain instructions for specific traits

genes

The CRISPR method is used in

genome editing

mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome; ribosomal subunits join together

initiation

Segments of DNA that are removed from the pre-RNA molecule are called

introns

Portions of the pre-RNA transcript that are removed are called

introns.

RNA processing

is an event that occurs after RNA is transcribed

After mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit, the two ribosomal subunits _____ to form the translation complex.

join

During gene expression, an anticodon of a tRNA pairs with

mRNA nucleotide bases

Researchers studying functional genomics hope to learn the function of which two of these

noncoding DNA genes

Where in the cell is the pre-mRNA processed into mature mRNA?

nucleus

A lab process that can rapidly create millions of copies of a segment of DNA is the Blank 1 of 2 Blank 2 of 2 reaction.

polymerase chain

The ______ is a technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA.

polymerase chain reaction

Immediately after transcription, the newly synthesized molecule is called _______________-mRNA; after processing it is called ___________________mRNA.

pre- , matured

Select all of the following that are mechanisms of regulating gene expression.

pretranscriptional control posttranscriptional control transcriptional control translational control posttranslational control

Different arrangements of the 20 different common amino acids generate the great diversity in the structure and function of ____________ molecules.

protein

This field of study examines the function and interaction of proteins with in a cell or an organism.

proteomics

The study of cellular proteins including their structure and function is

proteomics.

The enzyme responsible for opening up a DNA molecule and adding complementary bases to the DNA template to form mRNA is called

rna polymerase

During initiation of translation, mRNA binds to the ______ subunit of a ribosome.

small

Translation is terminated when the A site on the ribosome reaches a(n)

stop codon.

Anticodons are found on which type of RNA?

tRNA

a stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate a stop codon is encountered; ribosomal subunits dissociate

termination

Select the three steps required for polypeptide synthesis.

termination initiation elongation

Restriction enzymes found in bacterial cells are ordinarily used

to degrade viral DNA that enters the cell

Ribosomes are composed of ______ subunits that join together to perform translation.

2

During translation, as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand, tRNAs will bring amino acids in at the

A site.

In translation, tRNAs bring their amino acids in to the ribosome at the ______ site, and a growing polypeptide forms at the ______ site of a ribosome.

A, P

transcription if a segment of DNA Processing of primary MRNA to mature mRNA mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit; then large subunt binds tRNSs bring amino acids; anticondons bind to codons polypeptide released from the ribosome/mRNA/tRNA complex

Arrange these events that occur during expression of a gene as a protein according to the order in which they occur, with the earliest event at the top.

In this process, a gene of interest is inserted into the chromosome of a bacterium, allowing the gene to be expressed with the cell.

DNA cloning

This process is responsible for the foramtion of a newd DNA helix

DNA replication

Which technique is used to determine the order of nucleotides found within a gene?

DNA sequencing.

The ________ Project sought to determine the complete sequence of human DNA.

Human Genome

A coding portion of a DNA template strand has the sequence GAACCT. Assuming no modification, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the protein product (use the mRNA codon table)?

Leucine - Glycine

A portion of an mRNA transcript has the sequence (start) AUGCUGAAA. Assuming no modification occurs, what would be the sequence of amino acids in the protein product (use the mRNA codon table)?

Methionine - Leucine - Lysine

Select the sites on a ribosome where tRNA can bind to mRNA.

P site A site

RNA is different from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is generally single-stranded RNA contains uracil rather than thymine The sugar of RNA is ribose RNA can be translated to form proteins.

Transcription begins when _________ opens up the DNA helix so that complementary base pairing can occur.

RNA polymerase

During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)

anticodon

In translation, tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ______, where polypeptide synthesis occurs.

ribosomes

Select all cellular components that participate in translation.

ribosomes tRNAs mRNAs amino acids

What generally happens after the ribosomal subunits dissociate at the termination of translation?

the translation complex can re-form at the beginning of the mRNA strand

What generally happens after the ribosomal subunits dissociate at the termination of translation?

the translational complex at the beginning of the the mRNA

Choice, A sequence of nucleotides in DNA is copied to a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA A sequence of nucleotides in DNA is copied to a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

transcription

Which of the following processes occurs in the nuclus and forms a complementary copy of one strand of the DNA m,olecule for gene expression?

transcription

The regulation of gene expression occurs at what two main stages of gene expression?

transcription and translation

Genetically modified organisms that have had foreign DNA inserted into their genome are called Blank 1 of 1organisms.

transgenic

RNA is used to produce protein RNA is used to produce protein

translation matches

Gene expression comprises RNA transcription and protein

translation or synthesis

Select all goals of functional genomics.

understand the function of each gene understand how genes function to form a human discover the role of noncoding regions of the genome


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