Biology CLEP study ch. 1-19 in BJU press book

Class Dilopoda

"Double feet." Members have two pairs of feet per body segment. The segmented bodies of these members are rounded and cylindrical.

Eugenics

"Good Origins." or "well born" . Efforts to improve human gene pool.

Algae

"Grass of many waters." Every natural water supply contains some type of it. Most of these organisms are microscopic and either unicellular or colonial. The photosynthetic organisms that capture the sun's energy in aquatic environments. "Plant-like protists." Grouped according to pigment, thallus form, stored substances, and cell wall materials. are not classified with plants because they don't have tissues.

Phylum Arthropoda

"Joint-footed" Encompasses over one million species. They are easily the most abundant of all the visible animals.

Order Hymenoptera

"Membrane winged." Many members of this order are social insects; they live in large groups and have castes that perform different functions for the group. made up of the bees, wasps, and ants

Autophagy

"Remodeling process" of some cells. The cell forms a membrane around a damaged, worn out, or no longer needed cellular structure. Lysosome membranes join with the vacuole's membrane and empty their enzymes into the vacuole. The cellular substances are then broken down to soluble materials that are absorbed into the cytoplasm; Digestion of dying cellular structures. Materials are recycled.

Halophiles

"Salt lovers." Live in areas with extremely high salt concentration, such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. These organisms metabolize the salt to produce ATP.

Order Lepidoptera

"Scale wing." known for complete metamorphosis. At one stage in life, a member is a vividly colored worm, often bristling with spines. At another stage it is a graceful insect with large powdery wings. (butterflies and moths)

Order Coleoptera

"Sheath wing." Members have compact bodies covered by heavy armor and look like miniature war machines. The most obvious parts of a beetle's body are the horny wings, a pair of thick, often colorful, protective sheaths that cover most of the body. made up of beetles. is the LARGEST ORDER OF INSECTS

Order Diptera

"Two wings." Members of this order have caused man much pain and discomfort. These use man or other mammals as their targets. mosquitos and flies

Kingdom Archaebacteria

"ancient", prokaryotic, various kinds of lipids, no peptidoglycan in cell wall, extreme and nonextreme environs,contains introns and other similarities to eukaryotic cells; also similarities to eubacteria genes

Order Odonata

"toothed", dragonflies and damselflies, 2 pairs of membranous wings operate independently, incomplete metamorphosis, lay eggs in water nymphs are called naiads

3- 2 atria and one ventricle

# of chambers in amphibian heart

2- one atrium and one ventricle

# of chambers in fish heart

3- two atria and one ventricle except for the crocodiles and alligators with a four-chambered heart

# of chambers in reptile hearts

Balanced Photosynthesis Equation

(12H2O + 6CO2 = Light energy --Chlorophyll--> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2)

TRUE

(T or F) Birds have many neck vertebrae to grant them free movement of the head, an especially useful feature since birds lack the ability to manipulate items with their forelimbs since most do not have movable eyes.

FAlSE, the molting of birds is a gradual, highly ordered process. A bird missing many flight feathers on one wing would be crippled.

(T or F) Birds molt all of their feathers all at once.

FALSE; they get oxygen-rich air during inhalation and exhalation because of the air sacs

(T or F) birds get oxygen-rich air during only inhalation

FALSE; birds create an enormous energy demand because of high body temperatures and flying activities meaning they must eat large quantities of food.

(T or F) is someone says that you eat like a bird, that is a true statement because birds don't eat a lot.

FALSE only PLANT CELLS have a cell plate

(TRUE OR FALSE) All cells have a cell plate.

TRUE

(TRUE OR FALSE) Many Creation scientists believe there was an ice age after the Flood, but it was much shorter than secular scientists believe.

FALSE most DO NOT cause diseases

(TRUE OR FALSE) Most bacteria cause diseases.

TRUE

(TRUE OR FALSE) Natural clones exist without man's intervention.

False

(TRUE OR FALSE) Plants have centrioles.

FALSE

(TRUE OR FALSE) The Human Genome Project revealed what trait each gene codes for.

true

(TRUE OR FALSE) bacteria do not have a cytoskeleton.

True

(TRUE OR FALSE) pea plants only self-polinate

True

(TRUE OR FALSE) sometimes there is no cytokinesis in unicellular organisms.

TRUE

(TRUE or FALSE) Although gene therapy is still experimental, there is great hope that this technique can correct defective genes.

FALSE insect's body covering is a secretion and materials composing bones are cellular secretions

(True or False) All parts of an organism is made of cells

true

(true or false) Most fungi require oxygen for their metabolism, but a few can grow without an abundant supply of free oxygen.

false, earthworms are hermaphroditic

(true or false) earthworms are not hermaphroditic

FALSE ALL fungi require moisture for active growth although many species can withstand periods of dryness by forming spores.

(true or false) some fungi require moisture for active growth.

true

(true or false) the female Ascaris is larger than the male

wings

-ptera

Irish potatoes and seedless bananas

2 examples of Artificial Clones

the Gila monster and the Mexican beaded lizard

2 known venomous lizards

Cephalochordata (amphioxus), Urochordata (tunicates), and Vertebrata (vertebrates)

3 subphyla of Phylum Chordata

Ascospores

8 sexually produced spores inside a sac called an ascus.

Hibernation

A "lifeless" state in which the animal becomes inert; its heartbeat and circulation almost cease. because of cold

Tuatara

A 60 cm reptile found only on a few islands near New Zealand and the only living member of the order Rhynchocephalia.

Core

A DNA or RNA center of a virus.

Yolk

A ball of food material.

Clitellum

A barrel-shaped swelling usually covering segments 32 through 37. look like a "bandage"

Spherical Symmetry

A body pattern that can be divided into equal halves by a cut in any direction as long as the cut passes through the center of the body. this type of symmetrical animal has no top, bottom, or sides.

Radial Symmetry

A body pattern that can be divided into equal halves by a cut made through the the center of the animal and along its length. this type of symmetrical animal has no right and left sides. all are aquatic

Bilateral Symmetry

A body pattern that can be divided into equal halves only by a cut which passes longitudinally (top to bottom) and divides the animal into right and left sides. this type of symmetrical animal often has a front and hind region (head/tail)

Budding

A bud with a sliver of bark is placed under a slit in the bark of the stock.

Larynx

A cartilaginous organ containing vocal cords. "Voice box."

Mother Cell

A cell that is ready to begin mitosis (divide).

Spore

A cell with a hard protective covering.

Protonema

A cellular filament that forms the leafy shoots and rhizoids of the gametophyte.

polypeptide chain (2.6)

A chain formed by many peptide bonds, as in the formation of a protein by many amino acids being bonded by peptide bonds.

Gene Mutation

A change in the sequence of bases in a gene. The alteration of an individual gene.

chemical change (2.1)

A change in which a substance loses its characteristics and changes into one or more new substances.

workability

A characteristic of scientific knowledge that allows its practical application.

Pedigree

A chart that geneticists use to trace the presence or absence of a trait in a number of generations. Often use symbols to indicate sex, marriage, offspring, and other related factors.

covalent bond (2.1)

A chemical bond formed between atoms as a result of sharing a pair of electrons.

Tympanic Membrane

A circular membranous structure situated behind each eye. It serves as an eardrum, transmitting sound vibrations to the ear cavity underneath.

Fiddlehead

A coiled young fern frond.

Cytoplasmic Matrix

A colloid in which granules are suspended.

DDT

A colorless odorless water-insoluble crystalline insecticide that tends to accumulate in ecosystems and has toxic effects on many vertebrates; became the most widely used pesticide from WWII to the 1950's; implicated in illnesses and environmental problem; now banned in the US.

fatty acid (2.5)

A common lipid composed of a chain of 14-28 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on the end.

glucose (2.5)

A common six-carbon simple sugar.

Inflammation

A condition characterized by an increased flow of blood that is caused by chemicals released from cells in response to the presence of a pathogen. results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling

Operculum

A conspicuous plate behind the eye on each side of the head of a fish. respiration. allows the water to be passed over the gills

Monohybrid Cross

A cross between individuals that deals with only one set of alleles. (characteristics)

Polyp

A cup-shaped, tubular cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disc for attachment at the other. Sessile, but may release themselves to float to tumble to a new site.

Organelles

A cytoplasmic structure that performs special functions in the cell.

Nucleolus

A dark-staining spherical structure found in most cells.

Food Chain

A diagram depicting the nutritional relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram of organisms based on how they are purportedly related.

Zygote

A diploid cell formed when two haploid cells from the parents unite. (n + n = 2n)

Blight

A disease of plants that causes rapid destruction of the leaves and stems, resulting in the death of the plant. Easily spread and can wipe out crops very quickly. happened during the Irish potato famine.

Communicable Disease

A disease that can spread from one person to another by either direct or indirect means.

Contagious Disease

A disease that spreads easily to others.

buffer (2.3)

A dissolved substance that makes a solution resistant to a change in its pH (the concentration of hydrogen ions).

DNA fingerprint

A distinctive pattern of bands composed of fragments of an individual's DNA that is sufficiently specific to that individual to be used as a means of identification.

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane that completely surrounds the nucleus.

Chromatid

A duplicated chromosome ready for cell division that is attached to its sister by the centromere.

unsaturated fat (2.5)

A fatty-acid molecule in which some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other.

Fern

A favorite potted plant.

Frond

A fern leaf.

keratin

A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair

Pellicle

A firm yet flexible protein-rich outer covering that is external to the cell membrane. Gives paramecium a distinctive slipper shape.

Golgi Apparatus

A flattened, curved, membrane-covered sac. It is important in the final processing and packaging of many complex polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids produced by the cell. (Prepares substances to be secreted by the cell)

Foot

A fleshy, muscular organ that is used for locomotion and assumes a variety of forms, depending on the animal.

Endoskeleton

A flexible, lighter, internal system of bone or cartilage.

Transformation

A form of bacterial genetic transfer in which living bacterial cells take up other bacteria's DNA that is free in the environment.

Countershading

A form of camouflage in which the upper half of the fish is a dark color so that when viewed from above, it blends with the bottom of the body of water. The lower part of the fish is light colored, which makes it blend with the brightly lit water surface when viewed from below. (Helps to protect the fish from predators above and below it.)

Chromatin Material

A fuzzy, tangled mass of chromosomes as they appear in an active, non-dividing cell.

Algin

A gelatinous coating found on many brown algae, serves as a thickener in commercially produced ice cream and other foods.

Agar

A gelatinous substance used in growing bacteria.

Point Mutation

A gene mutation involving only one nucleotide. The effect on an organism can be very profound. can occur in one of three ways--- substitution, addition, or deletion

Stem cell

A generalized cell that has the ability to differentiate into specialized cells for specific functions.

global warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature, not enough evidence to support it

Chloroplast

A green organelle in which light energy is converted into organic compounds. (Contains green pigments called chlorophyll) contains flattened sacs of thylakoids which are arranged into stacks called grana

Budding

A group of cells from the sponge's body may enlarge and separate from the parent to form a new individual.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area.

species

A group of organisms that is structurally similar but has some variation is a(n)

Species

A group with members that can generally interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. Narrowest organization of organisms. Structurally similar but do have a degree of variation.

Primary Growth

A growth in length.

Tropism

A growth response in plants as a result of a stimulus.

Phototropism

A growth response to light, is not the same in all plants or in all plant parts.

Prothallus

A heart-shaped structure that develops when fern spores germinate.

electron microscope

A high-powered magnification device that uses streams of electrons rather than light rays to form an image.

life/living condition

A highly organized cellular condition that is derived from preexisting life; that requires energy to carry on processes such as growth, movement, reproduction, and responses; and that faces death. It is more important, however, to understand what life is and to recognize it than to memorize a definition.

Mesoglea

A jellylike layer that separates the two cell layers in hydra.

Mesenchyme

A jellylike, noncellular matrix that separates the two layers of the sponge.

Blade

A large flattened area.

Peptidoglycan

A large molecule of carbohydrates and protein.

polysaccharide (2.5).

A large, complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides. Includes starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

Cortex

A layer of large thin-walled parenchyma cells. Stores materials in young roots.

Vascular Cambium

A layer of meristematic tissue that can produce additional xylem and phloem.

Cork Cambium

A layer that will produce cork cells to protect the stem after it has grown too large for the original epidermal cells.

steroids

A lipid composed of a carbon backbone of four carbon rings and a side chain of carbon atoms; many function as hormones.

scientific method

A logical method of problem solving that involves observing and reaching a conclusion. (problem, research, hypothesis, observe, collect, classify, analyze, choose, verify, and predict)

Flagella (singular flagellum)

A long tubular extension of the cell membrane surrounding a special arrangement of microtubules. are usually longer than the cell and cells usually have one of these (Functions in mobility.)

Bud Scales

A longitudinal section of an apical bud reveals these which protect tiny leaves and, if the tree is to bloom in early spring, flower parts.

polymer (2.5)

A macromolecule made up of a chain of monomers, sometimes identical.

compound light microscope

A magnification device with two sets of lenses, one set for magnification and a second set to allow the observer to view the image from a convenient distance.

Water-Vascular System

A marvel of hydraulic engineering that is best seen in the starfish. A series of canals and tubules for locomotion and food capture.

Ganglion

A mass of nervous tissue.

mixture (2.1)

A material that contains two or more substances.

Fruit

A mature ovary with seeds (matured ovules) inside.

Fruit

A mature ovary.

entropy (2.2)

A measure of the unusable energy that escapes when energy is being converted from one form to another; an increase in disorder and degeneration.

semipermeable membrane (2.3)

A membrane that is permeable to certain molecules or ions but not to others.

Chorion

A membrane that lines the inner surface of the shell.

Cell Plate

A membrane-bound wall divides the two daughter cells. Only in plant cells.

Tympanum

A membrane-covered chamber in the first abdominal segment. Used for hearing in the insect (grasshoppers)

microbe

A microscopic organism. (small organisms)

Ascus

A microscopic, sac-like structure in which the spores (ascospores) are formed.

Milt

A milky fluid containing the sperm.

polar molecule (2.3)

A molecule with charged poles (not balanced by symmetry).

Ventricle

A muscular chamber designed to pump the blood through the ventral aorta to smaller arteries supplying the gills

Uterus

A muscular chamber where the young develop in mammals)

Pharynx

A muscular tube extended through the planarian's mouth and sucks up food particles.

Germ Mutation

A mutation in a cell that forms gametes. it will affect every cell in the new individual.

Lethal Mutation

A mutation that causes the death of an organism, either before or after birth.

Somatic Mutation

A mutation that occurs in the non-gamete cells of the organism.

Spicules

A network found in the mesenchyme that supports the sponge. produced by amoebocytes. "like needles," made of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin (protein like fibers)

Nerve Net

A network of nerve cells and fibers extending throughout the hydra's body that allow it to coordinate its feeding movements for greater efficiency.

Ribosome

A non-membrane-bound organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is a "protein factory." composed of two basic units - proteins and multiple strands of RNA - function - line up the amino acids during the production of proteins - free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Substitution

A nucleotide is removed and replaced with a different nucleotide or when two nucleotides are inverted, causes sickle cell anemia

infusion

A nutrient-rich solution in which microorganisms can live.

Fangs

A pair of needlelike structures on the upper jaw of snakes.

Nephridia

A pair of tubelike structures in each body segment to excrete wastes.

Mendelian Genetics

A paper that presented a set of conclusions written by Mendel. Mendel began with 34 varieties of pea seeds and chose 7 sets of opposing characteristics.

Evolutionist

A person who believes the theory of evolution.

Karyotype

A picture of the chromosomes in a cell.

Tendril

A plant part that wraps itself around something in order to help support the plant. Often are extensions of the midribs of compound leaves.

Genetically modified (GM) plant

A plant that has undergone genetic engineering to improve its characteristics.

Ovipositor

A pointed extension that is used to deposit the fertilized eggs.

Colchicine

A poisonous drug extracted from the autumn crocus plant.

glycogen (2.5)

A polysaccharide; animal starch; branching chains of glucose molecules.

starch (2.5)

A polysaccharide; often used for energy storage by plants.

bias

A preference or inclination in thinking, especially a belief that causes one to be partial.

Nitrogen Fixation

A process in which bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds.

Biological Magnification

A process that results in the increased concentration of substances in higher trophic levels.

Capillarity

A property of water that, at one time, was considered a possible explanation for water movement in a plant. (Water clings to surfaces)

Tegument

A protective body covering.

Shell

A protective covering encasing the egg. It is porous, permitting the exchange of gases between the egg and environment but preventing excessive water loss.

Capsid

A protein covering for a virus.

enzyme (2.2, 21.5)

A protein molecule that is produced by living cells to catalyze specific reactions.

Interferons

A protein that is produced by an infected host cell and released when the cell bursts.

Albumen

A protein-containing substance that coats a fertilized bird egg.

Fever

A raised body temperature. Makes the environment less favorable for many invading organisms.

Hemoglobin

A red, oxygen-carrying pigment. reason why blood is red because it contains this.

Centrosome

A region located near the nucleus that is important in the production of microtubules in the cytoskeleton.

Gravitropism

A response to gravity. Normally roots have positive growth while stems have negative growth.

Pupa

A resting stage of development during which the insect forms a case about itself or weaves a silken cocoon.

Cell Wall

A rigid or near rigid structure that is located on the outside of the cell membrane that protects the cell. Will NOT be found in animal or human cells.

Notocord

A rod of tough, flexible tissue running the length of the animal's body and serving as its primary support. In some animals it remains throughout its life, but in most chordates, it is replaced by vertebrae.

Bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium and averages about 1 um in width and 2-10 um in length.

Biopsy

A sample of tissue from the tumor is removed and sent to a pathologist to diagnose which type of tumor is present.

microscope

A scientific instrument that magnifies objects for more detailed study; usually contains a series of lenses.

survey

A scientific study used to determine what exists or what is a common practice in an area.

Gene

A section of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide chain of amino acids, thereby producing a specific trait.

Inversion

A segment of a chromosome breaks and reattaches at the same position. are less likely to cause serious conditions because the genes are still present but just located in a different order on the chromosome.

Larva

A segmented wormlike stage. Spends much time feeding.

Parallel Venation

A series of veins originates at the stem and proceeds to the top of the leaf in a roughly parallel fashion. This pattern occurs in monocots.

Mantle

A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of the mollusk, secretes its shell, and forms its respiratory apparatus.

Gullet

A short blind tube that leads food to a food vacuole.

Viroid

A short single strand of circular RNA. It has no capsid or envelope yet it is still able to replicate once inside a host.

monosaccharide (2.5)

A simple sugar.

Pseudoplasmodium

A single colony of cellular slime molds that looks like a slimy slug. Although it appears and moves as a single organism, the cells retain their cell membranes and individuality. (happens when food becomes scarce)

Carapace

A single exoskeletal plate that covers the cephalothorax in Crustaceans

Blowhole

A single nostril on the top of cetaceans' heads for breathing, although in cold areas the release of warm breath gives the appearance of water being forced out.

Trachea

A single tube which opens into the mouth cavity through the slitlike glottis. respiration in frogs

Amphioxus/lancelet

A slender marine animal about 5 cm long. This tiny eel-like creature exists in tropical and temperate coastal waters. lives half-buried in the sand with its head exposed and feeds by filtering plankton from the water. (subphylum Cephalochordata)

Hibernation

A slow in metabolism to a point where the animal becomes unconscious. occasionally during this period, the animal awakes to pass its wastes and then quickly returns to sleep.

Scolex

A small bulb-shaped "head."

Hydra

A small freshwater cnidarian commonly found in quiet lakes or ponds. polyp form

Micropyle

A small gap between the integuments that forms an opening into the ovule.

Radula

A small organ covered with many tiny teeth that scrapes up food particles and draws them into the mollusk's mouth.

Regeneration

A small piece of the sponge can regenerate into a new, complete adult.

Plasmid

A small, circular piece of bacterial DNA

Rumen

A special section of the multichambered stomach of certain animals. bacteria maintained within here produce enzymes that digest cellulose (in plant material)

Gram's Stain

A special staining technique that will stain bacteria either purple (gram-positive) or pink (gram-negative). Used to classify and identify bacteria based on the content of peptidoglycan found in their cell walls.

Retrovirus

A special type of RNA virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase. transcription is reversed now the host cell produces viral RNA to viral DNA (normally is DNA to RNA)

Pathologist

A specialist in diagnosing diseased tissues.

Coccus

A spherical or oval bacterium, averaging about 1 um in diameter.

Spirillum

A spiral or corkscrew shaped bacterium that is slightly longer than the other type.

Canidiophore

A sporophore that does not form spores within an enclosure.

Sporangiophore

A sporophore that forms spores within an enclosure or sac.

proton (2.1)

A stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron. (Quizlet auto-define)

Grana

A stack of thylakoids; Photosynthesis begins here.

Petiole

A stalk that connects the blade to the stem.

Style

A stalklike structure that supports the stigma and the ovary.

equilibrium (2.3)

A state of balance as is seen when diffusion has progressed to the point where there are no longer regions of higher and lower concentrations.

Somatic stem cell (adult stem cell)

A stem cell obtained from the differentiated body tissue of adults or children.

Scion

A stem.

Chromosome

A strand of DNA with proteins attached.

Lateral Line

A string of sensory structures, this line of sensors branches over the head for improved reception. in fish

Tetrad

A structure formed when homologous chromosomes pair up.

Sporangium

A structure in which spores are produced.

Seed

A structure that contains a young embryonic plant and food stored inside a protective coat.

Oogonium

A structure that produces a non motile gamete called an ovum.

Antheridium

A structure that produces the motile sperm gametes .

compound (2.1)

A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions.

catalyst (2.2)

A substance that affects the rate of a reaction but is not changed in the reaction.

element (2.1)

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Carcinogen

A substance that increases the risk of cancer.

base (2.3)

A substance that releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water; neutralizes an acid.

disaccharide (2.5)

A sugar composed of two monosaccharides.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of interconnected folded membranes inside the cell. It is rough there are ribosomes on it. Those without ribosomes are smooth. synthesizes proteins and sterols and transports materials within the cell

Exoskeleton

A system of tough, external plates that protect and support the animal.

Sequencing

A technical process for determining the order of nucleotides in an organism's DNA.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A technique often used in DNA fingerprinting that takes a tiny amount of DNA and quickly produces millions of copies.

Gene therapy

A technique to correct a specific disease or disorder caused by a defective gene by replacing the defective gene with a properly functioning gene. Uses recombinant DNA.

Cork

A thick layer of dead cells that waterproofs the plant, taking over the function of the cuticle. Covers the stem and roots of mature plants.

Cuticle

A thick, waxy layer that covers the leaves and stem. It helps prevent water loss.

Septum

A thin, internal membrane that separates each segment of an annelid's body.

Swim Bladder

A thin-walled sac in the body cavity that enables the fish to control its depth and to maintain that depth without swimming.

Dominant Trait

A trait that expresses itself when two opposing traits are present.

phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

Latent Virus

A virus that enters a cell and remains inactive for a period of time.

Mimicry

Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal.

Viable

Able to germinate.

Gap Theory

According to this, there was a long period of time between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2.

Acetyl CoA

Acetyl coenzyme A.

Phylum Porifera

Act as living pumps, drawing water into their bodies through tiny incurrent pores and expelling it through a large excurrent pore. ("pore bearers")

Transforming Virus

Add new genetic information to the host cell but do not destroy the cell

Sporophores

Aerial hyphae branches that produce spores.

Stolons

Aerial hyphae that connect groups of hyphae together.

Sessile

Algae that grow attached to something.

Gene Pool

All alleles that all members of a species of an organism can conceivably possess. individual has access this only through his parents

Ungulate

All hoofed animals.

Phylum Cnidaria

All members are aquatic, and most are marine. two basic forms: polyp and medusa

Chromatin Material

All of the hereditary information of the cell that is stored in the DNA.

Ecosystem

All of the living things and nonliving factors and their interactions within a limited area.

Biotic Community

All of the living things in an ecosystem. producers or consumers

Bark

All of the tissues from the vascular cambium outward. The protective covering of a woody plant.

silk

All spiders spin _______ that may be used for containing eggs, restraining prey, or building a web.

Pericycle

Also a meristematic tissue.

physical change (2.1)

Altering a substance in its state of matter and appearance without changing it into a new substance.

1. gills during larval stages 2. lungs 3. lining of an amphibian's mouth and throat may serve as a means of respiration 4. skin

Amphibians may use one or more of four of these mechanisms to obtain the oxygen they need

Prion

An abnormal form of a protein normally found in cells that is thought by some researchers to cause certain diseases.

Tumor

An abnormal mass of cells produced by abnormal cell division.

Taxes

An action in response to a stimulus.

Domains

An additional classification level that groups organisms into three categories based on RNA similarities and includes various kingdoms in the categories. Includes Archae, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Pathogen

An agent that invades the body and causes a disease.

Allele

An alternate form of a gene that occupies the same locus on homologous chromosomes. Expressed as T or t.

Ectothermic

An animal that does not have the ability to generate its own body heat and thus maintain a consistent body temperature above its surroundings. depends upon heat from sources outside themselves to stay alive.

Intermediate Host

An animal that temporarily harbors the immature form of a parasite.

Biome

An area of the biosphere which may cover a large section of a continent, has a relatively uniform physical environment, and supports similar biotic communities.

ion (2.1)

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge as a result of losing or gaining electrons.

internal movement

An attribute of life that includes movement of fluids, organs, and even structures within cells.

Tadpole

An eating machine that undergoes major physical changes to become an adult. Has an oval body tapering to a slender tail. the larval frog, has gills

hypothesis

An educated guess about the solution to a problem; helps define and direct an experiment.

Crop

An enlargement of the esophagus that stores the food until it can pass into the two-part stomach.

Syrinx

An enlargement of the trachea just above where it divides to enter the lungs. This song box can produce a variety of sounds.

RNA polymerase (2.6)

An enzyme that separates the DNA double helix to initiate transcription.

controlled experiment

An experiment testing two identical groups for a single variable.

model

An explanation or representation of how something works.

concentration (2.3)

An expression of the proportions of solute to solvent in a solution.

Addition

An extra nucleotide is placed in the DNA sequence.

Malaria

An illness that causes fatigue, thirst, and high fever alternating with chills. Caused by a sporozoan. is spread by a vector, which is the female Anopheles mosquito.

Equatorial Plane

An imaginary line bisecting the spindle. the centromeres line up here during metaphase.

Secondary Growth

An increase in diameter.

Carrier

An individual that does not exhibit the characteristic but does carry the gene for the trait.

archaeopteryx

An intermediate fossil that shows both reptile and bird characteristics (according to Evolutionists). According to Creationist, it is a bird because it had perching limbs, and probably fully formed feathers, and a bird skeleton, and adequate attachment sites for flight muscles.

research

An investigation into a topic often carried on by reading, inquiry, or scientific observation.

Vestigial Structures

An organ which no longer has a function.

The Leaf

An organ whose primary function is to absorb light energy from the sun.

nucleic acid (2.6)

An organic compound in living cells that is responsible for passing on hereditary information; DNA and RNA.

carbohydrate (2.5)

An organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

protein (2.6)

An organic compound that is composed of amino acids.

lipid (2.5)

An organic compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents. Includes fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids.

Parasite

An organism that fastens itself to a host, depends upon the host, and often harms the host.

Indicator Organism

An organism that grows only in a specific environment and is used to indicate the presence pf a particular pathogen or toxic substance.

Epidermis

An outer layer of cells that covers the leaves, roots, and in young plants, the stems.

Rhizome

An underground stem that produces roots and leaves.

Embryonic stem cell

An undifferentiated cell, taken from the embryo, that has the potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types.

Vertebrates

Animals with backbones.

Invertebrates

Animals without backbones.

Seasonal Rhythms

Annual rhythms on a yearly cycle.

Protease Inhibitors

Another class of antiviral drugs that attack a different aspect of viral metabolism--protein synthesis.

Disorder

Any affliction not caused by a pathogen.

Polyploid

Any cell or organism that has three or more complete sets of chromosomes. would be considered euloid because its chromosome number is now 3n, 4n, 5n, and so on

Mutation

Any change in the DNA of an organism. it may involve a rearrangement of a chromosome or a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence

Hormone

Any chemical produced by one area of an organism and transported to another part where it causes a response.

Fossil

Any direct or indirect evidence of a once living organism that is embedded or preserved in the earth's crust.

Protist

Any eukaryotic organism that is not animal, plant or fungus. Nonetheless, they are often described as being animal-like, plant-like, or funguslike.

Asexual Reproduction

Any form of reproduction that involves only mitotic cell divisions. no genetic variety. they are identical to the parent. (Examples: Fragmentation, Budding, Spores)

Genetic Disorder

Any malformation or malfunction of an individual's body that is caused by a gene or group of genes.

acid (2.3)

Any substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; a substance that neutralizes a base.

Mutagen

Anything that causes a mutation to occur--various chemicals, gases, or radiation.

matter (2.1)

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Macronucleus

Appears to be multiple copies of the genetic material of the cell.

Warning Coloration

Appears to tell potential predators to beware.

Antennae

Appendages in the head region that provide taste, smell, and touch sensation to most arthropods.

no, they are more closely aligned with spiders and scorpions and have their own class under Chelicerata

Are horseshoe crabs crustaceans?

invertebrates (95%) - more vertebrates (5%)

Are there more invertebrates or vertebrates?

Eyespots

Areas of pigment that can detect light intensity and either move toward or away from the light; others can detect and respond to chemical changes.

Sources

Areas where carbohydrates are stored or manufactured. (Primarily leaves and stems.)

Rays

Arms of an echinoderm.

Self Pollination

Arrangement of petals of a flower so that the pollen naturally fertilizes the pistil of the same flower.

Phylum Chordata

As diverse as the members are, they share many common characteristics.

Vegetative Reproduction

Asexual form, therefore the offspring have the same genetic makeup of the parent plant.

Sessile

Attached to a surface.

Fluke

Attaches to the host using powerful suckers and feeds upon the host's tissues and fluids by drawing them into its anterior mouth using a muscular pharynx.

Neurotoxin

Attacks the nervous system and often quickly paralyzes the prey.

hydrophilic (2.5)

Attracted to or having an affinity for water.

Facultative Anaerobes

Bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen.

Aristotle

Based his groupings on observable characteristics. He attempted the first recorded classification of organisms by using the artificial classification system which had organisms classified into two major groupings plants or animals.

Veins

Begin in the capillaries and carry blood from body tissues back to the heart.

Pantheism

Belief that the physical world is god.

Alligators, Crocodiles, Gharials

Belong to the order Crocodilia and are among the largest living reptiles.

Tunicates/sea squirts

Best represent the urochordates. They pump water through small pores on their bodies. they reproduce sexually by producing swimming, tadpole-shaped larvae that have all three of the chordate characteristics, but when they are in adulthood they only have one characteristic, pharyngeal slits

fire ants

Bite and use mandibles to hold onto victim while emptying contents of poison vesicle into wound. introduced to US when they arrived in Mobile, Alabama

Open System

Blood flows into tissue; it is not confined to vessels.

Closed System

Blood is confined to blood vessels.

Cyanobacteria

Blue-green algae that is classified in the kingdom Eubacteria as a group within one of the bacterial phyla. was reclassified because it was prokaryotic.

Suckers/Hooks

Both for attachment to a host.

Homologue

Both in a pair have genes for the same characteristics. Each member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.

Mutualism

Both populations benefit from the relationship. (+ +)

Chromatophores

Branched cells responsible for producing some of the pigments that color fish.

Excurrent

Branching pattern usually forming cone-shaped bushes or trees with one main stem.

Respiration

Breakdown of food (usually glucose) with the release energy.

Chemosynthesis

Breaking apart inorganic chemicals to obtain energy which is used to synthesize sugar. a type of autotroph.

Catabolism

Breaking down molecules to release energy. (example: cellular respiration)

Cellular Respiration

Breaking down of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP.

Bracts

Brightly covered leaves.

Incurrent Siphon

Brings water into the clam.

Scutes

Broad scales on the ventral surface of the snake.

Kingdom

Broadest organization of organisms.

Anabolism

Building molecules to store energy. (example: photosynthesis)

Simple Photosynthesis Equation

CO2 + H2O + Light energy = (C6H12O6)Glucose and (O2)Oxygen.

Pyruvic Acid

Can be used in the different forms of cellular respiration.

Benign tumors

Cancer cells that stay within the tumor and do not spread to other parts of the body.

Malignant tumors

Cancers that spread (metastasize) beyond the boundaries of the original tumor to other parts of the body.

Nematocysts

Capsules containing poisonous barbs, long coiled threads, or a sticky substance.

Fruit Fly

Captured the attention of the scientific world for its ease of genetic study because of its abundant offspring, short life span, ease of keeping and handling, noticeable differences, and four pairs of chromosomes

Excurrent Siphon

Carries water out of the clam.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to body tissues.

Down Syndrome

Caused by a trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome.

African Sleeping Sickness

Caused by flagellate Trypanosoma. Carried by the tsetse fly. Causes brain inflammation, mental lethargy, weakness, sleepiness, and possibly death.

Winds

Caused by the heating of large air masses and and the rotation of the earth. Strongly affect the biotic community.

Root Pressure

Causes the movement of water and dissolved minerals up the xylem of the stem.

G2 Phase

Cell produces proteins and molecules needed for mitosis. Last phase of Interphase. ends up with a mother cell (a cell that is ready to begin mitosis)

Septa

Cell walls that usually have a hole or pore in them, permitting cytoplasm to pass between the cells of the filament.

Apical Meristem

Cells formed in this area of active cell division differentiate into leaves, stem tissues, and flowers.

Eukaryotic

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and both types of organelles in the cytoplasm.

Root Hairs

Cellular extensions that penetrate between soil particles to water resources that would normally be out of reach for the root.

Turgor Pressure

Cellular fullness caused by the water pressure in the central vacuole.

turgor pressure

Cellular fullness caused by the water pressure in the central vacuole.

cellulose (2.5)

Chains of glucose molecules; found in plant cell walls.

The same in kind and amount in the cells of an organism. The same in kind and amount of each organism in a species. Chemical that can function as individual units. Carry information for the formation of organic chemicals, (Biosynthesis) Able to reproduce themselves. Can be passed on to the next generation. Are found in the cell's nuclear material.

Characteristics of Genes

Species Characteristics

Characteristics that every member of a species possesses, such as the number of chromosomes in a cell.

Thigmonastic Movements

Characterized by a rapid loss of turgor pressure in response to touch.

Metamorphosis

Characterized by the drastic changes in habitat and body structures.

Phylum Sarcodina

Characterized by their lack of a standard body shape. They have a flexible plasma membrane and pseudopodia. Representative Organism: amoeba proteus

Insecticides

Chemicals that man uses to poison insects. two kinds: stomach poisons and contact poisons

Homologous Pair of Chromosomes

Chromosomes come in pairs called these.

Trochophore

Ciliated larval stage of an aquatic mollusk.

Scientism

Claims that science is the only path to truth.

starfish

Class Asteroidea

Sea Lilies and Feather Stars

Class Crinoidea

sea urchins and sand dollars

Class Echinoidea

Sea Cucumbers

Class Holothuroidea

Brittle stars and basket stars

Class Ophiuroidea

Artificial Classification System

Classification based primarily on observable characteristics.

Hierarchy Classification system

Classification system that starts with the broadest group or classification and work down to the most specific category

Phylum Lycophyta

Club mosses. Look like large moss plants. They usually have a creeping stem that may be under the surface.

Gemmules

Clusters of cells encased in a tough, spicule-reinforced coat. survive in a dormant state until favorable conditions return, then it opens and new sponges form

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Code for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth.

Proto-Oncogenes

Code for proteins that stimulate cell division or affect the synthesis of growth factors. Promote cell growth.

Contractile Vacuoles

Collect and eliminate excess water.

Colonial Organisms

Collection of similar cells living together. Cells could survive if separated. Includes many algae and fungi.

Sori

Collection of sporangia on the undersides of fern fronds.

Paramecium

Common free-swimming inhabitants of stagnant lakes and ponds. Have pellicle. Move by cilia. Reproduction is by asexual binary fission and sexual conjugation.

Phylum Zygomycota/ Rhizopus (bread mold)

Common molds. They are primarily land dwellers, and their hyphae are coenocytic. Reproduce sexually by forming a zygosporangium. Reproduce asexually by forming sporangiophores. Representative organism: ?

somatic - reduced risk of rejection (body will might destroy it) and its ease of growth and differentiation embryonic - forms tumors and fails to differentiate

Compare and contrast somatic and embryonic stem cells

Number of chromosome divisions. Chromosome number. Differences in the resulting cells --diploid or haploid --genetic information

Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Topsoil

Composed of loam, living organisms, and humus.

Meristematic Tissues

Composed of plant cells that are capable of continuous mitosis and are responsible for the ongoing growth of the plant. Cells are undifferentiated.

Pith

Composed primarily of parenchyma cells and stores food and carries materials to different parts of the plant.

Aneuploidy

Condition in which organisms lack chromosomes or have extras. Do not have a complete set of chromosomes. Usually caused by nondisjunction.

Proper wavelengths of light. Sufficient absorption of carbon dioxide. Proper temperature. Proper amount of water.

Conditions for Photosynthesis

Literal Interpretation

Conforming to or limited to the most obvious meaning of a word or phrase (the Bible's account of Creationism in this case)

Unicellular Organisms

Consist of only one cell. Includes bacteria, protozoans, and fungi.

Axial Skeleton

Consists of the vertebral column, the skull, and the ribs.

Cyclic

Constantly in a moving cycle.

Consumers (Heterotrophs)

Consume all or part of other organisms for food.

Succulent Stems

Contain large quantities of water under thick cuticles and usually remain photosynthetic.

Simple Eyes

Contain only one lens and present a very limited view.

Pyrenoid

Contain the enzyme necessary for the manufacture of starch from the simple sugars produced by photosynthesis.

Pollen Grains

Contain the male gametes of the plant and vary greatly in size and surface structure.

Compound Eyes

Contain thousands of individual lenses.

Transgenic

Containing genes from more than one species.

Phylum Pteridophyta

Contains an interesting and diverse group of plants.

Kingdom Fungi

Contains approximately 100,000 species of colonial and unicellular heterotrophic organisms. Usually divided into three phyla based on colonial structure and method of sexual reproduction.

Order Orthoptera

Contains many significant and well-known species. Incomplete metamorphosis, chewing mouthparts, and one pair of membranous wings covered by a pair of leathery ones set this group apart. "Straight wing.", hind jumping legs, grasshoppers, cockroaches, and crickets

Sedimentary Rock

Contains most of the fossils and composes most of the topography that are seen today.

Cotyledon

Contains stored food to nourish the embryonic plant while it s in the seed and to supply the young sprout with energy until it can carry on photosynthesis.

Class Mammalia

Contains the "real" animals. One of the smallest vertebrate classes; however, it encompasses animals of great variety that inhabit virtually every habitat imaginable. • Breathe air • Are endothermic • Have a four-chambered heart • Have specialized teeth • Produce milk for young • Have hair

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Contains the hornworts. Their cells have a single large chloroplast rather than multiple chloroplasts.

Messenger RNA

Contains the proper sequence of codons that will be interpreted as a chain of amino acids. Contains the actual code from transcription. Carries the code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Contains the vertebrates (animals with backbones) and is unmatched in variety.

Nucleus

Control center; controls the metabolism of the cell.

Protein Synthesis

Controls and permits all the other processes of a cell.

Cerebrum

Controls voluntary muscle activity.

Long Nitrogen Cycle

Converts gaseous nitrogen into usable compounds.

Cerebellum

Coordinates muscle activity and some involuntary activities.

Leaf Scars

Cork-covered tiny dots.

Root Cap

Covers the tip of the root and is made of dead thick-walled cells that protect the delicate tissues of the root tip as it pushes through the soil.

Amoebocytes

Crawling cells that move freely within the mesenchyme. transports food throughout the sponge and carry wastes to the sponge surface where they can be expelled also operate in digestion

S Phase

DNA is replicated and the chromosomes duplicated. The centrosome (where microtubules are produced in the cell) divides and the centrioles appear. Second phase of Interphase.

Recombinant DNA

DNA which has had a new section of DNA that contains specific gene(s) spliced into it; modified DNA that contains sections of DNA from different sources

Telophase

Daughter chromosomes are at the ends of the spindle. A new nucleus begins to reform around the chromosomes, forming two daughter nuclei. Nuclear chromosomes begin to uncoil and the nucleoli begin to reappear. Last phase of mitosis.

Detritus

Dead organic matter or even excrement.

Humus

Dead organic matter.

Dihybrid Cross

Deals with two pairs of contrasting traits at the same time.

there is no asexual reproduction, but by regeneration they can produce new limbs, not new crayfish

Describe asexual reproduction in crayfish

Watson and Crick

Described the structure of DNA.

multinucleate

Describes cytoplasm that is not divided into cells but contains many nuclei.

Food Web

Describes multiple nutritional relationships. arrows point form a food source to its consumer.

saturated (2.5)

Describing a fatty acid molecule with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

inorganic

Describing objects that are not alive and that have never been alive; also, substances that lack carbon (with few exceptions); usually derived from nonliving material.

Retroviral drugs

Designed to stop the production of viral nucleic acids in retroviruses by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Dragonflies: eyes cover the entire head surface, keep their wings extended after landing Damselflies: eyes are separated, keep wings folded together above their thorax after landing

Difference between a dragonfly and a damselfly

osmosis (2.3)

Diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.

Mycoplasms

Discovered in the late 1890s as pathogens in the membranes around the lungs of cattle. Lack a cell wall and thus can have a variety of shapes. They are highly specific regarding the solute concentrations they can tolerate. causes atypical pneumonia, arthritis, and infections of the urinary tract in humans

J.E. Purkinje

Discovered protoplasm.

Edward Jenner

Discovered the smallpox vaccine.

Albinism

Disorder that is a lack of a dark-colored pigment called melanin. Causes white hair, chalky complexions, and pink eyes and skin.

Kingdom Plantae

Divided into twelve phyla.

Generative Nucleus

Divides to form two sperm nuclei.

Open Circulatory System

Does not limit blood to blood vessels. Instead, the dorsal heart pumps blood through short vessels that empty into cavities within its body and bathe the organs. Depends in part on gravity for its operation.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (cellular fermentation)

Does not require oxygen. Can go through glycolysis to produce pyruvic acid. results in the net gain of 2 ATP molecules. supplies no ATP energy beyond glycolysis

Carapace

Dorsal cover of the hard shell of turtles.

Guttation

Drops of water are forced through the stomata at the margin of the leaf.

Lichens

Dual organisms composed of both an algal host and fungal parasite in a symbiotic relationship. Reproduce by forming soredia.

Anaphase

During this, enzymes break down the proteins in the centromeres, allowing the two chromatids to separate. Centromeres pull the daughter chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell. Third phase of mitosis.

Prophase

During this, there are changes in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nuclear chromosomes get short and thick as they coil up. Nuclear membrane disintegrates. centrosomes migrate to opposite poles. Mitotic spindle (made of microtubules) develops. The first phase of mitosis.

Soredia

Dust-like pieces of lichen that contain both the alga and fungus, but unlike spores, it does not have a thick, protective covering. method of lichen reproduction.

Leaflet

Each blade division.

Valve

Each half of the clam's shell.

Daughter Cells

Each has received a complete copy of the mother cell's DNA as well as some of cytoplasmic contents.

Instincts/ instinct behavior

Elaborate behaviors, apparently the result of a stimulus or series of stimuli. examples: mating of salmon and bird's ability to build a suitable nest.

Egestion

Elimination of NONSOLUBLE, nondigestible wastes from the cell

Excretion

Elimination of soluble waste materials.

Migration

Enables birds to live year-round in warm climates where food remains abundant enough to supply their enormous needs. Provides the best possible environment for raising young. Most birds nest in northern ranges were the summer days are long and predators are few.

Kingdom Animalia

Encompasses a wide assortment of life, from jellyfish to jaguars, from weevils to whales.

Noncyclic

Energy may be stored only temporarily.

potential energy (2.2)

Energy that is stored until being released.

Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of substances to obtain building materials or energy.

Kingdom Animalia

Eukaryotic cells. Multicellular with tissues. All are heterotrophic. All are capable of sexual reproduction, but some are asexual. most have some means of locomotion during at least part of their lives.

Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryotic cells. Multicellular with true tissues. Autotrophic organisms. stationary when adults. Cells have cell walls

Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryotic cells. Unicellular or colonial organisms. Lack true tissues. All are heterotrophic. Asexual and sexual reproduction.

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic organisms that are autotrophic and heterotrophic, mobile and stationary, and unicellular and colonial. Eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi.

biochemical similarities

Evolutionists are currently trying to develop an evolutionary classification system based on...

Neutralism

Exists when there is no direct relationship between populations. (0,0)

Osculum/excurrent pores

Expel water from the body of a sponge.

Pseudopodium

Extension of a cell used for locomotion or engulfing substances.

Capsule

External covering of a cell wall made of gummy/slimy complex polysaccharides; of varying thickness; protects cell from adverse environments and attack from other cells.

Energy Pollutants

Factors caused by man that act upon an environment in a harmful way. Includes heat, light, sound, and nuclear energy.

Limiting Factors

Factors that in some way limit the growth or existence of an organism.

"Typhoid Mary"

Famous because she spread typhoid, healthy carrier; she worked as a cook and waitress

Carotenoids

Fat-soluble pigments found in the two plastids of some plants. Responsible for the pale yellow green areas of leaves that are green without sufficient light as well as for the colors of such plants parts as daffodil flowers, carrots, pumpkins, and corn kernels.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microscopy

Individual Characteristics

Features that make a person unique such as eye, hair, and skin color, body build, and intelligence

Parasitic

Feeding on a living host.

Cross Pollination

Fertilizing the pistil of a plant with the pollen of another.

Fetoscopes

Fiberoptic devices inserted into the womb and used to obtain images of the unborn child.

Family

Fifth broadest organization of organisms.

Kidneys

Filter wastes from the blood.

Aortic Arches

Five pairs of thickly muscled vessels that connect the dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Help to regulate blood pressure.

Zoospores

Flagellated algal cells that break out of the parent cell, swim away, and grow to full sized, new colonies. Haploid. Produced asexually.

Vane

Flat structure that consists of parallel rows of thin barbs that originate in the rachis.

Gills

Flat structures underneath the cap that radiate outward from the stipe. have thousands of basidia, each of which produces four basidiospores.

Incisors

Flat, thin teeth in the front of the mouth. Used in gnawing or biting.

Aquatic Leaves

Float and supply oxygen and carbon dioxide for respiration and photosynthesis.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce enclosed seeds.

Pharyngeal Pouches

Folds of skin along the neck of developing embryonic vertebrates. in most aquatic chordates, turn into gills, nonaquatic chordates, pouches never open and are never associated with lungs or respiration.

Esophagus

Food-laden soil is passed down this to the crop.

Budding

Form of asexual reproduction in which near the edge of the cell, the nucleus divides by mitosis. A swelling of the plasma membrane and the cell wall produces a small pouch, and one of the new nuclei move into it.

Reproduction

Formation of new cells.

Umbilical Cord

Formed from the blood vessels and the membranes connected from the placenta to the ventral surface of the embryo.

Pus

Formed from the dead bacteria and white blood cells, as well as the fluids that remain after the conflict.

Channel Protein

Forms tiny pores in the membrane through which specific substances pass--predominately small ions.

Diatoms

Found in abundance in almost every environment on earth. Responsible for more oxygen-supplying photosynthesis than any other group of organisms. Usually are unicellular, but some species exist in chains or other groupings. cell walls have silica.

Plastids

Found in cells of plants, algae, and a few other organisms, but not in humans or animals. houses pigments and stores starches

Archegonia

Found on the female gametophyte and produce ova.

Antheridia

Found on the male gametophyte and produce sperm.

Order

Fourth broadest organization of organisms.

Micronucleus

Functions during the exchange of genetic information during conjugation.

Heterotrophic (parasitic, saprophytic, or dimorphic)

Fungal Nutrition

nonseptate

Fungi with hyphae that lack septa. Typically multinucleate.

Oral Groove

Funnel shaped indention lined with cilia that sweep food material through the mouth pore.

Isogametes

Gametes that are alike. Move by cilia or flagella.

Heterogametes

Gametes that are not alike. Usually either a sperm or ovum.

Heterogametes

Gametes that differ in size, structure, or both. Fuse together, forming a zygospore.

Greenhouse Effect

Gases allow sunlight to pass through but also trap the radiation that bounces off the earth, keeping it from returning to space.

the length and charge of the fragment

Gel electrophoresis is a process that separates DNA fragments based on what?

Truth

God's Word.

Creation Mandate

God's command in Genesis 1:28 requiring that man "subdue" or have stewardship over the earth.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment found inside the chloroplasts of green plants and algae. Primary catalyst for photosynthesis. Becomes activated by light energy.

Organ System

Group of organs functioning together.

Tissues

Group of similar cells functioning together.

Organs

Group of tissues functioning together.

Parasitic Roots

Grow into the vascular tissues of the host plants and absorb water and dissolved minerals from the xylem.

Pollen Tube

Grows down the soft tissues of the style, enters the ovary, and then enters the ovule through the micropyle.

Gametes

Haploid cells that unite to form a diploid zygote.

Carrier Protein

Has a specific receptor site that binds to the molecule it is designed to carry.

Medusa

Has an expanded bell-shaped body and swims freely.

Anticodon

Has complementary base pairs for specific codons in the mRNA. The triplet of nucleotides on tRNA that will pair with the codon of the mRNA during protein synthesis, bringing the right amino acids into the proper sequence.

Anther

Has four internal chambers in which pollen grains are formed.

Perfect/ True Fungi

Have a known method of sexual reproduction and can thus be be classified into one of the three fungal phyla.

Cilia

Have an internal organization similar to flagella, although they are much shorter and frequently cover the entire cell or an entire section of a cell.

Precocial Chicks

Have incubation periods sometimes as long as a month. When hatched, the young are well developed, alert, and able to move and freed themselves. Their bodies are covered with soft down. often have families numbering fifteen to twenty and their nests are more likely to be found on or close to the ground

Imperfect Fungi

Have no known method of sexual reproduction. examples include: thrush, Athlete's foot, and ringworm

Monocots

Have one cotyledon in the seed.

Dicots

Have two cotyledons in the seed.

Hermaphroditic

Having both male and female reproductive organs.

Gregor Mendel

He believed that traits are caused by factors which parents will donate to their offspring. "Father of Genetics." Constructed the famous pea plant study.

Theodor Shwann

He claimed that all animals are made up of cells.

James Usher

He dated creation at 4004 B.C. using the genealogies of the Bible.

Carolus Linnaeus

He designed a classification system in the mid-1700s. His system was based on observable characteristics but was more developed and adaptable.

Aristotle

He proposed that traits are passed through the parents' blood. "Particulate theory of reproduction."

Camouflage

Helps an organism hide from its predators.

Recycling

Helps reduce the demands upon natural resources and keeps materials out of landfills.

Stolons

Horizontal extensions of the stem that grow along the surface of the ground. "Runners."

Antlers, on members of the deer family, are grown as an extension of the animal's skull. They are true bone and are a single structure They are generally found only on males. Antlers are shed and regrown each year. Horns are the interior of bone (also an extension of the skull) is covered by an exterior sheath grown by specialized hair follicles, as are your fingernails. They cannot be shed

Horns vs. Antlers

Phylum Sphenophyta

Horsetails. Grow in wet environments.

heat-sensing pits

How pit vipers detect the body heat of their prey

stem cell technology is fine AS LONG AS it's not embryonic stem cell technology because human embryos are harvested which means they are destroyed and killed which is wrong in God's eyes because we are all made in His image. (note this may be different to other Christians)

How should Christians approach stem cell technology?

Varieties

Hybrids in one species.

Aerial Hyphae

Hyphae not embedded in the medium on which the fungus is growing. They absorb oxygen, produce spores, and spread the fungus.

Haustoria

Hyphae of parasitic fungi that perforate a host's cell in order to obtain nutrition directly from the cytoplasm.

Sexual Reproduction

Hyphae of two different mating types come into contact and fuse, forming a fruiting body that forms and releases spores. Rarely produce isogametes.

Septate

Hyphae that are divided into individual cells by cell walls called septa.

Rhizoids

Hyphae that are embedded in the material on which the fungus is growing. support the fungus and secrete enzymes to digest food.

Dolly the sheep

Ian Wilmut was the first to successfully develop this cloned animal using a fully differentiated adult cell; was formed by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Loam

Ideally, this mixture is 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay.

Triploid

If a diploid gamete is fertilized by a haploid gamete, produce sterile gametes, having three complete sets of chromosomes. 3n

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

If an organism acquires a characteristic, it can pass this characteristic on to its offspring.

Theory of Use and Disuse

If an organism continues to use a particular structure, it will continue to evolve. If an organism stops using a structure, it will degenerate and disappear.

Ovule

If an ovum is fertilized, this will develop into a seed.

Ovum

If it moves, it must be moved by structures around it. Sometimes called an egg.

Fragmentation

If the colony is broken by a physical disturbance, each fragment can grow into a complete colony.

Girdling

Illustrates the functions of the xylem and phloem in a woody plant.

Joseph Priestly

In 1772, he conducted experiments that showed that plants give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.

Melvin Calvin

In 1961, he received the Nobel Prize for his explanation of the process of photosynthesis. he discovered that photosynthesis occurs in phases

Naiad

In incomplete metamorphosis, if the immature stage of the insect lives in water, it is called this. It is wingless and has gills.

Theory of Need

In order for an organism to evolve a structure, it must need the structure.

Pectoral Girdle

In the anterior region. Attached to it are the bones of the limbs, which may be in the form of fins, flippers, legs, or wings.

Pelvic Girdle

In the posterior region. Attached to it are the bones of the limbs, which may be in the form of fins, flippers, legs, or wings.

Deliquescent

In this branching pattern plants have apical dominance when thay are young, but later the lateral buds become more active.

Layering

In this process, the stem of a parent plant is usually bent over and buried in moist soil.

Nutrition

Includes absorption and digestion.

Release of Materials

Includes excretion, egestion, and secretion.

Continuing Existence

Includes homeostasis and reproduction.

Order Carnivora

Includes most of the meat-eating mammals. Members have enlarged canine fangs and sharp molars used for tearing flesh. includes the largest predators: family Felidae, Canidae, Ursidae, and Mustelidae

Internal Functions

Includes synthesis, respiration, movement, and irritability.

Phylum Dinoflagellata/ Karenia brevis

Includes the dinoflagellates. representative organism: ?

Carriers

Individuals that spread disease-causing pathogens to others but have no symptoms of the disease themselves.

Vectors

Insects or arthropods that carry pathogens from one host organisms to another.

Lungs

Internal organs for the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood.

Rickettsiae

Intracellular parasites that live inside cells. Can grow and divide rapidly, but they are highly specific, growing only in certain cells. can cause typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, etc.

Mesosomes

Invaginations of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and provide sites for metabolic processes.

Chemosynthesis

Involves converting inorganic compounds that other living things cannot use into usable forms and capturing the escaping energy.

Short Nitrogen Cycle

Involves decomposer bacteria and fungi breaking down dead organic substances and converting the nitrogen contained in those compounds to ammonia.

Chromosomal Change

Involves either the number of chromosomes or the arrangement of genes on a chromosome.

Test Cross

Involves mating a organism that has the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype with another organism that has the homozygous recessive phenotype.

Amniocentesis

Involves removing some of the fluid that surrounds the unborn child.

Nerve Cord

Is dorsal to the notochord or vertebral column. It and the brain--connected at the anterior end of the cord--compose the main part of the animal's nervous system. is usually encased in the vertebrae

Abscission Layer

Is formed even before the leaf is completely developed.

geographic isolation

Isolation between populations due to physical barriers

number, genes

It is not the ____________ of chromosomes that determines a species, but rather the _________ on the chromosomes

pure science

Knowledge obtained through scientific activities uses the research method

Flight Feathers

Large contour feathers which extend from the wings and tail.

Netted Venation

Large veins branch to form a network of smaller veins throughout the leaf in this pattern.

Spirochetes

Larger than the average bacterium and many are corkscrew shaped. Lack flagella but have flexible cell walls that permit them to move by contracting their coils. causes lyme disease, yaws, infectious jaundice, syphilis, and relapsing fever

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Annual Rings

Layers of springwood and summerwood. Indicate the age and condition of a tree.

Collar Cells

Line the cavities of sponges and have flagella that beat vigorously to generate the water current of the sponge.

a boundary that encloses the cell the enclosed areas, containing various structures and molecules (cytoplasm) the nucleus that contains DNA and other materials

List the three broad categories that cell anatomy can be divided into:

Three components: Creation out of nothing, ex nihilo. The Fall accounts for all problems in life. Redemption comes through Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

List the three components of the Christian Worldview

Three components: Theory of Cosmological beginnings Theory of biological evolution Philosophy of evolution

List the three components of the Theory of Evolution

the cell dying due to nonfunctioning processes. cellular processes going too fast due to destroyed enzymes. cellular processes occurring too slowly due to malfunctioning enzymes.

List the three thing that would happen if a cell supersedes its optimal range for temperature

Short-Day Theory

Literal interpretation of the Genesis account. States that the universe was created in six twenty-four hour days.

Stomata

Little openings that permit the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the spaces inside the leaf.

Methanogens

Live in anaerobic environments such as swamps, sewage, and the intestines of some animals. most use hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide for anaerobic respiration and produce methane gas as a waste. "methane-producer"

Slime Molds

Live in cool, moist environments that are rich in organic matter. They play a large role as decomposer organisms.

Thermoacidophiles

Live in highly acidic soils and hot springs where the temperature can reach 110 degrees Celsius. hydrogen sulfide is often used by these organisms as a source of electrons for their metabolism.

Sieve Tube Cells

Living cells that form continuous conduits that carry water and dissolved foods (usually sugars produced by photosynthesis) from the leaves throughout the plant.

Ovary

Located at the base of the pistil, it contains the ovules.

Talons

Long curved claws.

Tracheids

Long thick-walled cells that are narrow and tapered at each end.

Tentacles

Long, movable appendages used to catch food.

Nymph

Looks like a miniature, oddly proportioned adult. Lacks wings and external reproductive structures.

Attenuated Vaccine

Made from "live" viruses that can still replicate in a host cell. Genetically altered so that viruses are nonvirulent. stronger immunity

Spongy Mesophyll

Made of irregularly shaped cells with many air spaces between them.

Multicellular Organisms

Made of many cells. Includes plants and animals.

Seeds

Made of tiny embryonic plant, stored food, and a seed coat.

Matthias Schleiden

Made the general state that all plants are composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Made the statement that cells come only from preexisting cells.

G1 Phase

Major growth spurt for cell. Cell increases in size. Produces new organelles and proteins. Ends when cell reaches maturity. First phase of Interphase.

Ground Tissue

Makes up the remainder of the inside of the plant. Provides support, stores materials and performs the metabolic processes of the plant.

Theory of Cosmological Beginnings

Man's attempts to explain how the universe, the earth, and even matter and energy came into being. proposes that the universe has always existed or the big bang began the process of evolution

Pollution

Man's placing into the environment substances or factors that, either because of their nature or their abundance, make a significant negative change in the environment.

worship

Man's recognition of his insignificance and the resulting dependence on and praise to the almighty God.

Ribosomal RNA

Manufactured by the DNA of the nucleus. Combines with various proteins in the cytoplasm to form ribosomes.

Class Aves

Many obvious characteristics include flight, feathers, appendages, and skeletons. only vertebrates that have feathers.

Emerging Viruses

Many times, these viruses are in geographically isolated areas, but with modern travel, diseases can potentially spread around the world in a matter of hours.

Capsule/Sheath

Many unicellular or colonial organisms have these in addition to a cell wall. Have no structural organization. sometimes this covering is called a slime coat. gives bacterial and algal colonies their shiny appearance and slimy feel

Mycelia

Masses of intertwined hyphae and are visible without magnification.

ganglia

Masses of nerve tissue the major structure of the earthworm's nervous system

Quarantine

Materials are carefully inspected before they are permitted into the country to be sure that an unwanted organism is not entering also.

Larval Stages

Maturation unlike the adult.

Chelicerae

May appear as claws or fangs. characteristic of Subphylum Chelicerata.

Biodiversity

Measures the number of different species within a system.

Oogenesis

Meiosis in females. The forming of ovum. Results in one ovum and three polar bodies.

Spermatogenesis

Meiosis in males. The forming of sperm. Produces four functional gametes.

Order Sirenia

Members are all herbivores, feeding on underwater and floating foliage, and they all breathe through nostrils. include the sea cows (manatees and dugongs)

Order Proboscidea

Members are distinguished by a flexible and usable trunk, which is essentially an elongation of the nose and upper lip. two types African and Asian elephants (mammoths are part of this group as well but they are extinct)

Phylum Hepatophyta

Members are liverworts, and their life cycle is similar to that of the mosses.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Members have thin, flat bodies.

Class Osteichthyes

Members of this class have bony skeletons. The bony fish, however, usually have only a vertebral column and a skull of bone.

Order Insectivora

Members of this order are characterized by very high metabolism, and some have an almost constant need for food. The sense of smell is acute in this group. includes the shrews, moles, hedgehogs, and some lesser-known animals

Order Pinnipedia

Members spend most of their time in the water, but they do come ashore to sleep, mate, and give birth.

Class Amphibia (Amphibian)

Members typically have two-part life cycles, beginning as an unshelled egg laid in or near water. "Double life" aptly describes the remarkable dual existence of most members of this vertebrate class.

Vesicles

Membrane-bound organelles that are smaller and more mobile than vacuoles.

the concept of segregation

Mendel reasoned that when a cell forms gametes, the genes separate so that there is only one gene for each characteristic in each gamete. (n + n = 2n)

the concept of unit characteristics, factors occur in pairs, the concept of dominant and recessive, and the concept of segregation

Mendel's Concepts

Trachea

Minute tubules that transport oxygen directly to tissues. in spiders and grasshoppers

Pressure-Flow Model

Model saying that dissolved carbohydrates flow from sources to sinks.

Transfer RNA

Molecules are about eighty nucleotides long and are formed in the nucleus. Transfers amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Contains the anticodon.

Hemotoxin

More deadly for large animals and humans. Slower than the other venom, it destroys blood vessels and red blood cells.

Nyctinastic Movements

More gradual movements that appear to be in response to the cycle of light and darkness. "Sleep movements."

Kingdom Eubacteria

Most abundant organisms on earth. Unicellular prokaryotic organisms. Contains bacteria whose cell walls contain peptidoglycans. Heterotrophic organisms.

viruses

Most common type of vector used in gene therapy.

Order Edentata

Most members have peglike teeth, but the teeth lack enamel. They share the characteristic of having special extra structures in their vertebrae. "No teeth." include the anteaters, armadillos, and sloths

Phylum Echinodermata

Most members of this phylum exhibit radial symmetry and have and endoskeleton of plates called ossicles. "Spiny skin."

Subphylum Crustacea

Most members of this subphylum are free-living and aquatic; however, parasitic and terrestrial species exist. have a carapace that covers and protects the cephalothorax. body is divided into the cephalothorax and the abdomen

Phylum Zoomastigina

Most of these organisms are unicellular and live in ponds and lakes, where they feed on smaller organisms by phagocytosis or absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter directly through their cell membranes. Mostly reproduce by binary fission, but some can reproduce by sexual reproduction. Possess flagella. Many are parasitic. representative organisms: Trichonympha (in termites) and Trypanosoma (African sleeping sickness)

C3 Pathway

Most plants use this to fix carbon dioxide. The Calvin Cycle. Starts with PGA, a 3-carbon compound.

Motile

Moving from place to place.

Diaphragm

Muscle separating the abdominal organs from the lungs.

Oncogenes

Mutated proto-oncogenes. Cause cells to divide uncontrollably. Leads to the growth of a tumor.

Spontaneous Mutation

Mutation that happens naturally.

Cells

Named by Robert Hooke for their similarity to rows of rooms in a monastery.

organic

Naturally derived from living organisms; contain carbon.

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

Need to be in a living cell to survive.

nucleoid region

Non-membrane-bound area that contains DNA chromosome in bacteria.

Gymnosperms

Nonflowering plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary when mature. "Naked seed."

Vaccination

Not a cure for a disease but a method of developing an immunity by exposing a person to either a weakened form of the disease or a similar disease that prevents the first disease from occurring.

Roots

Not all are below ground. Most serve to anchor the plant, even though they might not be in soil. They absorb water and the dissolved materials necessary for plant growth. May also function in food storage.

hydrophobic (2.5)

Not having an affinity for water.

Pollen Cones

Numerous, small, and short-lived. Found near the tips of the branches.

Substance Pollutants

Objects or chemicals that are placed or released in the environment.

Decomposers (Detritivores)

Obtain energy by feeding on the remains of other organisms or waste products. insects, worms, crustaceans (lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish), and some vertebrates (catfish and vultures)

Light Dependent Phase

Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast. "Light reactions." Requires the presence of light. 1. Chlorophyll captures light energy and becomes energized. 2. Photolysis (the splitting of water using sunlight energy) occurs. 3. Oxygen from split water is released. 4. Hydrogen and electrons are bonded and will be used later. (NADP+---->NADPH) 5. remaining energy is used to make an ATP molecule from ADP.

Light Independent Phase

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. "Dark phase. Synthetic phase. also called the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation cycle." Does not require light. 1. Carbon dioxide bonds to RuBP 2. RuBP forms 2 molecules of PGA. (since RuBP is unstable) 3. PGA is converted to PGAL using hydrogen, electrons, and ATP (from NADPH and ATP into ADP) 4. PGAL is used in two ways: to form RuBP or to synthesize glucose

Bloom Condition

Occurs when all factors affecting growth and reproduction for a particular organism are near optimum.

codominance

Occurs when two alleles for a gene are both expressed in a heterozygous offspring with NO blending.

Incomplete Dominance

Occurs when two or more alleles are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is intermediate, or blending, of the two traits. (example: red flowers crossed with white flowers produces pink flowers)

Second Filial Generation

Offspring of the self pollinated generation. 787 plants were tall and 277 plants were short.

Unpaired Fins

Often are greatly modified for special functions of fish.

Sepals

Often are green and protect the other floral parts as they form within the bud.

Accessory Pigments

Often coexist with chlorophylls in photosynthetic cells. Lower in abundance, but enough to alter the visible color.

Petals

Often large and brightly colored, they are just inside the sepals.

Water Molds

Often seen on dead fish or other floating dead organic material, and they appear as a branching filamentous growth of cells. Most are aquatic, although some do live in soil. some can cause blight

Succulent Leaves

Often the venation of these thick leaves is completely hidden. Usually has a tough cuticle and epidermal coating and is often edged with protective spines.

Tissue Culturing

Once researchers have established the desired traits of a plant by breeding or genetic engineering, thousands of genetically identical plants can be produced from a very small amount of tissue.

Taproot System

One large primary root, or taproot, with many smaller secondary roots.

Polar Nuclei

One nucleus from each group migrates back to the center of the embryo sac; together they form this.

Multiple Alleles

One of several alleles can be at a given locus. (example: human blood)

isotope (2.1)

One of the forms of an atom produced by having different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons in the nucleus.

Tube Nucleus

One of the haploid nuclei of each microspore becomes this.

monomer (2.5)

One of the repeating units within a polymer or macromolecule.

Predation

One organism (the predator) eats another organism (the prey). (- +)

Commensalism

One population benefits from a second population and the second population is not helped nor harmed by the former. (0 +)

Genome

One single complete haploid set of an organism's chromosomes.

Microbiologist

One who studies microscopic organisms.

Mouth Pore

Opening for food that leads to the gullet.

Nuclear Pores

Openings which permit the passage of material between the cytoplasm and the protein-rich fluid called nuclear sap, inside the nuclear envelope.

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Order of the Hierarchy Classification System

food

Organic, energy-containing substances required by all living things.

Missing Links

Organisms between evidenced fossils thought to be common ancestors.

Euglenoid Movement

Organisms can propel themselves with this wormlike motion.

Nocturnal

Organisms that are active at night.

Diurnal

Organisms that are active during the day.

Pure Strains

Organisms that are homozygous for various traits.

Decomposer Organisms

Organisms that break down organic substances; bacteria and fungi. Produce enzymes to break down proteins

Heterotrophs

Organisms that depend on other organisms for their energy source. Includes, humans, animals, fungi, and MOST bacteria. also called consumers.

Obligate Anaerobes

Organisms that grow only in the absence of free oxygen.

Obligate Aerobes

Organisms that grow only in the presence of free oxygen.

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food. Includes plants, algae, and SOME bacteria. Most are photosynthetic, but some are chemosynthetic. also called producers.

Producers (Autotrophs)

Organisms that make their own organic energy source.

Ciliates

Organisms that posses multiple hairlike projections.

Microbes

Organisms that require microscopes to be seen.

Homologous Structures

Organs that are similar in structure and function between two different organisms.

Oxygen Cycle

Oxygen is used during respiration and carbon dioxide is released

Tapeworms

Parasitic flatworms, but they bare little resemblance to the flukes.

Cud

Partially digested food.

Companion Cell

Performs respiration, protein synthesis, and other metabolic functions for the sieve tube cells.

Vascular Rays

Permit the horizontal movement of water and dissolved substances. Extend from the central pith region to the outer areas of the stem.

budding, conidia produced by conidiophores

Phylum Ascomycota: asexual reproductive structures

yeast, powdery mildews, species of genus Penicillium

Phylum Ascomycota: examples

septate or unicellular

Phylum Ascomycota: hyphal structure

ascospores produced by asci

Phylum Ascomycota: sexual reproductive structures

various types of spores

Phylum Basidiomycota: asexual reproductive structures

mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, and earthstars

Phylum Basidiomycota: examples

septate

Phylum Basidiomycota: hyphal structure

basidiospores produced by basidia

Phylum Basidiomycota: sexual reproductive structures

Nonvascular Plants

Phylum Bryophyta. Mosses. Limited to small sizes because they lack vascular tissues.

corals

Phylum Cnidaria/ Class Anthozoa, "flower animals" made up of thousands of polyps living in a common limestone (calcium carbonate) skeleton

sea anemones

Phylum Cnidaria/ Class Anthozoa, "flowers of the sea", are supported by a hydrostatic skeleton

Hydra

Phylum Cnidaria/ Class Hydrozoa

Jellyfish (Aurelia)

Phylum Cnidaria/ Class Scyphozoa, are polyp form when in beginning stages of life, eventually becomes a medusa

spores produced by sporangia

Phylum Zygomycota: asexual structures

species of genus Rhizopus

Phylum Zygomycota: examples

nonseptate

Phylum Zygomycota: hyphal structure

zygospores produced by zygosporangia

Phylum Zygomycota: sexual reproductive structures

Sinks

Places where the carbohydrates are used or stored.

Phytochromes

Plant pigments that regulate the physiological processes of photoperiodism.

CAM Pathway

Plants fix carbon dioxide to special organic molecules at night and it is released from them and used during the day.

C4 Pathway

Plants have special enzymes that fix CO2 onto 4-carbon molecules in the presence of high O2 and low CO2 levels.

Epiphytes

Plants that grow on other plants but are not parasitic.

Insectivorous Plants

Plants that have leaves designed to catch and digest insects. Obtain nitrogen from digested insects.

Centromere

Point of attachment for two chromatids.

Toxins

Poisonous substances that can cause a malfunctioning of the cells, which in turn produces the symptoms of the disease.

Nonbiodegradable

Pollutants that stay in their original form and cannot be broken apart in the environment.

Biodegradable

Pollutants that the environment can break down and return to the normal cycling of substances.

Biological Key

Presents to the user a series of questions about the specimen being identified.

Molting

Process of shedding and replacing feathers.

Smuts

Produce several different spores in their life cycle, but they usually do not have an alternate host.

Amniotic Egg

Produced by all egg-laying reptiles. Maintains a suitably moist environment for the developing animal. Must be fertilized within the body of the female.

Pollen

Produced by cones and contains the male reproductive gametes.

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic organisms that do not contain peptidoglycans in their cell walls.. Extremophile organisms.

Zonation

Prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat.

Cytokinins

Promote cell division in plants and lateral bud growth.

Gibberellins

Promote cell elongation and flower and fruit development. Stimulate cell division in leaves and stems.

Auxins

Promote cell growth and apical dominance; prevent fruit drop; have important role in tropisms. Commonly found in stems, seeds, leaves, fruits, and in smaller quantities in roots.

Abscisic Acid

Promotes dormancy and stomata closure during water stress; inhibits other hormones.

Ethylene

Promotes fruit ripening and abscission. A gas at room temperature.

Theory of Biological Evolution

Proposes that over time less complex organisms give rise to more complex organisms, which in turn produce even more complex offspring. Humans are just highly evolved animals.

Antibodies

Protein molecules made by specific cells in the blood. proteins that combat specific pathogens. Chemicals produced by living organisms and used in the treatment of infectious diseases are called

Transport Proteins

Proteins embedded in the membrane of a cell that assist in the transport of large molecules.

Histones

Proteins that protect and support the DNA.

Cyst

Protozoans survive harsh environmental conditions by forming this. Metabolic rate slows and a hard covering is formed around the protozoan.

Phylum Ciliophora

Protozoans that move by cilia. They are free-swimming. May be up to 3 mm long. representative organism: Paramecium

Cloaca

Provides a common opening for the intestine, kidney ducts, and reproductive organs in birds.

Optic Lobes

Receive impulses from the eyes. vision

Olfactory Lobes

Receive impulses from the smell receptors of the nostrils. sense of smell

Robert Brown

Recognized the nucleus as a special part of the cell found in all cells during cellular division in 1833

Anthocyanins

Red, blue, and violet water-soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells.

Turtle

Refers to any of the shelled reptiles that are in the order Testudinata, although it is sometimes used just for those types that are aquatic.

Excretion

Removal of SOLUBLE waste materials from the cell.

In Vitro Fertilization

Removing ova from a human female's body, fertilized by human sperm, and then implanted back into the woman's body.

Adenosine Diphosphate

Represents released energy. Easily converted back to ATP. Two phosphates.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Represents stored energy. Bonds are highly unstable. Easily converted to ADP. Three phosphates. The "penny" of cellular energy currency. Smaller usable unit.

Phylum Basidiomycota/ mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and smuts

Reproduce sexually by forming Basidiospores on a club-shaped cell called a Basidium. Representative Organisms: ?

Phylum Ascomycota/ Penicillium, Erot of Rye, Powdery mildews, and yeasts

Reproduce sexually by forming ascospores inside a sac called an ascus. Reproduce asexually by forming conidiophores. Representative organisms?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Requires oxygen. Used by most cells. Energy is used to release energy. Amount of energy released is greater than amount of energy spent. Stores 50-60% of the energy in glucose as ATP molecules. Results in the net gain of 36 ATP molecules.

External Digestion

Requires the secretion of enzymes that digest the food into a soluble form outside the organism. The soluble foods are then absorbed and either used by the fungus or stored as a glycogen.

Inactivated Vaccine

Researchers alter the virus so that it cannot replicate in a host cell. weaker immunity

Conditioned (Learned) Behavior

Response learned by experience. examples: training dolphins, elephants, dogs and being sprayed by skunk, most animals learn to leave it alone, and learning important behaviors by watching other animals of their species (modeling)

malignant tumor/cancer

Result of rapid and chaotic growth, can metastasize.

Lunar Rhythms

Rhythms that are associated with the phases of the moon.

Rhizoids

Rootlike structures; not true roots because they lack vascular tissues.

Aquatic Roots

Roots growing underwater. Often lack root hairs.

Adventitious Roots

Roots that grow from a stem, a petiole, or a leaf. They usually help anchor the plant.

Canines

Rounded, pointed teeth toward the front of the mouth. Used for tearing.

Theory of Recapitulation

Says that when a zygote forms, its growth phases replay its evolutionary past.

arrangement and shape of the spicules

Scientists use the __________________________________________(six words) to classify sponges.

Phylum (plural phyla)

Second broadest organization of organisms. Known as "division" in Kingdom Plantae.

Genus (plural genera)

Second narrowest organization of organisms. A group of similar organisms.

Fibrous Root System

Secondary roots without a dominant taproot.

Introns

Sections of transcribed RNA that do not code for amino acids and therefore cannot be translated into proteins. (leave)

Double Fertilization

Seed formation that requires the fertilization of two nuclei inside the embryo sac by two sperm nuclei. Occurs only in angiosperms.

Mass Selection

Selecting the most desirable animals or plants from the herd or field as breeding stock. The selection of desirable breeding stock from the entire population.

Metasize

Separate from the parent tumor and travel to other parts of the body, starting new tumors.

Vertebrae

Serve as the primary support for the animal. They are either a tough, flexible material or bone

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Serves as the outermost boundary of the cell itself. Every cell has one. controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. protects the cell. all have one thing in common - they contain phospholipids

Ecological Pyramids

Show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web.

hydrostatic skeletons

Skeletons that depend on two layers of muscles in the body wall and a fluid-filled interior

Hyphae

Slender filaments that compose fungi colonies.

Glottis

Slender opening leading to the lungs.

Mucus

Slimy substance that covers the exterior of the fish. Coats the scales with a nearly waterproof covering, protects the fish from parasites, and lubricates the fish for smoother movement through the water.

Plasmids

Small circular portions of DNA that are separate from the main chromosome.

Plantlets

Small complete plants formed on special stems or leaves that can grow independently.

Lysosomes

Small irregularly shaped membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes. breaks down ingested substances, old organelles, and cytoplasmic molecules

Spiracles

Small pores that run along each side of the animal for the exchange of gases. performs respiration

Olfactory Sacs

Small pouches behind the nostrils on the fish's snout.

Spinnerets

Small projections at the posterior of the abdomen. organ where the spider's silk is released

Antennules

Small sensory organs of the crayfish.

Genetic Screen

Some sort of inborn mechanism that prevents individuals with severe genetic diseases from either living or reproducing.

phenomenon

Something that can be observed or measured; may be an object, property, or process.

Holdfasts

Special cells that anchor algal colonies to submerged objects.

Sporangia

Special cells that produce flagellated zoospores that swim away in search of food.

Mitotic Spindle

Special microtubules that will "direct" the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis.

Endospores

Special spores produced by some bacteria that enable them to survive long periods of unfavorable growing conditions.

Isogametes

Specialized gamete cells that are not obviously different from one another.

Vascular Tissues

Specialized structures that conduct water and dissolved materials in a plant.

Class Arachnida

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites • 4 pairs of walking legs. • 2 major body segments: cephalothorax and abdomen • no antennae or mandibles • respiration through book lungs • usually 4 pairs of simple eyes

Euglena

Spindle-shaped organisms that have two anterior flagella and euglenoid movement for locomotion--one quite long and the other very short. pellicle. eyespot. photosynthetic and saprophytic. contractile vacuoles. Reproduce by binary fission along the length of its body. no known sexual reproduction. contains chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids

Vessel Cell

Stacked one on top of the other, forming long continuous tubes.

Theory of Descent with Modification

States that newer forms of organisms are actually the modified descendants of much older organisms.

Theory of Natural Selection

States that the environment may cause certain characteristics to become dominant in a population by allowing organisms with the most suitable traits to survive long to reproduce.

1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) 3. Hydrogen & Electron Transport System

Steps of Respiration

Basal Disc

Sticky attachment to an underwater base.

Cnidocytes

Stinging cells that line the tentacles.

Tubers

Storage stems that produce roots and have "eyes" which are the nodes on these underground stems.

competitive exclusion

Strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species.

Stipules

Structures attached at the base of the petiole that can exhibit many different shapes.

Green Glands

Structures near the base of the antennae. They filter out waste materials. crayfish

Air Sacs

Structures unique to birds that aid the lungs. allow fresh air to flow through lungs even during exhalation

Zoology

Study of the kingdom Animalia.

Philosophy of Evolution

Suggests that all things are progressing toward a future perfection and that things are currently improving.

Radiation

Supplied as heat and light by the sun. is a type of abiotic factor

Biological Mother

Supplies ovum but the zygote is implanted in another woman.

Hemophilia

The "bleeder's disease." or the "royal disease." People who have this genetic disorder lack an enzyme that is essential for normal blood clotting. Queen Victoria was a carrier of this disease.

Virulence

The ability of a virus to affect cells.

Dimorphism

The ability to change form in reaction to a different environment. ability to take on either one or two body forms depending on the food supply that is available. example: Histoplasma capsulatum

energy (2.2)

The ability to do work.

Irritability

The ability to perceive and respond to stimuli in the environment.

irritability

The ability to respond to changes in the environment.

Intelligence

The ability to use knowledge to manipulate the environment, reason out the solution to a problem, or communicate with symbols

Gene Expression

The activation or "turning on" of a gene that results in the production of a specific protein. Can be controlled by molecular and environmental factors.

Lytic Cycle

The activity of a virulent virus. usually causes lysis 1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication and Transcription 4. Assembly 5. Release

Phylum Rhodophyta/ Chondrus (Irish Moss) and Corallina

The algae of this group are almost all marine, multicellular, and red. Red color comes from pigments call phycobilins. Most red algae grow in shallow, warmer water, but sometimes they are found at a depth of over 150 m. marine algae that helps produce reefs and islands. produces agar. Reproduce sexually by producing nonmotile gametes and spores. Representative organisms: ?

Apical Dominance

The apical bud of the main stem has dominance over the lateral buds.

Habitat

The area where a type of organism lives--its "address."

Maturation Region

The area where most differentiation takes place.

amino acid (2.6)

The basic "building block" of a protein molecule.

nucleotide (2.6)

The basic component of a DNA or RNA molecule; each is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.

Thallus

The basic unit of an alga. Its form varies from species to species.

Germination

The beginning of the growth of an embryonic plant within a seed, occurs when three environmental conditions are met. •Proper moisture •Proper temperature •Proper oxygen

Inborn (Innate) Behavior

The behavior that the organism has from birth and does not need to develop.

Doctrine of Humors

The belief that living things are composed of four different humors, or fluids, and that the ratio between these humors affected the function of the organism. According to this doctrine, a person is healthy and happy when these four humors are correctly proportioned and well mixed in the body. However, if a person has too much or too little of one or more of these humors, his temperament (humor) is affected.

Doctrine of Signatures

The belief that the Creator left signs (signatures) in plants and other organisms that showed which ailments or organs they were intended to treat.

Puncuated Equilibrium

The belief that there were periods of time when evolution happened rapidly followed by periods of time when almost no evolution took place.

refraction

The bending of a light ray when it passes from one medium to another at an oblique angle.

Phylum Annelida

The bodies of these members are divided into similar rings or segments. "Little rings."

Scales

The body covering of most fish. grow with the fish

triglyceride (2.5)

The body's most abundant type of lipid; are formed by combining three fatty acid molecules to a molecule of glycerol (glycerin), a 3-carbon alcohol.

Cellular Fermentation

The breakdown of food (usually glucose) without oxygen. Net gain of 2 ATP.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, hydrogen, and electrons. Considered anaerobic. Takes place in the cytoplasm, which contains the enzymes necessary for this series of reactions. Products are sent to mitochondria. Net gain of 2 ATP

Phylum Phaeophyta/ Fucus and Kelp

The brown algae. Species of this group are all multicellular and almost all marine. They contain chlorophylls a and c and a large amount of the pigment fucoxanthin (gives them the brown color). produces algin (food thickener) Representative organisms: ?

Cytolysis

The bursting of a cell from internal water pressure.

Lysis

The bursting, or disintegration, of the host cell.

Class Chilopoda

The centipede, a member of this class, is a carnivore having a flat body divided into a number of similar segments.

Vascular Cylinder

The central area of the young root.

Atrium

The chamber in the heart designed to receive the blood from the body tissues. receives the deoxygenated blood

Morphogenesis

The change in form that an organism undergoes. Controlled by the expression of genes.

Glaciation

The changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers

Cephalization

The characteristic of having bilateral symmetry and an anterior, or head, region where most of the sensory organs and nerve cells are concentrated.

resolution

The characteristic that allows a microscope to form a clear image of detailed structures.

substrate (2.2)

The chemical or chemicals an enzyme will affect.

varieties

The collie, German shepherd, poodle, and dachshund are examples of

Iris

The colored part of the frog's eye. Can enlarge or reduce the size of the pupil in response to varying amounts of light.

Contour Feathers

The common vaned feathers. They cover most of the animal's body, giving it its external shape and color.

Hypertonic Solution

The concentration of SOLUTES is HIGHER and the concentration of WATER is LOWER in the solution than inside the cell; water moves OUT of the cell

Hypotonic Solution

The concentration of SOLUTES is LOWER and the concentration of WATER is HIGHER in the solution than the cell; water moves INTO the cell

biogenesis

The concept that life comes only from pre-existing life.

Neo-Darwinism/ Mutation-Selection Theory

The concept that mutation supplies the variations and that natural selection determines which variations will survive and breed. This mutation-selection theory is accepted by many evolutionists today.

Environmental Determinism

The concept that the environment determines what an individual is.

Heterozygous

The condition in which both alleles in a cell/organism are different. Like Tt.

Heterosis

The condition of an individual having superior characteristics to either parent.

Euploidy

The condition of having a chromosome number that is an exact multiple of the haploid number; the condition of having one or more complete sets of chromosomes.

Homozygous

The condition where both alleles in a cell/organism are the same. Like TT or tt.

Phylum Coniferophyta

The cone-bearing plants.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell and is usually the most prominent structure seen when observing the cell with a microscope. The site where RNA transcription and DNA replication take place.

assimilation

The conversion of nutrients into living cells; a process of growth.

Hybridization

The crossbreeding of two genetically unrelated individuals. Often involves two varieties of the same species. results in a hybrid.

Detritus Food Chain

The cycle that involves organisms that eat detritus, or detritivores.

body tube

The cylindrical part of the microscope between the eyepiece and the objectives.

Pupil

The dark opening for light in the eye.

Endoplasm

The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of the amoeba.

Summerwood

The denser xylem.

Pathenogenesis

The development of an unfertilized egg.

Mount St. Helens

The development of the area around this volcano after its eruption in 1980 is a good example of succession

concentration gradient (2.3)

The difference between the number of molecules in one area and the number of the same molecules in an area nearby.

variation

The differences between individual organisms of the same kind; differences based on genotype; the expression of different individual characteristics in organisms of the same kind.

Symmetry

The different ways organisms can be divided into equal anatomical halves.

solute (2.3)

The dissolved substance in a solution.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm. Occurs differently in plants than in animals or humans. forms two daughter cells. Final phase of the cell cycle.

Mitosis

The division of the nuclear material. results in each nucleus having an identical copy of the genetic information. Second phase of the cell cycle. (Occurs in all cells and results in diploid cells.)

Phylum Anthophyta

The dominant vegetation of the earth today.

Antediluvian

The earth before the Great Flood.

Epicotyl

The end above the point of cotyledon attachment. Has one or two tiny, completely formed leaves.

Radicle

The end of the hypocotyl, which will develop into the primary root of the plant.

kinetic energy (2.2)

The energy of motion; may take the form of heat, light, electricity, etc.

Receptacle

The enlarged end of the pedicel that bears the remainder of the flower parts.

Extracellular Digestion

The enzyme-containing vesicles of a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and the enzymes are released outside the cell. They then digest the food substance. Products of this process are then absorbed through the membrane by the cell; Digestion of food OUTSIDE the cell. Used by most multicellular organisms.

Intracellular Digestion

The enzymes break down the materials in food vacuoles into soluble products. They then diffuse through the vacuolar membrane into the cytoplasm; Digestion of food INSIDE a cell with the help of enzymes. Amoebas and white blood cells are examples.

ocular

The eyepiece of a microscope; contains lenses.

Aquaculture

The farming of ponds, lakes, and the sea. Can produce considerably more organic materials than conventional farming of the same land area.

Class Cephalopoda

The feet of these members extend from their head regions. "head-footed" contains the squid, octopus, nautilus and cuttlefish. has a radula, uses jet propulsion, has a siphon, defense mechanisms: ink and coloration (camouflage)

Pistil

The female reproductive structure. The innermost floral part.

Mammary Glands

The female supplies milk from here, usually through a series of nipples along her ventral surface.

Embryonic Stages

The fertilized zygote's development into an independent organism.

Structural Defenses

The first line of defense against disease. They prevent pathogens from entering the body. include skin, mucous membranes, acids, tear glands, and lysozymes

Amnion

The first membrane that grows around the embryo, protecting it in a fluid-filled sac.

Proventriculus

The first part of the stomach that produces digestive juices.

stage

The flat surface of a microscope on which a slide or specimen is placed.

adhesion (2.3)

The force that holds molecules of different substances together.

cohesion (2.3, 14.1)

The force that holds molecules of the same substance together; characteristic that causes water to move up plant stems.

ionic bond (2.1)

The formation of a chemical bond between ions of opposite charge.

reproduction

The formation of another organism that has characteristics and limitations similar to the original.

spontaneous generation

The formation of living organisms from nonliving materials.

Fossilization

The forming of fossils.

Allantois

The fourth membrane that is a sac richly supplied with blood vessels from the embryo. Respiration and excretion occur through the vessels of this membrane.

Worldview

The frame of reference that a person uses to interpret and understand the world around him. Everyone has one and it affects every choice he makes; composed of beliefs, commitments, or convictions called presuppositions

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The frequency of alleles and the ratio of heterozygous to homozygous individuals in a given population will remain constant unless the population is affected by factors outside the original population. Five factors must be met: Random mating Large population No movement into or out of the population No mutations Equal chances of surviving and reproducing

Vocal Sacs

The frog passes air through these openings into the sacs when it "croaks," increasing the volume of the sound. in males for mating

Dominant Generation

The gametophyte generation is called this because it is seen more often.

Variations

The genotypic differences between individuals from the same gene pool.

Appendicular Skeleton

The girdles and limb bones form this.

Phylum Chrysophyta/ Vaucheria

The golden algae. These algae store their food as oils. All are photosynthetic and most live in freshwater, although some species live in a marine environment. Some species are colonial although most are unicellular. Representative organism: ?

Phylum Chlorophyta/ Spirogyra, Desmids, Ulothrix, and Protococcus.

The green algae. one of the largest algal phyla. Contains over seven thousand species. Most are freshwater organisms; however, many terrestrial and a few marine species exist. Usually unicellular or form simple colonies, but some marine species form extensive thalli. Pyrenoid organelle stores food as starch. contains chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids Representative organism: ?

experimental group

The group in an experiment that is exposed to the experimental, or independent, variable.

control group

The group in an experiment that is not exposed to the experimental variable.

Chemotropism

The growth response toward or away from certain chemicals.

Genome

The hereditary information encoded in an organism's DNA; a complete haploid set of an organism's chromosomes.

presuppositions

The ideas that are the basis of a person's worldview

reflection

The image caused by light rays bouncing off an object.

Deluge Fossil Formation Theory

The indication that the Deluge formed the fossils.

activation energy (2.2)

The initial energy necessary to start a chemical reaction.

Respiration

The intake of oxygen for use in producing usable energy.

Placenta

The interface between the mother and the developing offspring through which gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged.

Gastrovascular Cavity

The internal cavity of the animal where digestion and food circulation occur.

Day-Age Theory (long day theory)

The interpretation of the seven days in Genesis 1 as seven ages.

Order Rodentia

The largest mammalian order. Large chisel-like incisors in both the upper and lower jaws characterize the animals in this order. consist of the mic, squirrels, beavers, and porcupines

Gastrodermis

The layer lining the interior of the animal. Primarily performs digestion.

Gametophyte Stage

The leafy shoot produces male and female gametes.

Incomplete Metamorphosis

The line of development that is a process involving three basic stages: egg, nymph, and adult.

Gills

The major organs of respiration. for fish. consists of two rows of thin filaments on a band of cartilage. gases are exchanged here with the passing of water

Hydrogen and Electron Transport System

The majority of ATP is produced here, net gain of 32. Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. Combining hydrogens with oxygen to form WATER.

Courtship

The male bird's attempt to attract a mate by its dazzling appearance (colorful feathers example peacock and peahen) or more common is the bird's song

Stamens

The male reproductive structures. Made of the filament and anther.

Order Artiodactyla

The mammals in this order have long legs with two or four functional hoofed toes. have a simple stomach or rumen. includes the families: Cervidae and Bovidae

Genetic engineering

The manipulation of chromosomes or genes (the genome) by methods other than normal reproduction.

Cristae

The many folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria that greatly increase the surface area of it and also contain enzymes and other proteins embedded within the membrane. many of the chemical processes used during cellular respiration occur at these sites

Inbreeding

The mating of an organism with itself or with close relatives.

pH (2.3)

The measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution using values from 0 to 14.

Artificial Insemination

The mechanical injection of sperm into a female's body.

Class Reptilia

The members of this class have a special protective skin, posses lungs from birth, and lay eggs encased in shells.

Class Insecta

The members of this class share these characteristics that distinguish them from the other arthropods: • Three pairs of walking legs • Wings usually present • Body divided into three segments: head, thorax, abdomen • One pair of sensory antennae

Biological Fathers

The men who supplied the sperm.

Binary Fission

The method by which most prokaryotic cells divide.

Cytoskeleton

The microscopic system of fibers along with proteins that form a system of scaffolding, ropes, pulleys, and engines that control the cell's shape, give it strength, and move structures around inside the cell. provides structure for the cell; necessary for movement (cellular locomotion) and reproduction.

Amoeboid Movement

The most outstanding feature of the amoeba. Constant change in shape by formation of pseudopodia.

Phagocytosis

The movement of any bulk solid material across the membrane. (Ingesting bulk SOLIDS/ Cellular EATING)

Pinocytosis

The movement of bulk fluids or solutes across the membrane. (Ingesting bulk LIQUIDS/ Cellular DRINKING)

Translocation

The movement of carbohydrates throughout the plant.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient which doesn't require energy (examples: osmosis/diffusion)

Water Cycle

The movement of water on the earth.

Migration

The moving of organisms from one area to another. Can cause such a separation of traits that the groups of organisms could be considered two different species.

Gizzard

The muscular and thick-walled second section of the stomach. Muscular contractions grind the food against the sand and stones and mix it with the digestive juices.

Class Chondrichthyes

The name reveals one of the members' main characteristics--an elaborate skeleton composed of strong yet flexible cartilage. sharks

Biblical Kind

The natural groupings of organisms and the ability to reproduce is the criterion.

neutron (2.1)

The non-charged particle in an atom's nucleus.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) (2.6)

The nucleic acid that is located primarily in the nucleus; carrier of genetic information.

Genetic Load

The number of mutations an organism (or sometimes a gene pool) has. too much of this kills the organism

Allele Frequency

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times other alleles occur.

First Filial Generation

The offspring of the cross between short and tall pea plants. All of this group were tall.

Order Chiroptera

The only mammals capable of true flight are in this order. includes the bats

Eustachian Tubes

The openings of these unite the ear cavity with the mouth at the back corners of the mouth.

Statocysts

The organs of balance. They are sacs, lined with tiny sensory hairs, that contain several grains of sand.

Autosomes

The other non-sex-determining chromosomes and are traditionally numbered.

Epidermis

The outermost cell layer which protects the exterior of the sponge's body.

Outer Bark

The outermost layers of cork.

Dermal Tissue

The outside covering of the plant.

Parasitism

The parasite depends (usually for food) upon a host. (- +)

Hypocotyl

The part below where the cotyledons attach. The embryonic stem.

objective

The part of a light microscope that is near the specimen and that contains lenses; that which forms an image of an object.

electron (2.1)

The part of an atom that has a negative charge and that moves in a shell-like orbit around the nucleus.

Visceral mass

The part of the mollusk's body that contains its heart and its digestive and excretory organs, often covered by the mantle.

Genetic Equilibrium

The particular condition where the allele frequencies within a population do not change.

Locus

The particular site on a chromosome where a particular gene is located.

Gullet

The passage to the digestive tract at the extreme back of the mouth.

Heredity

The passing on of characteristics (in the form of genes) from parent to offspring.

Dormancy

The period of inactivity due to unfavorable growing conditions.

Estivation

The period of inactivity to escape the heat.

Critical Dark Period

The period of uninterrupted darkness that is required for flowering in a plant.

Photoperiodism

The phenomenon when the length of day and night affect the flowering of many plants.

Inner Bark

The phloem and cortex.

Abiotic Environment

The physical environment. Nonliving factors in an ecosystem. wind, water, topography, radiation, soil, gravity, fire

Phenotype

The physical expression of an organism's genes.

product (2.2)

The physical result of a chemical reaction.

Nodes

The places where leaves are produced on a stem.

Climax Vegetation

The plant community normally found in an area free of disturbance by nature or by man. Self-perpetuating.

Optimal Point

The point at which something functions at its best.

Hillum

The point where the seed was attached to the ovary wall.

active site (2.2)

The portion of an enzyme's surface that is believed to bond to a particular substrate during the action of an enzyme.

Anus

The posterior opening that permits the egestion of indigestible materials without interrupting food intake at the mouth.

Succession

The predictable, gradual change of a biotic community over a period of time.

Turgor

The presence of water inside a plant cell in sufficient quantity to give the cell stiffness.

Survival of the Fittest

The principle of individuals with best characteristics in their environment will live to reproduce and pass those characteristics onto the next generation

Endocytosis

The process a cell uses to transport substances in bulk across the membrane. (Transport of substances INTO the cell across the plasma membrane.)

Grafting

The process in which a stem is cut off from one plant and placed in contact with the stem of a rooted plant.

deductive reasoning

The process of beginning with known facts and predicting a new fact. (statement-conclusion)

inductive reasoning

The process of beginning with many facts or assumptions in order to reach a general conclusion. (observe-conclusion)

Complete Metamorphosis

The process of development used by almost 90% of all insects. Involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

Translation

The process of forming a polypeptide chain of amino acids.

Fertilization

The process of forming a zygote--the union of gametes.

transcription (2.6)

The process of forming messenger RNA from DNA.

Photosynthesis

The process of taking light energy and converting it into stored chemical energy. Produces oxygen. used by most autotrophs in storing energy/making food

logical reasoning

The process or arriving at a conclusion through a series of ordered steps.

Active Transport

The process where energy is required and the substance is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient. some types are termed pumps because they use cellular energy to pump substances against their concentration gradient

replication (2.6)

The process whereby a DNA molecule duplicates itself and forms a new DNA molecule.

Spawn

The process whereby aquatic animals (females) lay eggs.

Pollination

The process whereby pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma.

Exocytosis

The process whereby vesicles or vacuoles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the solution outside the cell; accomplishes secretion, excretion, or egestion

Cohesion

The property of water molecules that causes them to "stick together." A result of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Alcoholic Fermentation

The pyruvic acid molecule is changed to a molecule of ethyl alcohol in a two-step process. Used by bacteria and yeast.

Citric Acid Cycle (Kerbs cycle)

The pyruvic acid reacts with an enzyme that removes a carbon from the pyruvic acid to produce citric acid, acetyl CoA, HYDROGEN, ATP, and ELECTRONS. Takes place in the mitochondria matrix. Net gain of 2 ATP.

diffusion (2.3)

The random movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which an organism carries on its life processes. Key to homeostasis. Changes as the organism adjusts to maintain homeostasis.

Primary Productivity

The rate of photosynthesis carried on by its producers of an ecosystem.

data

The recorded information from an experiment or survey.

Meiosis

The reduction of a cell's chromosome number from diploid to haploid by two consecutive cell divisions. (Occurs only in reproductive cells and results in haploid cells.)

Symbiosis

The relationship of two organisms living together for mutual benefit.

Transpiration-Cohesion Theory

The release of water by the leaves causes water to be pulled up through the xylem from the roots.

Transpiration

The release of water vapor into the air from the leaves of a plant.

Cell Cycle

The repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell. Has three major phases: Interphase (the time of growth for the cell), Mitosis (division of the nuclear material which is DNA), Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

Carbon Cycle

The respiration of sugar converts the carbon of the sugar back into carbon dioxide.

Food Poisoning

The result of preformed toxins released by bacteria that live on the food before it is eaten.

Nastic Movements

The result of the loss or gain of turgor in certain cells--most often at the base of the petal or leaf--and do not depend on the direction of the stimulus. (Temporary, reversible, and based on turgor pressure.)

Gerontology

The science of aging.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms into groups. or systematics.

biology

The science that deals with living organisms and vital life processes.

Yolk Sac

The second membrane which surrounds the yolk.

Wood

The secondary xylem tissues that make up the majority of the tissue produced by secondary growth.

Exons

The sections of mRNA that are actually read as codons when making the protein. (stay)

Independent Assortment

The segregation of one set of alleles during gamete formation is not affected by the presence or segregation of other sets of alleles.

Metamorphosis

The series of developmental changes in appearance, structure, locomotion, diet, and habitat.

Sedimentation

The settling out of materials.

Quill

The shaft from the papilla to the vane.

Rachis

The shaft within the vane area.

double helix (2.6)

The shape of a DNA molecule, characterized by two parallel, spiral strands.

Topography

The shapes and contours of the earth's surface. Land features.

Molt

The shedding of an arthropod's covering.

Cap and Stipe

The short-lived fruiting body of an extensive underground network of septate hyphae, which may cover several square meters of soil and may be several decades old.

Common Ancestor

The single life form from which all living things descended from.

Soil Texture

The size of the particles in the soil.

Endodermis

The small cells of this layer have walls that are tightly bound to each other so that no material can pass between them.

molecule (2.1)

The smallest possible unit of a substance that consists of two or more atoms.

atom (2.1)

The smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination.

Constriction

The snake coils its body around the prey and squeezes it to death.

Mantle Cavity

The space between the mantle lining, the shell, and the snail's soft body. Thickly supplied with blood vessels and functions as a lung in respiration.

Cellular Differentiation

The specialization of cells that occurs during embryological development, results in morphogenesis.

Genotype

The specific genes that an organism contains. Expressed as TT, Tt, tt, and so forth; the genetic makeup of an individual organism.

Photolysis

The splitting of water by light energy. A water molecule is split into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions.

Conidia

The spores of the canidiophore.

Gel electrophoresis

The stage of DNA fingerprinting in which DNA fragments are separated and sorted (by size) by passing an electric current through gel. (DNA negative charge while the electric current in gel has a positive charge)

Metaphase

The stage when the centromeres are aligned on the equatorial plane. Second stage of mitosis. (Chromosomes are positioned at the center of the cell.)

Sporophyte Stage

The stalk and capsule produce spores. The result of the union of two gametes and is therefore diploid.

Filament

The stalk that bears the anther.

Pedicel

The stalk that supports the flower.

reactant (2.2)

The starting substance of a chemical reaction.

Etiolated

The stem growth is rapid, but both the size and number of leaves are greatly reduced. The result when a plant does not receive adequate light.

Stock

The stem of a rooted plant.

Koch's Postulates

The steps that have been used by doctors and scientists around the world to identify the pathogens of thousands of diseases.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Mycology

The study of fungi.

Genetics

The study of heredity. Both one of the oldest and one of the newest of biological sciences.

Botany

The study of plants.

Etiology

The study of the causes of disease

Anthropology

The study of the origin and of the physical social, and cultural history of man.

Ecology

The study of the relationships between organisms and their environments. the study of the interactions between living and nonliving things

Virology

The study of viruses.

solvent (2.3)

The substance (often a liquid) into which a solute is dissolved.

Metabolism

The sum of all of an organism's/cell's life processes; Controls how a cell behaves (the kind and amount of processes a cell carries on.)

Closed Circulatory System

The system involves a series of vessels containing the blood. The blood remains in the blood vessels throughout the entire cycle.

Zygosporangia

The thick-walled, sexual structures that characterize the members of phylum zygomycota.

Ectoplasm

The thin cytoplasm found just inside the plasma membrane.

Biosphere

The thin shell around the earth in which all known physically living things exist.

Mesoderm

The third layer between the other layers. Many different organs and systems develop from the cells of the cells here. (in planarians)

Head, Thorax, Abdomen

The three major body segments of a typical arthropod.

Incubation Period

The time between contracting (becoming infected with) the disease and the appearance of the first symptoms. During this time, a few microbes multiply into millions of organisms.

Half-Life

The time it takes for one half of the initial element to form into a different element.

Interphase

The time of major growth for the cell. Cell spends most of its time in this phase. Transcription and replication happen. Has three phases: G1, S, G2. First phase of the cell cycle. The ending result is a mother cell.

Papilla

The tiny skin structure from which the feathers will grow.

Biomass

The total mass of the living tissue of a population or system (often in a dried form).

Shell

The tough multilayered structure secreted by the mantle as a means of protection or body support.

Recessive Trait

The trait that is masked when two genes for opposing traits are present.

Transduction

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a virus called a bacteriophage that attaches to bacteria.

Circulation

The transport of materials throughout the animal.

Thigmotropism

The tropic response to contact with an object.

Alternation of Generations

The type of life cycle illustrated by the bryophytes. The haploid gametophyte gives rise to the diploid sporophyte generation, and the spores give rise to the next gametophyte.

RNA (ribonucleic acid) (2.6)

The type of nucleic acid that forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form protein molecules.

solution (2.3)

The uniform dissolving of one substance into another substance.

Trisomy

The union of a normal gamete with one that has an extra chromosome. (2n + 1), example down syndrome which is also called trisomy 21

Monosomy

The union of a normal gamete with one that lacks a chromosome. (2n - 1), example turner syndrome

Sexual Reproduction

The union of haploid gametes, resulting in a diploid zygote. It results in offspring that are not genetically identical to either parent.

Cephalothorax

The union of the head and the thorax.

Stigma

The uppermost tip of the pistil, which when mature, has a sticky surface to receive the pollen.

Chemotherapy

The use of chemical agents to treat or prevent disease.

technical method

The use of prescribed techniques to gain knowledge about a specific case.

applied science

The use of pure science to solve practical problems using the technical method.

Biotechnology

The use of technology to enhance living organisms and processes.

research method

The use of the scientific method to obtain knowledge.

independent variable

The variable in a controlled experiment that is manipulated by the researcher; also called the experimental variable.

dependent variable

The variable in a controlled experiment that shows the effect of the treatment.

Pinnate

The veins branch off one large central vein (the midrib) in this venation.

Behavior

The way an animal responds to its environment.

Postdiluvian

The world after the Great Flood.

Springwood

The xylem of larger diameter and lighter in color.

Surrogate Mother

The zygote is implanted in this other woman.

Class Agnatha

These animals are identified by a lack of scales, an eel-like shape, unpaired fins, a skeleton of cartilage, and a jawless, sucking mouth. sea lamprey and hagfish

Class Gastropoda

These animals can be found on the land and in fresh or salt water. includes the sails, slugs, and nudibranchs. "stomach-footed"

Omnivorous

These animals eat both plants and animals.

Herbivorous

These animals eat plants.

Carnivorous

These animals feed upon other animals.

Endothermic

These animals generate their own body heat through physiological changes and often have elaborate mechanisms for maintaining body temperature within a narrow range. requires more energy

Antibiotics

These are chemicals produced by living things which are either bactericidal or bacteriostatic.

Palisade Mesophyll

These cells are column shaped and are lined up side by side. This arrangement permits a large number of cells to be present in a small surface area.

Flame Cells

These cells are hollow bulbs containing a tuft of cilia that beat vigorously to maintain a current in the tubules, which open into the environment by excretory pores.

Haploid

These cells have only one set of chromosomes--they are not paired. Abbreviated as n.

Collenchyma

These cells have thicker cell walls that provide much of the structural support for the plant, especially in areas where the plant is still growing.

Parenchyma

These cells have thin cell walls with a large central vacuole and a small amount of cytoplasm.

Sclerenchyma

These cells' walls are very thick and rigid. They provide support and strength to the plant in nongrowing areas.

Fertilizers

These chemicals are added to the soil if it lacks a particular material.

Fusion Inhibitors

These drugs prevent viral infection by blocking HIV from entering a cell.

Monotremes

These egg laying animals may produce young without the use of a placenta. include the platypus and the two species of echidnas

Order Primates

These erect mammals share most of the following characteristics: • Freely moving arms and legs with large hands and feet • Opposable thumbs for grasping items • Nails on most fingers and toes • Forward-facing eyes, permitting binocular vision with depth perception • A poor sense of smell • Ability to walk erect on two legs when on land • A strong tendency to be social • prehensile tail • A mostly vegetarian diet, less specialized teeth

Polar Fibers

These extend out from one centrosome to the middle of the cell to join polar fibers from the opposite centrosome.

Malpighian Tubules

These extract nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph and pour them into the intestine for elimination. performs excretion.

Down Feathers

These feathers are an underlayer, providing insulation as well as a cushion. Have barbules that do not interlock with one another.

Fruiting Bodies

These funguslike structures produce spores in the reproductive phase of slime molds.

Tube Feet

These hollow feet are joined by a water canal that extends along the starfish ray to the ring canal within the central disc.

Persistent Foliage

These leaves do not fall until the following spring when the new leaves have formed. The plant has an evergreen appearance.

Crustose

These lichens appear as flat smears of dried plant. They often grow as a layer on rocks and trees.

Foliose

These lichens look like small crinkled leaves.

Fruticose

These lichens usually have small stalks or branches with conspicuous fruiting bodies on their ends.

Deciduous

These lose their leaves before winter in order to conserve water.

Order Cetacea

These mammals do not come ashore; they even bear their young in the water. the power for movement is provided by a pair of tail flukes that are HORIZONTAL (fish vertical) include the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. most have blowholes

Gill Slits

These openings lead to a chamber containing gills. in lampreys

Protozoans

These organisms are the most animal-like. were first classified as animals. "first animals", "animalcules", Unicellular, motile, aquatic, and heterotrophic. Reproduce by binary fission or conjugation. do not have cell walls.

Tetraploid

These organisms have four complete sets of chromosomes and are common in plants but rare in humans and animals. (2n + 2n = 4n) when two diploid gametes form a zygote, used to develop corn, cotton, and wheat

Viviparous

These organisms produce live offspring that have been nurtured to birth inside the uterus or similar structure in the mother. In mammals, the placenta, an attachment between the mother and the fetus, supplies nutrients to the offspring. (mammals)

Ovoviviparous

These organisms produce live offspring that were not nurtured through a direct connection to the mother. The fertilized eggs, often with a shell, remain in the mother's body and hatch there; and then the young emerge. (some reptiles and sharks)

Oviparous

These organisms produce offspring from eggs that hatch outside the body. (birds and reptiles)

Jacobson's Organs

These pits in the roof of the mouth contain nerve endings sensitive to chemicals captured from the air by the animal's tongue.

Perennial

These plants grow year after year.

Biennial

These plants sprout and develop in one growing season but do not flower and produce seeds until the following growing season.

Annual

These plants sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds all in one growing season.

Marsupials

These pouched animals may produce young without the use of a placenta. kangaroo, koala, Tasmanian devil, and opossum

Gastric Ceca

These pouchlike organs surround the stomach, supplying it with digestive juices. in grasshopper

Aerial Roots

These roots not only anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals, but also store water for dry periods.

Proglottids

These segments originate by budding just below the scolex, and they grow larger as they mature. Contain a complete set of reproductive organs.

Planarians

These small free-living flatworms commonly inhabit freshwater lakes and streams and may vary in color from black or brown to white.

Guard Cells

These specialized epidermal cells are shaped as opposing crescents and function to open and close the stomata.

Bulbs

These underground structures that are found on plants such as onions are actually collections of storage leaves. Branch from small discs of stems.

Dinoflagellates

These unicellular algae normally possess two flagella of unequal length. Yellowish brown pigments color these algae. Most are marine, but some species live in fresh water. Some are bioluminescent and can cause the sea to glow.

Hazardous Wastes

They are toxic to organisms, are highly reactive or even explosive with other elements, cause corrosion, or are flammable.

Preformationists

They believed complete organisms in the father's sperm and in that sperm are other sperm that contain even tinier people, which contain sperm with even smaller people called ad infinitum.

Cellular Slime Molds

They live as amoeba-like unicellular organisms when food is plentiful.

Obligate Parasites

They require the presence of living tissue in order to grow.

Storage Roots

Thick and fleshy roots. usually containing starches with pigments and other chemicals.

Corms

Thick underground stems that produce aerial leaves.

Molars

Thick, squat teeth in the back of the mout. used for grinding and chewing.

Alveoli

Thin air-filled sacs that give reptiles more surface area for gas exchange than is found in amphibian lungs.

Filaments

Thin strands of similar cells.

Human Artifacts

Things man made, such as gold chains or metal objects.

Class

Third broadest organization of organisms.

Nictitating Membrane

This "third eyelid" moves across the frog's eye, keeping it moist and protected.

Amplexus

This action stimulates the female to release her eggs. physical pressure by the male frog that causes the female frog to release her egg. when the male, who is frequently smaller than the female, claspers her from behind

Quadrate Bone

This bone acts as a hinge, enabling the snake to open its mouth wide.

Mulch

This decomposing organic matter is added to the soil to replenish minerals. Builds and maintains the soil naturally.

Prokaryotic

This group of cells lacks a membrane around the nucleus and contains only non-membrane-bound organelles.

Columnar

This growth is typified by a crown of leaves atop an unbranched stem.

Gizzard

This part's muscle contractions grind food against the ingested soil and break the food up into small pieces.

Gestation

This period of pregnancy when the embryo in the mother's womb receives nourishment from her.

Crossing-Over

This process allows the exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

This process is used by some microorganisms, and, when necessary, many animal cells. Only has one step. Pyruvic acid is changed into lactic acid. used by bacteria and many animal cells

Leafy Shoot

This structure is generally less than 3 cm long and transmits water in small spaces between the cells in much the same way that a paper towel absorbs water. (Shoot that is less than one inch long and is only one cell thick that makes up the individual plant.)

Dinosaur

This term was coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1842, about the time of the first fossil finds of large reptiles.

Sex Chromosomes

Those chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual. In humans, they are designated as X and Y.

Diurnal Rhythms

Those cycles that take place within a twenty-four-hour time frame.

Primary Tissues

Those formed during primary growth.

Biological Rhythms

Those mechanisms that cause organisms to regularly change their location, activities, or both.

Zooflagellates

Those protozoans that propel themselves by means of one or more flagella.

Flatworms

Those that are free-living shun the daylight to live under rocks or under the leaves of water plants. Most are parasitic and live on or within other animals.

Creationist

Those who believe the basics of a Christian Worldview: the Bible is the inspired Word of God, and the Genesis account is a literal description of God's creation of all things.

Theory of Evolution

Three components: Theory of Cosmological beginnings Theory of biological evolution Philosophy of evolution

Lamarck's Theory of Evolution

Three components: Theory of need Theory of use and disuse Theory of inheritance and acquired characteristics

Christian Worldview

Three components: Creation out of nothing, ex nihilo. The Fall accounts for all problems in life. Redemption comes through Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

Gills

Tin-walled structures richly supplied with blood vessels.

Zooplankton

Tiny floating animals or protozoans.

Plankton

Tiny floating organisms in almost all bodies of water. Two types.

Phytoplankton

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, predominantly algae.

Lenticels

Tiny openings in the cork layer of a mature woody stem. They allow the stem to receive the oxygen necessary for respiration.

Trichocysts

Tiny organelles under the pellicle that discharge stiff filaments into the water in response to stimuli. Likely function as a defense mechanism.

Classify

To assign an organism to a particular group.

Identify

To determine the taxonomic group to which an organism belongs.

Vertebral Column

Together all the vertebrae are called this, or the backbone.

Preformed Toxins

Toxins that are formed by pathogens before they enter the organism. Usually exotoxins.

Exotoxins

Toxins that diffuse from the living pathogenic cell into the surrounding tissue. Cause the symptoms of most infectious diseases.

Endotoxins

Toxins that remain in the pathogen as part of its structure. Toxin is released when the pathogen dies.

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits that have their genes on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome because they are linked to the sex of the individual

Mesenteries

Transparent membranes (tissues) that bind the organs to the dorsal body wall.

Absorption

Transport of dissolved substances into cells to serve as building blocks or energy sources.

Medulla Oblongata

Transports impulses to and from the spinal cord, including some reflexes.

Progressive Creationism

Tries to harmonize a Creator God with an old universe. Proponents of this theory believe that the earth is millions of years old and that at particular moments in time, God created new creatures.

Theistic Evolution

Tries to interpret biblical statements to support evolution as God's method of creation.

Codons

Triplets of bases that form a chain of amino acids when in a particular sequence. (A group of three bases. Forms a code for a particular amino acid. The four bases can be placed in 64 different arrangements.)

Siphons

Tubes that circulates water over the clam's body.

Leaf Venation

Two basic patterns: parallel and netted.

Binomial Nomenclature

Two name system proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. System of naming organisms in which each organism is given a genus name and a species name. Both names are underlined or italicized. Genus name is always capitalized, species name never is. Names are in Latin.

Translocation

Two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange genetic information during meiosis.

polygenic inheritance

Two or more genes working together to result in the same trait

Palmate

Two or more main veins originating from a single point in this venation.

Conjugation

Two paramecia attach to each other by their oral surfaces. Each organism undergoes a variety of nuclear changes. The cells exchange a portion of their genetic material through the cytoplasmic bridge that joins them. Each paramecium separates and divides to form four new paramecia.

Competition

Two populations inhibit each other because they depend upon the same limited resource. (- -)

Paired Fins

Two sets of projections from the fish's body that are supported by either bone or cartilage.

Facilitated diffusion

Type of transport that requires a mediator or helper. (Movement occurs with the concentration gradient.)

immune carriers

Typhoid Mary's story is an example of disease spreading through

Class Bivalvia

Typical members have a soft, flat, oval-shaped body encased in a two-piece shell connected by a hinge. "two-shelled"

Order Perissodactyla

Ungulates of this order have one long-hoofed toe or three enlarged toes. simple stomach and cecum. includes the horse, zebras, and rhinos

Yeasts

Unicellular, predominantly saprophytic fungi found in soil or water. Egg-shaped cells slightly larger than bacteria. some produce vitamins B and D. used to produce enzymes. and used for baking when it goes through alcoholic fermentation. reproduces by budding.

Phylum Sporozoa

Unique in that as adults, they do not have pseudopodia, cilia, flagella, or any other special structures for locomotion. Reproduce by spore production or cell division. ALL are parasitic. representative organism: sporozoan.

Cancer

Unrestrained cell growth that has escaped the normal controls of the cell cycle.

Walking Legs

Used for locomotion. in spiders

Pedipalps

Used for sensory reception and, in the male, for the transfer of sperm. (spiders)

Genetic Screening

Used to determine an individual's genetic makeup.

Vacuoles

Used to hold various substances; Membrane-bound sacs for storage.

Bioremediation

Uses natural bacteria as well as bacteria modified by recombinant DNA to break down toxic and hazardous materials in the environment.

growth, repair, replacement of worn-out cells, or reproduction

Uses of mitosis

Stem Cutting

Usually a section of a stem that is placed in water or in moist sand, soil, or similar medium.

Seed Cones

Usually found in other branches of the same tree. Ova are on the scales of these.

Altricial Chicks

Usually hatch in less than two weeks and emerge from the eggs naked, blind, and helpless. When hatched, all they can do is open their large mouths and consume food. usually produce fewer than six eggs at a time.

Rusts

Usually have complicated life cycles, producing several different kinds of spores and alternating between two different plant hosts (Wheat and barberry plants)

Fibrovascular Bundles

Usually located around the edge of the stem.

Sperm

Usually smaller than ova and are able to move on their own.

Estrus

Various odors released by the female at this time of "heat" attract males of her species.

Mycorrhizae

Vascular plant roots in a symbiotic relationship with many fungi. Fungi effectively increase the surface area of the plant's roots to enhance the absorption of minerals from the soil. In return, the fungi receive carbohydrates from the plant.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals within a plant, primarily from the root upward, and is made of two types of cells.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that is usually slightly thinner than the other type of cell walls. Conducts water and dissolved carbohydrates throughout the plant, generally downward.

Plastron

Ventral cover of the hard shell of turtles.

Plasmolysis

Water leaves the cell and loses turgidity and then the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; Collapse of a cell due to a loss of water

Niche

What an organism does and how it fits into and affects its habitat.-- its "occupation"

Adaption

What an organism does when it finds itself in a different environment, either one to which it is not completely suited or one to which it is not accustomed.

Precambrian

What is the oldest era according to the evolutionists' time scale?

Diploid

When a cell has homologous pairs of chromosomes. Abbreviated 2n.

Nondisjunction

When a chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis. results in ( n + 1 ) or ( n - 1 )

Clinically Dead

When a person has no brain waves for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, he is in this condition.

Manager

When man begins to change the environment to make it meet his needs.

Amensalism

When one population is inhibited or harmed by a second population and the second population is not affected by the first. (0 -)

Isotonic Solution

When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell, the solution is in this state. (EQUAL.) example: red blood cells

Intestine

Where food is broken down into small pieces and where enzymes partially digest the food.

Elongation Region

Where the cells begin to grow and establish large vacuoles.

Crop

Where the food-laden soil is stored temporarily.

Meristematic Region

Where the tiny undifferentiated cells carry on mitosis.

Zygospore

While in this stage, the diploid cells undergo meiosis, and when they emerge, the Chlamydomonas is once again haploid. Produced sexually. a zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering.

Phylum Psilotophyta

Whisk ferns. Rare and unusual plants that lack true roots and leaves are not actually ferns.

Sir Alexander Fleming

Who discovered penicillin in 1929?

Endosperm

Will provide food for the embryonic plant while in the seed and when first sprouting.

Dormant Buds

Woody stems that live through a winter period form these.

Robert Hooke

Wrote Micrographia in 1665 and described a thin piece of cork with a compound microscope, also named cells

female

XX - male or female?

male

XY - male or female?

corn and soy beans

__________ and ___________ are both genetically modified plants that are used as components in American food products today.

substitution, addition, deletion

__________ mutations results in minor effects, while ____________ and ___________ cause more severe disorders

phylogenetic trees

a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

pheromones

a chemical released by one animal that influences the behavior of another animal of the same species

symbiosis

a close relationship between two organisms of different species

diatomaceous earth

a crumbly substance made of diatom shells, which can be used for silver polish, toothpaste, insulators, filters, etc.

Punnett Square

a diagram that depicts genetic crosses and determines the probability of the offspring's particular genotype or phenotype.

infectious disease

a disease caused by a virus or an organism that invades the body

insight

a flash of intelligence allowing it to solve a problem with a novel response

fragmentation

a form of asexual reproduction by breaking a simple colony in two and then permitting additional mitosis to replace missing cells (break apart - add more cells by mitosis)

budding

a form of asexual reproduction in which proportions from the parent organism or unicellular organism form a new individual.

clade

a group of related organisms, usually depicted as a branch on a phylogenetic tree

suspension

a liquid mixture that separates.

bacterial flagellum/flagellin

a long threadlike structure usually less than 0.05 um in diameter. may be either short or several times longer than the length of the cell. lack the 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement of the flagella in eukaryotic cells; instead, they are formed by a single strand of this protein

binary fission

a method of asexual reproduction in which the nuclear material is copied and the parent cell divides into two equal cells

invasive species

a non-native species that adversely affects a habitat, has no limiting factors so it grows out of control competing with native species for resources. kudzu vine, European starlings, fire ants examples in the US

deletion

a nucleotide is removed from the DNA, a frame shift mutation occurs.

maxillae

a pair of feeding appendages that bring the chewed food to the mouth

Leucoplasts

a plastid colorless structure used as a storehouse are usually found in the fleshy storage areas of plants

Chromoplasts

a plastid that contains pigments and usually functions in synthesis processes

optimal range

a range of temperature that a cell can still function at its best

Geologic Column

a sequence of rock layers that supposedly provided a permanent record of the history of the earth and the sequence and rate at which life evolved through its various forms

dichotomous keys

a series of paired statements or characteristics about the specimen being identified

a large liver filled with oils less dense than water

a shark's version of a swim bladder in bony fish

autotomy

a significant portion of the tail falls off and thrashes around to distract the would-be predator. gives time for the lizard to often escape during the confusion and will eventually regrow the missing portion

heterocyst

a single cell which may have different functions in different species; a large colorless cell found in the filament of some Cyanobacteria

filament

a slender, chainlike thread of cells

underhair

a soft, insulating fur layer next to the animal's skin

quarantine

a strict isolation often enforced by law if someone has a communicable disease

appendage

a structure or organ that is attached to the main trunk of the body

evolutionary classification

a system based on biochemical similarities, not on physical characteristics. Their hypothesis is the amount of similarity between one organism's biochemical makeup and another's is directly proportional to their degree of relatedness. This includes individual proteins as well as the nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA.

Conjugation

a temporary union of two organisms or cells for the one-way transfer of genetic material; not considered a true type of sexual reproduction, but it does result in genetic variation.

Conjugation tube

a tube used for the transfer of genetic material between bacteria

obligatory

a type of mutualism which the two organisms would survive without the other

heterotrophic

a vast majority of bacteria are __________ they obtain their energy by digesting organic substances.

a core of either DNA or RNA (NEVER BOTH) and a protein covering called a capsid

a virus consists of what two basic parts

bacteriophage

a virus that infects only certain bacteria

direct contact infections

a way diseases are transmitted by direct contact with a sore or lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of an infected person

vector-carried infection

a way diseases are transmitted by insects or other arthropods that carry pathogens from one host organism to another

Airborne Infections

a way diseases are transmitted by pathogens that are suspended in water droplets.

contamination infections

a way diseases are transmitted by pathogens that enter the body by way of contaminated food or water which often afflict the digestive system

immune carriers

a way diseases are transmitted by people sometimes spread pathogens to others but have no symptoms of the disease themselves (carriers).

wound infections

a way diseases are transmitted by some pathogens that enter the body through wounds

indirect contact infections

a way diseases are transmitted by touching a surface or object contaminated by a pathogen (eating utensils)

Homeostasis

ability to maintain a steady state in the cell; A dynamic (changing) equilibrium.

Irritability

ability to respond to external factors that affect the operations of the cell; in other words, the response or reaction of the cell to its environment

benign tumor

abnormal growth of cells that is slow and localized

supra-

above

methane and ammonia

according to evolutionary theory, earth's atmosphere before life began consisted primarily of

Plasmodial Slime Molds

acellular, starts life as amoeba-looking cells during feeding phase forms a structure called a plasmodium. is multinucleate.

experiment

activity used to test hypothesis that must be tailored to answer the problem precisely

Salivary Glands

add their secretions to food passing into the esophagus in grasshoppers

book lungs

air enters the spider through a slit in the abdomen and flows between the page like folds of ______ ________ where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Spirogyra

algae that reproduces by conjugation

major effects (lethal cause severe genetic diseases), minor effects (produce a protein that is only slightly different or is not important to the functioning of the organism), or no effect (they do not really change the codon, or the affected codon codes for the same amino acid as the nonmutated codon)

alterations of genes can have what three effects

MRI

alternative to x-ray; uses magnets to develop a picture

smooth, scaleless skin that is richly supplied with blood vessels and is moistened by secretions form glands in the skin. is more than a body covering, South American poison dart frogs secrete a poison that make them deadly to eat (from what the frog eats)

amphibian skin

vector

an agent that carries a gene from one organism to another

pericardial cavity

an anterior portion of the fish's body cavity

Restriction enzyme

an enzyme that is able to cut and separate DNA strands.

lysozymes

an enzyme that is produced and secreted through your tear glands and destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria

Clone

an exact genetic duplicate of a cell or organism. the result of mitosis or asexual reproduction.

Bacteria

an extremely small, unicellular, prokaryotic organism found in the kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

ruminants

animals that have a rumen and for improved digestion the they regurgitate cud into their mouths and chew it a second time, mixing the enzymes from the rumen with the tough plant materials. They then swallow the food again. Ruminants have long digestive tracts, allowing the digestive system more time to digest cellulose

Disease

any change (except those caused by injuries) that affects an organism's normal function.

fossil

any direct or indirect evidence of a once-living organism that is embedded or preserved in the earth's crust; normally refers to remains of long-dead organisms that have been naturally preserved

organic compound (2.4)

any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

peripheral nervous system

are all the nerves that transmit impulse between the central nervous and the frog's muscles and sensory organs

Setae

are along the worm's ventral and lateral surfaces, tiny bristles, four pairs on each segment, that can be retracted into the worm's body.

chelipeds

are attached to the cephalothorax, bear pincers that are used for capturing food and for defense

high-lift wings

are large and convex and provide a tremendous amount of lift even at low speeds. These wings allow birds of prey such as hawks, owls, and eagles to carry large prey. Many of these birds are skilled at soaring, riding thermal air current, and changing course with subtle movements of their wings tips.

soaring wings

are long and thin and resemble the wings of a glider. These wings enable water birds such as gulls to expend a minimum of energy in staying aloft. This increased flight efficiency, however, is obtained at the expense of maneuverability.

secondary consumers/first-level carnivores

are normally carnivores, eat the primary consumers they are often called

tertiary consumers/second-level carnivores

are normally carnivores, eat the secondary consumers they are often called

primary consumers

are normally herbivores, eat the producers

Synthesis

assembly of organic compounds from smaller units obtained from digestion, absorption, or some other synthesis reaction in the cell; results in a cell's growth, secretion, or replacing worn out cellular parts.

80-90%

at each step in the food chain there is an _____-_______% loss of energy

chemosynthetic

bacteria which gain their food through converting inorganic compounds to other usable forms and capturing the energy

Gia movemnt

based on a theory that the entire biosphere function as a single thinking organism. in other words a newer form of pantheism

labium

bearing another small pair of appendages called labial palps

infra-

below

sub-

below; used more often

cracking

bill of a bunting

filtering

bill of a flamingo

tearing

bill of a hawk

probing

bill of a ibis

4 chambered heart and complete separation of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. right side- receives deoxygenated flood form the body and pumps it to the lungs. left side- once the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it flows into the let side of the heart and then is pumped to the body. have the largest hearts

bird circulation (heart)

mandible

bird's lower jaw; are elongated and form the bill

maxilla

bird's upper jaw; are elongated and form the bill

teeth

birds have no _________

coelom

body cavity/space

asymmetrical

body patterns of animals that cannot be divided into equal halves

sternum

breastbone of the bird

Hugo De Vries

came up with Neo-Darwinism

initiation and promotion

cancer researchers point to a two-step process in the development of cancer: ___________ and _______________.

carcinogens

cancer-causing chemicals

dorsal blood vessel

carries the blood toward the anterior end of the earthworm

Frame Shift

caused by the addition or deletion of a nucleotide, results in the shifting of nucleotides so that the codons are rearranged

Subphylum Uniramia

centipedes, millipedes, and insects

Keel

central ridge on large sternum; provides attachment for flight muscles.

feathers

characteristic that only Class Aves posses; the protein-based structures that provide covering, insulation, and shape.

an exoskeleton Jointed appendages body segmentation open circulatory with a dorsal heart ventral nervous system

characteristics of Arthropods

-they lack chlorophyll. -nonphotosynthetic heterotrophs -no true tissues -cell walls contain chitin, a complex polysaccharide

characteristics of Fungi

6 pairs of appendages - 1 pair of chelicerae - 1 pair of pedipalps - 4 pairs of walking legs

characteristics of Spiders

effective on bacteria, not on viruses, should be prescribed by a physician, can lose their potency, and take all of your prescription

characteristics of antibiotics

• 4 pairs of walking legs. • 2 major body segments: cephalothorax and abdomen • no antennae or mandibles • respiration through book lungs • usually 4 pairs of simple eyes

characteristics of arachnids

• Breathe air • Are endothermic • Have a four-chambered heart • Have specialized teeth • Produce milk for young • Have hair

characteristics of the Class Mammalia

-many species, small populations of each -larger organisms -organisms with lower metabolic rates -organisms with long life spans -organisms with complicated life cycles -nutrients cyclic within the ecosystem

characteristics of the climax stage

• Freely moving arms and legs with large hands and feet • Opposable thumbs for grasping items • Nails on most fingers and toes • Forward-facing eyes, permitting binocular vision with depth perception • A poor sense of smell • Ability to walk erect on two legs when on land • A strong tendency to be social • prehensile tail • A mostly vegetarian diet, less specialized teeth

characteristics of the order Primates

-few species, large populations of each -smaller organisms -organisms have higher metabolic rates -organisms with short life spans -organisms with simple forms of reproduction -large amounts of nutrients needed and large amounts lost form the ecosystem

characteristics of the pioneer stage

mandibles

chewing mouthpart of grasshoppers

gastric mill

chitinous teeth here grind the food

Prophase I

chromosomes coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane disintegrates, is different from mitosis because the homologous chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad

Metaphase II

chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane (during meiosis)

Telophase I

chromosomes reach opposite poles and the cell undergoes cytokinesis

only carries food and waste products

circulation in grasshoppers

Artificial Clones

clones that occur when man helps an organism reproduce asexually

Natural Clones

clones that occur without man's intervention

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi

initiator codon

codon that marks the beginning of the chain

terminator codon

codon that marks the end of the chain

clavicles

collarbones of a bird; are enlarged and fused, forming the "wishbone" also provides attachment for flight muscles

science

collection of observations, inferences, and models produced through a systematic study of nature that enables humans to exercise proper dominion over God's world. can also refer to the systematic methods that produce the observations, inferences, and models

dorsal notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, and the pharyngeal pouches

common characteristics that Chordates share

Phylum Zygomycota

common molds

coloca

common passageway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive system

Deletion

complete loss of a segment of the chromosome, results in offspring that lack certain genes, example cri du chat (cry of the cat) in which chromosome 5 is gone and the recessive gene is present

digestive glands

complete the breakdown of small particles of food in crayfish

Thylakoids

complex system of flattened sacs arranged into stacks.

cephalic

concerning the head

caudal

concerning the tail

moisture, temperature, pH, and nutrition

conditions for optimal growth for bacteria

Order Apoda

contains a small group of strange, wormlike animals called caecilians. not earthworms because they have a backbone, jaws, and closed circulatory system of vertebrae, lack limbs and limb girdles. live underground, are blind as adults, eating earthworms

Artificial Selection

controlled breeding to obtain desired strains of existing variations

compound, antennae, and antennules

crayfish have ________ eyes, ________, and ___________

plasmodium

creeps along the goud like a giant blob as it phagocytizes organic material.

mule

cross between a female horse and a male donkey n + n = 63

gladiators

cross between a walking stick and a mantis. discovered in 2001.

transverse

crosses perpendicular to midline

biogeochemical cycles

cycles that involve chemicals that pass through the biosphere but are also part of the earth's systems

Telophase II

daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclei forms, cytokinesis will now occur. results in four haploid cells

1. all life is of equal value 2. all life forms are interdependent on each other (views man as just another species that is part of the living earth)

deep ecology emphasizes what two points

special cells on its ventral surface enable it to move; these cells secrete a layer of slime under the planarian, and ciliated cells propel the flatworm over the slime in a smooth, gliding fashion. also contractions of the muscle layers contribute to even larger movements

describe planarians movements (means of locomotion)

protective, made of proteins and chitin, worn externally, weights a lot

describe the exoskeleton of Arthropods

Charles Lyell

developed the doctrine of uniformitarianism and said that theories of the earth's age should be governed by the observation of the rates of gradual geologic processes of the earth today

Tuatara has holes in the skull and a unique tooth arrangement, traces of a light-sensitive structure on the top of its head is a third "eye" (nonfunctional and is covered by scales in the adult)

difference between Tuatara and lizards

crocodiles: thinner, more pointed snout with some teeth protruding from the jaws when the mouth is closed alligator: blunt, thick snout and teeth that fit within the jaws

difference between crocodiles and alligator

dolphin: teeth conical, dorsal fin taller and curved, and head shape beak on snout porpoise: teeth spade-shaped, dorsal fin smaller and triangular, head shape more rounded

difference between dolphins and porpoises

moths: pupa in a spun silk cocoon, adult antennae feathery, adult body thick and often appears furry, wings usually held horizontally white at rest butterflies: pupa in a chrysalis, adult antennae thin with knobs on the ends, adult body slender, wings usually held vertically while at rest

difference between moths and butterfiles

1 the amphibian's three-chambered heart 2 an additional "loop" in the circulatory cycle

differences between amphibian and fish heart

•Usually have two pairs of limbs while snakes have none. •Have external ear openings, enabling them to sense airborne sounds to which snakes are deaf. •Have eyelids and can close their eyes; snakes' eyes are permanently open and covered by a protective membrane. •Belly is covered with scales similar to those on the rest of its body; the large scutes across the snake's belly assist in crawling.

differences between lizards and snakes

double

diplo-

inherited disorders, injuries, and organic disorders

disorders can be grouped into these three major categories

midline (median)

divides into right and left

yes

do all bacteria have a cell membrane?

only most bacteria have a cell wall not all of them

do all bacteria have a cell wall?

most bacteria have capsules but not all of them

do all bacteria have capsules?

yes

do bacteria have cytoplasm?

yes, identical twins (one embryo splits into two)

do human clones already exist? If so, name an example.

Persistent infections

do not cause lysis but do cause the cell to make and release virus particles

aerobic respiration (36 compared to 2)

does aerobic or anaerobic respiration produce more ATP?

lipid bilayer

double layer of phospholipids with the hydrophilic ends adjacent to the water environment and the hydrophobic ends toward each other, away from the water

percolates

drains/to filter through

ostia (sing., ostium)/incurrent pores

draws water into sponge's bodies

-the total population -density -arrangement (evenly dispersed or clumped in subgroups)

each individual population has many measurable characteristics. Ecologist may want to know what about the biotic community

trophic levels

ecological pyramids are divided into these; shows the flow of matter and energy through a food chain; are feeding level though which energy exchanges take place in an ecosystem

tissue destruction and toxin formation

effects of pathogens

shelf fungi

either saprophytes of deadwood or parasites of living trees. produce spores in pores on the underside of the shelf. when released, they fall out of the pore and are carried away by the wind.

God's revelation to Noah Confirmation in the New Testament The covenant of the Rainbow The continental shelves and seamounts universality of the fossil record

evidence for a worldwide flood

cholera and typhoid fever

example of a disease that is transmitted by contamination infections

hepatitis, diphtheria, polio, scarlet fever, and typhoid fever

example of a disease that is transmitted by immune carriers

meningitis

example of a disease that is transmitted by indirect contact infections

typhus, bubonic plague, and malaria

example of a disease that is transmitted by vector-carried infections

tetanus and gas gangrene

example of a disease that is transmitted by wound infections

human insulin producing bacteria

example of a transgenic organism

giraffe necks

example of theory of need

tuberculosis, diphtheria, and pertussis

examples of diseases that are transmitted by airborne infections

hepatitis B, HIV, Scarlet fever, colds, influenza, leprosy and measles

examples of diseases that are transmitted by direct contact infections

pair of kidneys and a cloaca have NO bladder for storing urine or feces. most birds empty their cloaca just before takeoff

excretion in birds

if a starfish is dismembered, a single ray can grow into a complete adult if it has even a small portion of the central disc attached to it

explain regeneration in starfish

concentration size and weight shape charge fat-solubility composition of the membrane

factors that affect transport

density-dependent factors

factors that become more limiting as a population's density increases. depend on the size of a population

family Ursidae

family that contains the bears

family Canidae

family that contains the canines (dogs/wolves)

family Bovidae

family that contains the cows

family Cervidae

family that contains the deer

family Felidae

family that contains the felines (cats)

family Mustelidae

family that contains the skunks, weasels, ferrets, badgers, and otters

Turner syndrome (XO)

females that lack a second sex chromosome

parasitic worms

few sense organs as adults, no external cilia in adults, thick tegument, suckers and/or hooks, divided into two major groups: the flukes and the tapeworms

Jan Baptista van Helmont

figured that a plant's substance does not come from the soil

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

first person to describe living organisms under a microscope in 1674

alimentary canal

food tube which is composed of an esophagus, stomach, and intestines (often with a liver, gallbladder, and pancreas as accessory organs)

behavioral isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding

primary cell wall

formed when a plant cell is young and still growing

food vacuole

formed when the cell takes in food, a process called ingestion; enzymes break down the food into substances that will pass through the membrane into the cytoplasm

secondary cell wall

forms when the cell has reached full size - once this forms, cell growth ends

apparent age

fully mature, how the earth was created in the beginning.

waste vacuole

function is to push the wastes outside the cell which this meothod of waste realease is called egestion

the trunk vertebrae, the flat ribs, and the sternum (breastbone)

fused to make the trunk a rigid framework of a bird

midgut

gastric cecum and stomach

Parent Generation

generation which Mendel crossed a short and tall pea plant.

the concept that factors occur in pairs

genes are located on chromosomes and most organisms have homologous pairs of chromosomes

fucoxanthin

gives the Phylum Phaeophyta its brown color

phycobilins

gives the Phylum Rhodophyta its red color

Yucca moths and the yucca flower

good example of symbiosis

good- layer of ozone in the stratosphere shields man from of the UV rays of the sun bad- when diatomic oxygen reacts with certain pollutants in the lower atmosphere, it can form ground level ozone, dangerous for people with asthma

good/bad ozone

Trypanosoma

grows and divides in the insect's intestine and then migrates to the salivary glands. when the fly bites a person, the protozoan may enter the victim's bloodstream where it reproduces. causes African sleeping sickness

high-speed wings

have long, thin, tapered shape that generates little drag in the air. fastest flyers have these type of wings (terns, swifts, and sandpipers)

subphylum Urochordata

have notochords at the larval stage. lose all characteristics of chordates except for the pharyngeal slits, which they keep into adulthood tunicates best represent this subphylum

Trisomy X (XXX)

having an extra sex chromosome; "super females"

Anaphase I

homologous chromosomes separate (not the sister chromatids as in mitosis)

based on their colonial structure and method of sexual reproduction

how are fungi traditionally grouped into phyla

by the cell wall

how does bacteria maintain their shape?

smell: antennae taste: receptors on mouthparts touch: tactile hairs vision: compound/ simple eyes hearing: tympanum

how insects (grasshoppers)... smell: taste: touch: vision: hearing:

4.6 billion years old

how old do secular geologists believe the earth is?

birthrate vs. death rate and immigration vs. emigration

how populations change

transpiration (loss of water from plants) and evaporation

how water enters the atmosphere

precipitation

how water returns to earth (form)

46, or 23 pairs

human diploid number

23

human haploid number

primary succession

if an ecosystem develops gradually from bare rock, it is called this

secondary succession

if an ecosystem develops gradually in which soil and plants are already in place is known as this

isolation

if some communicable diseases are so contagious that the health authorities advise placing the patient in _________.

Phylum Bacillariophyta/ Diatoms

important part of plankton. cell walls have silica. food stored as oil. Contains 11500 species. Representative Organism: ?

liver

in fish it is found near the stomach, secretes bile that aids in the digestion of fats

contractile ring

in human and animal cell this begins to divide the cell as it tightens, it causes the plasma membrane to pinch in, or invaginate

Cecum

in nonruminant herbivores. A pouchlike extension between the small intestine and large intestine. Contains bacteria and acts as a fermentation tank for the digestion of the cellulose.

gastroderm

in planarians this lines the digestive tract

Jan Ingenhousz

in the late 1700s discovered that the process (photosynthesis) would only work in the presence of light and it requires water for proper growth.

Population

includes all the members of the same type of living thing (often a species or a similar groups) occupying the same geographic area at one time.

bacteriostatic

inhibiting growth of bacteria

carcinogenic chemicals, radiation, and viruses

initiation is generally accomplished in these one of three ways

• Three pairs of walking legs • Wings usually present • Body divided into three segments: head, thorax, abdomen • One pair of sensory antennae

insect characteristics

hindgut

intestine, rectum, and anus

rectilinear movement

involves scutes, with wavelike muscular action, the snake forces the scutes forward. as the scutes grip the earth, the animal pulls itself forward in a straight line

concertina movement

involves the snake's drawing itself into a tight S shape and then extending itself forward. this is normally used when the snake is between two structures

ozone

is a triatomic form of oxygen that is very healthful, as long as it not in the wrong place at the wrong time

guard hair

is coarse, longer, and found over the underhair. This layer gives the animal its color

gallbladder

is connected to the liver in fish, stores excess bile

no, because it involves a mass production of human embryos to be killed during research

is it okay to clone humans as a Christian?

crossing over

is not a mutation, is the exchange of information between homologous chromosomes, results in a genetic recombination

bulbus arteriosus

joins the ventricle to the ventral aorta

chalazae

keep the yolk with its attached embryo suspended securely in the center of the egg

bactericidal

killing bacteria

mammals

largest brain in vertebraes

Intelligent Design (ID)

leaders in this movement are interested in proving how life and the universe show evidence of design that cannot be totally explained by the random processes of Darwinian evolution

density-independent factors

limit population growth regardless of the size of a population

prostomium

lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth, pushes food into the mouth

1. the suspected pathogen should be found only in the body of a sick individual, not one that is healthy 2. the suspected pathogen should be grown in a laboratory culture 3. the suspected pathogen should cause the same disease when injected into a healthy individual 4. when isolated form the second individual, the pathogen should be the same as the original

list Koch's Postulates

it may produce an odd protein - doesn't affect the cell much - causes moles and some tumors it may have no effect - the mutation has no effect until the gene is turned on it may kill the cell - human body has millions of cells one cell lost not noticed, can be considered a lethal mutation if it occurred in a single-celled organism

list and describe the three possible thing that somatic mutations can cause

plants, algae, and SOME bacteria

list some autotrophs

humans, animals, fungi, and MOST bacteria.

list some heterotrophs

1. the virus enters the cell and remains inactive (latent) 2. the viral genome incorporates into the host genome 3. the virus can be activated by various stimuli

list the steps of the lysogenic cycle

1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore 2. ribosomes lines up on one end of the mRNA 3. the codon form mRNA and the anticodon from tRNA line up 4. once these two are lined up, the ribosome moves to the next codon 5. the amino acids "hops" off of tRNA and bonds to the forming amino acid chain 6. once the amino acid bonds to the chain, the tRNA leaves the ribosome

list the steps of translation

the message encoded in the DNA in the nucleus and the ratio between the surface area of the cell and its volume

list the two factors that limit a cell's maximum size

1. cells with the corrected gene could be grown in the lab and then injected into the patient's body 2. a vector, often a virus that has been altered to carry human DNA, is used to deliver the new genetic info directly to target cells in the body

list two ways the corrected gene in gene therapy can be delivered to the recipient

physical appearance as defense (camouflage/warning colors), weapons (chemicals, poisons, and stinkbugs), social defenses (colonies of termites), reproductive defenses, and insect behavior (play dead, fly, sting, or bite)

list ways of insect survival

endoparasites

live inside their host (tapeworms and flukes)

ectoparasites

live on the outside of the host (ticks and lice)

Trichonympa

lives in the gut of termites; digest the cellulose in wood

coelacanth

lobe-finned fish thought to be extinct, but then found in deep water off Madagascar in 1938

Amoeba Proteus

looks little more than a blotch of gray jelly. They have a nucleus and contractile vacuoles. Reproduction- binary fission. movement- pseudopods.

1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication and Transcription 4. Assembly 5. Release

lytic cycle steps

Subphylum Trilobita

made of trilobites (extinct)

external fertilization

male fertilizes the ova by releasing sperm onto them after the female lays them, takes place in water, and there cannot be a shell on the ova

internal fertilization

male places the sperm inside the female's body, where the ova are fertilized. eggs usually have some form of protective coat (shell) that permits them to be laid and to develop outside the mother's body

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

male that has an extra X chromosome

four

mammals have a ______ chambered heart

two

mammals usually possess ______ pairs of limbs used for locomotion

consumer and manager

man affects his environment in two basic ways

homeotic genes

master control genes that regulates cellular differentiation and morphogenesis.

Virus

means poison in Latin, a submicroscopic, noncellular particle, composed of a nucleic acid core and a protein coat called the capsid; an obligate parasite

fitness

measured by the production and survival of its offspring

nanometer (nm)

measurement for some small bacteria and viruses

Radiocarbon Dating Method

measures the decay of a radioactive substance into a nonradioactive substance. best known method is the uranium-lead method and the carbon-14 method

Phylum Nematoda

members have a complete digestive tract with a mouth and anus. representative organism: Ascaris

Envelope

membrane-like; Surrounds the capsid and is made mostly of lipids. only in some viruses

budding, fragmentation, and spore production

methods of asexual reproduction in fungi

Prophase II

mitotic spindle REFORMS

preservation of parts

most abundant type of fossil

Saprophytic

most bacteria are this; Feeding on dead organic matter.

spore production

most common method of asexual reproduction in fungi

-study the relationships between existing organisms and their environment -predict what would happen if some factor were changed -recommend steps to change an environment or the organisms in it

most frequently, ecologist are called upon to

Movement

movement of the cell itself (locomotion) or movement of substances and structures inside the cell (internal movement)

longitudinal nerves

nerves that extend from the brain down the length of the animal

two longitudinal nerves and a number of transverse nerves

nervous system of planarians

direct reprogramming, or de-differentiation

new method of cloning that does not require the use of enucleated egg cells in which scientists attempt to stimulate differentiated adult cells to develop like embryonic cells

Mitochondria

nicknamed "powerhouse of the cell" typically bean-shaped organelles that are responsible for the cellular respiration (reactions that transform the chemical energy stored in sugars into usable energy for the cell).

angstrom (Å)

not an SI unit, used in scientific literature to measure many structures inside the cell

central vacuole

not found in human or animal cells; provides storage; regulates turgidity of cell

density

number of individual in a defined area or volume

Order Anura

oder that contains the frogs and toads, lack tails and have uniquely designed limbs, have the ability to flick out tongues, by far the most prominent order of amphibians

ventral

on or near the lower surface; front

dorsal

on or near the upper surface; back

medial

on or toward the middle

lateral

on or toward the side

Phylum Chordata

only phylum containing vertebrates

Order Caudata

order that contains Salamanders, are different from lizards because of their life cycle and body covering, and lack scales and claws

Order Crocodilia

order with alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gharials

Order Squamata

order with snakes and lizard

Order Rhynchocephalia

order with the tuataras

Order Testudinata

order with turtles and tortoises

the concept of unit characteristics

organism's characteristics are caused by units that Mendel called factors (genes)

transgenic organisms

organisms that contain genes from more than one species

generalists

organisms that have a very large niche because they can tolerate a wide range of conditions, and if they are consumers, can live on many different food sources (are usually omnivores)

specialists

organisms with very little flexibility toward their habitat conditions or whose food preferences are very narrow

Abiogensis

origin of life from nonliving substances

ex nihilo

out of nothing

pelvic fins

paired fin; are below and slightly behind the pectoral fins

pectoral fins

paired fin; are close the the head on either side of the body

99.9% same among individuals leaving only a 0.1% difference

percentage genetic variability from person to person

Subphylum Crustacea

pill bugs, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, krill, and barnacles

nonpoint source pollution

pollution (usually water pollution) that has no one identifiable source is usually a greater problem

extinct

populations that eventually all die out

gill rakers

prevent debris from passing onto the gills in fish

chlorophyll (a)

primary catalyst for photosynthesis

errors can be made by the biologist in his observations, errors can result if the specimen is atypical, and errors can be made when the techniques used are crude

problems that can affect the validity of experiments with living things

It does not allow for the formation of new characteristics. The fittest do not always survive and reproduce. An organism must have the gene for a characteristic before that characteristic can be produced.

problems with Darwin's theory of evolution

Short duration, viral vector problems, immunity issues, and multiple gene interactions

problems with Gene Theraphy

mutations are random and rare mutations must occur in reproductive cells (or it won't be passed on) evolution requires "good mutations" to many mutations will kill an organism

problems with mutations being the driving force of evolution

"early" atmosphere contained much more oxygen than was thought before. major problem for the evolutionary origin of life because oxygen destroys the chemical compounds that are needed to form life.

problems with the Miller-Urey experiment

- The organism's environment can greatly affect its appearance. - Some organisms do not reproduce sexually. - Sometimes organisms of the same species cannot interbreed.

problems with the concept of species

cytoplasmic streaming

process that rapidly build structures to move organelles around the inside of the cell. In some plant cells, _______ moves the organelles that carry on photosynthesis throughout the cell

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine (where digestion begins), anus

proper sequence of the movement of food within a fish

Progressive Creationsism

proponents of this theory believe that the earth is billions of years old and that at a particular moments in time, God created new creatures flood was a local not a worldwide catastrophe

leatherlike wings

protect the flying wings

chrysalis

protective case that the pupa makes, where the larvae undergoes many dramatic changes

their means of locomotion

protozoans are divided into four phyla based on what

biosynthesis

putting together of substances by living things; how assimilation is accomplished.

reproduction, mice yield a total of over seventy-five offspring a year

reason why Order Rodentia doesn't die out

Cytoplasm

refers to all of the structures and materials inside the cell/plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus.

index fossil

remains of an organism that supposedly lived during only a certain time in evolutionary history

contractile vacuole

removes extra water from unicellular organisms

keratin

reptile scales are composed mainly of this, a fibrous protein that is waterproof and quite durable

dry, cool, and leathery, usually shed, helps in temperature control

reptile skin

Harmful Algal Blooms

requires warm water, oxygen, nutriens, and sunlight. Karelia Brevis (dinoflagellate) gives off toxins sometimes making the water red, "red tide"

deficiency disease

results from improper nourishment such as the lack of a vitamin or mineral

man is not responsible to God because He does not exist. Man does not need a savior because there are no moral absolutes and thus no sin man is a highly evolved animal, not a special creation of God. Man's religion should be scientism.

results of believing in an Evolutionary Theory

subphylum Cephalochordata

retain their notochords throughout their entire lives. typical organism in this subphylum is the amphioxus

geologic substrate

rocks and other substances underneath the soil

Roundworms

round and unsegmented, longitudinal muscles only, thrashing/whipping motion, live in just about any environment

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi

Chorionic Villus Sampling

sampling of the chorionic villi to be examined for any chromosomal abnormalities

Secular

science must be free from religious influence

Phylum Mollusca

second largest invertebrate phylum. Members share MOST the following characteristics: mantle, shell, visceral mass, foot, and radula

secretion vesicle

secretes materials

derived characters

shared unique features among organisms that evolutionists use to assign organisms to a particular clade.

elliptical wings

short and wide and provide for quick takeoffs and landings, low-speed flight, and maximum maneuverability. permit them to change direction quickly in their forest habitats. (sparrows and woodpeckers)

pyloric ceca

short tubes located at the junction of the stomach and intestine, are thought to secrete digestive enzymes.

convergent evolution

similar or identical traits to arise into two unrelated organisms/species

Anaphase II

sister chromatid separate (during meiosis)

airbladders

small air-filled spaces. used to float in water.

swimmerets

small flipper like appendages used for swimming and reproduction in the crayfish;

nephridiopores

small openings on the earthworm's side which is where the wastes are expelled

feces

solid waste material

casts

solid wastes of the earthworm

dormant

some large mammals like the bear and badger sleep or become _________ through the winter but do not truly hibernate.

Subphylum Chelicerata

spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

complex sponges

sponges that are usually larger and have a system of canals and chambers that empties into a central chamber

simple sponges

sponges that have thin-walled, saclike bodies

Sporangium

spores are formed in this enclosure

puffballs

spores are within a protective membrane; release their dust-fine spores when they are disturbed

earthstars

spores are within a protective membrane; release their spores through an opening in the center of the "star."

teliospores, basidiospores, aeciospores, and urediospores

spores that rusts form throughout their lifecycle (in order)

cluster

staphylo-

everted

starfish have an ________ stomach

pluripotent cells

stem cells which have lost some of their potential to specialize; are committed to a specific type of tissue

totipotent cells

stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the human body.

1. Chlorophyll captures light energy and becomes energized. 2. Photolysis (the splitting of water using sunlight energy) occurs. 3. Oxygen from split water is released. 4. Hydrogen and electrons are bonded and will be used later. (NADP+---->NADPH) 5. remaining energy is used to make an ATP molecule from ADP.

steps of the light dependent phase

1. Carbon dioxide bonds to RuBP 2. RuBP forms 2 molecules of PGA. (since RuBP is unstable) 3. PGA is converted to PGAL using hydrogen, electrons, and ATP (from NADPH and ATP into ADP) 4. PGAL is used in two ways: to form RuBP or to synthesize glucose

steps of the light independent phase

Step 1: isolation of sample Step 2: use of restriction enzymes Step 3: electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments Step 4: transfer of fragments form gel to nylon sheet Step 5: addition of radioactive probes Step 6: DNA fingerprint

steps of the production of a DNA fingerprint

microtubules

straight, hollow tubes of proteins which help maintain the cell's shape and provide tracks for the movement of organelles and substances (is part of the cytoskeleton)

twisted chain

strepto-

hearing and vision

strongest senses in birds

organelle

structure inside the cell that performs special functions in the cell; compared to the various organs in the body- each one performs special tasks essential for the survival of the cell

noxious gases

sulfur dioxides linked to acid rain part of air pollution

ventral aorta

supplies blood to gills (in fish)

dorsal aorta

supplies the body with blood (in fish)

abundant fossilization is not occurring today the arrangement of the fossils indicates a catastrophe polystrate fossils go through many layer of sedimentary rock fossilization must be rapid most fossils require water for their formation or water movements for depositing them

support for the Deluge Fossil Formation Theory

Secretion

synthesis and release of substances from the cell.

bipedalism

term for having two feet

Metaphase I

tetrads line up on the Equatorial plane

assimilation

the absorption of the food for later use as a source of energy or building material

cytosol

the actual fluid portion of the cytoplasm (minus the organelles)

hydrolysis

the addition of water causes a compound to break down.

70%

the algae in the vast expanses of the open ocean perform about ___________% of the oxygen-producing photosynthesis that takes place on this planet.

young-earth Creationists

the belief that God created the universe in six twenty-four-hour days

the less adequate the surface area of the cell is to provide nutrients to the interior portions of the cell.

the bigger the cells gets...

Preening

the bird applies the oil with its bill while it adjusts and smoothes its feathers. the oils provides a waterproof shield valuable to swimming birds such as ducks and keeps their feathers from becoming brittle

bill

the bird's unique structure for food gathering is its ________.

sternal sinus

the blood collects in this in crayfish

digestion

the breaking down of food into substances the animal can use

pericardial sinus

the cavity surrounding the heart in crayfish

semipermeable

the cell membrane is ________________.

range of tolerance

the cells are tolerating the temperature and the cells do work but do not function well

limit of tolerance

the cells will reach an outer limit that a cell will die because the temperature is too hot or too cold

cerebrum

the center of intellect and instinct dominates the mammalian brain, making mammals the most intelligent animals

foregut

the esophagus, crop, and gizzard

perching

the feet of most songbirds, such as the robin and the wren, have three front toes and one back toe. A "locking device" closes the toes as the bird lands on a branch and remains tightly closed until the bird releases it. reason why birds can sleep without falling out of a tree.

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

the first virus discovered by Dmitri Iwanowski; Wendell Stanley received the Nobel prize in chemistry for isolating and purifying this.

mitochondrial matrix

the fluid inside the mitochondria - also contains many enzymes needed for respiration

speciation

the formation of a new species

specified complexity

the idea that a system must have been designed if it involved a particular pattern and is highly improbable

irreducible complexity

the idea that interdependent parts and processes could not have developed in gradual steps

ingestion

the intake of food

Kingdom Eubacteria

the larger group of bacteria that are prokaryotic, lipids different from archaebacteria, contains peptidoglycan in cell wall, nonextreme environs, no introns; distinctly different for eukaryotic cells

seaweed

the larger multicellular organisms that are algae

particulate matter

the larger particles such as carbon soot that are suspended in the air after a fire

Phylum Arthropoda

the largest invertebrate phylum

salinity

the measure of the concentration of dissolved minerals in the world's oceans

tinea

the medical term for ringworm

C. elegans

the most studied nematode in the world, a model worm, popularity due to the ease with which it can be maintained in the lab, its simple chromosomes, and the fact that is has many tissues and organs in common with larger and more complex animals

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sensory organs

the nervous system of vertebrates contains the brain, spinal cord, _________ ____________ (which branch from the brain), _________ ___________ (which branch from the spinal cord), and ___________ __________ (such as eyes, ears, and taste buds)

insects

the only invertebrates that can fly

micrographs

the pictures produced by an electron microscope, that has no color but only light and dark areas where electrons passed or did not pass through the stained specimen

lysogenic cycle

the process in which a virus remains latent in cells but spreads by becoming part of the host cell genome. Factors may then trigger these viruses to become lytic.

somatic cell nuclear transfer

the process of transplanting the genetic material from one cell into an enucleated (empty) ovum; used to produce Dolly the sheep

gills

the respiratory apparatus of the crayfish consists of two sets of these found in two lateral chambers along the thorax region

hybrid

the result or offspring of hybridization, often has superior characteristics

genus-species name

the scientific name for an organism

Nonspecific Defenses

the second line of defense against disease. includes fever, inflammation, phagocytic cells, and the lymphatic system (white blood cells)

the thin, protective, horny outer layer, the thick, prismatic middle layer, composed of calcium carbonate, and the smooth, pearly innermost layer

the shell is secreted by the mantle and is composed of the following three layers

size, number

the size of most organisms does not indicate the _________ of its cells but rather __________ the of its cells.

stipe

the stalk of a mushroom

baraminology

the study of classification based on the idea of Biblical Kind

Armillaria

the supposedly largest and oldest organism by area in the world

vitalism

the theory that life is more than the chemicals which make up living things.

Capillaries

the thinnest branches of the arteries. They are tiny thin-walled vessels that pass through the body tissues. They supply the tissues with nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes and carbon dioxide from the same tissues.

labrum

the upper lip of insects

logistic growth

the variation that occurs in a population when it has neared carrying capacity and slowed or halted its exponential growth is sometimes called this; occurs when the birth and death rate and the immigration and emigration are in balance

tail

the vertebrae of the _______ are free moving and help in guiding flight.

tetraploid

the white or Irish potato is a ___________.

James Hutton

theorized that continents had formed out of the sea and fallen back into the sea repeatedly over millions of years.

germ theory of disease

theory stating that infectious diseases are caused by and transmitted form one individual to another by microorganisms.

the concept of dominant and recessive

there is a dominant trait and a recessive trait. if the dominant trait is present it will always be expressed, but the recessive trait will only be expressed if there is no dominant trait present since it is "masked" by the dominant trait

membranous wings

thin transparent, and crisscrossed with supporting veins. flying wings of most insects

microfilaments

thinner, solid strands of protein which are especially important for cells such as muscle cells that contract ad for cells that exhibit crawling movements (is part of the cytoskeleton)

Specific Defenses

third line of defense against disease. includes antibodies and other specialized cells

0.5%

this means that, of all the light energy available to plants, only about ________ is available to the first consumer

lobe fish

this type of fish, according to Evolutionists, are believed to be precursors to amphibian legs as fish moved from water to land and became tetrapods

the cell is the basic unit of all living things cells perform all the functions of living things new cells come from the reproduction of existing cells

three basic principles of the Cell Theory

surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy

three primary methods used to treat cancer

weeds, grasses and plants, small animals and insects, junipers and sun-loving shrubs, vines, rabbits and sparrows, pine trees, bigger animals, oaks and hickories

timeline of succession

bacteria and viruses

to most important types of pathogens

genus Bufo

toads belong to this genus

anterior

toward the front; forward

posterior

toward the rear; farther back

ventral blood vessel

transports blood toward the posterior end

Pangenes

travels through the blood to the reproductive organs to be given to the offspring

genus Hyla and others

tree frogs are in this genus

Framework Hypothesis

tries to interpret Genesis in a literary light. claims that chronology is not as important to the passage as the literary framework in which the passage is set; in other words creation happened but says nothing about the timing

genus Rana

true frogs in America are in this genus

the toothed whales and the baleen whales.

two groups of the ninety species of cetaceans

the black widow and the brown recluse

two most dangerous spiders in the US

feeding phase (is amoeba-like) and the reproductive phase (fruiting bodies)

two phased life cycle of slime mold

bacteria and fungi

two primary decomposers

grasping

type of feet of a bird of prey that is designed to grasp and kill prey; the toes bear talons. are on birds of prey such as the osprey.

running

type of feet of many flightless birds. have long, heavily muscles legs for running and strong thick toes that function almost like cattle hooves

wading

type of feet that have long, thin, widely spread toes, which distribute the weight of the bird so that it does not easily sink into a muddy bank. The thin toes and legs can move through the water without creating turbulence that would scare away the water animals the birds eats.

climbing

type of feet that help birds climb, such as the woodpecker, spend much of their time clinging on vertical surfaces, sometimes even upside down. Their climbing feet with two front toes and two back toes provide grip and balance.

swimming

type of feet that many ducks have, webbed feet, which serve as effective paddles

Reflex Behavior

type of inborn behavior, Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.

trichina worm

type of worm that infects humans by eating insufficiently cooked pork that contains the encysted worm

maxillary teeth: in the upper jaw two sets of vomerine teeth: between the internal nostril openings in the roof of the mouth

types of teeth in frogs

transverse nerves

unite the longitudinal nerves in a ladder-like pattern

caudal fin

unpaired fin; at the extreme posterior end of the fish, is the tail fin, used to propel the animal through the water, provides the most thrust because it is attached to muscles

posterior dorsal fin

unpaired fin; behind the anterior dorsal fin, is generally smaller and softer than the anterior fin, are stabilizers, keeping the fish upright while swimming

anal fin

unpaired fin; is on the ventral surface of the fish behind the anal opennig

anterior dorsal fin

unpaired fin; on the back of the fish, is often supported by sharp spines, forming a convenient weapon against predators and careless fishermen, are stabilizers, keeping the fish upright while swimming

biological controls

use of natural predators, parasites, pheromones, or competitors to regulate pest populations

sidewinding

used by snakes in deserts or sandy areas where traction is poor. The snake shuffles sideways through the sand by continually looping its body forward. most of the time, it keeps its body raised above the sand

serpentine movement

used by the snake both in crawling and swimming, involves the winding of the snake across the ground in a series of S curves. twigs and stones on the ground aid traction

source of vitamins and minerals, human food crop, thickener in food (algin), indicator organism

uses for Algae

justice (in finding the criminal in a crime) and for identification of lost family members or the remains of people killed in disasters (airplane crashes or earthquakes), and to diagnose inherited disorders in newborns

uses of DNA fingerprints

food: cheese, yogurt, vinegar, sauerkraut, silage medical sources: insulin, antibiotics, blood proteins

uses of bacteria

Uniformitarianism

using present, natural processes to explain the past

septum

wall that keeps the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood somewhat separate. is found in reptile hearts

dehydration synthesis

water is given off in this process which links compounds together.

groundwater

water that comes out of the ground as springs or that man obtains by digging wells in time, this type of water reaches a lake or ocean

runoff water

water that is moving on the surface of the ground

canning, preserves or jellies, salt-curing, refrigeration, quick-freezing, dehydration, radiation, pickling, and chemical preservatives

ways to control bacteria in food

Phylum Euglenophyta/ Euglena

were considered as protozoans. Pellicle. Flagellum. Photosynthetic and saprophytic. Contractile vacuoles. Representative organism: ?

cell wall, plastid, and central vacuole

what 3 structures of a cell are only found in a PLANT cell

reducing genetic variables in experiments. saving endangered species. consistently producing the same characteristics.

what are the possible advantages for developing cloned organisms

cloning would decrease species genetic variability, this causes them to be more susceptible to diseases or to pass on genetic disease

what are the possible drawbacks to using cloned organisms

- the possibility of GM products containing chemicals toxic to humans - the production of "super weeds" - a rise in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

what are the potential problems with genetically modified plants?

the type of nucleic acid they contain - DNA or RNA whether the DNA or RNA is single or double stranded

what are the two ways or groups that viruses are classified

the amount of time, the length of interphase, and the number of divisions (For example: skin cells divide several times, but brain cells divide only for a certain amount of time)

what are the variations of mitosis in all cells

common ancestor and a missing link.

what does a limb on a phylogenetic tree indicate?

resistant to certain herbicides. toxic to certain insects. more nutritious.

what have plants been genetically modified to be?

homologous structures and molecular similarity

what is an example of derived characters?

liver cells

what is tetraploid in humans?

The Miller-Urey experiment

what supposedly was proof for the theory of evolutionary beginnings

proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

what two types of genes regulate the cell cycle?

type A blood

what type of blood does this person have? IA IA

Type AB blood (why? because both type A and B blood are dominant)

what type of blood does this person have? IA IB

Type A blood

what type of blood does this person have? IA i

type B blood

what type of blood does this person have? IB IB

type B blood

what type of blood does this person have? IB i

type O blood

what type of blood does this person have? ii

triploid (when reproduced asexually)

what type of euploidy results in seedless fruits?

exponential growth

when a population multiples at a constant rate at regular intervals

lichen symbiosis

when fungus and an alga live together. the alga captures energy from the sunlight and manufactures sugars for itself and the fungus; the fungus provides support and protection for its partner.

pioneer periods/organisms

when insects like grasshoppers, open-area birds, and small animals inhabited the area, are the first ones in the community

"in berry"

when the egg clusters are attached to the swimmerets to develop on the female crayfish

uterus

where the eggs are stored until they are laid in female frogs

seminal receptacles

where the female stores sperm

madreporite

where the water-vascular system opens on the dorsal surface of the animal

nutritional relationships

who gets food (energy and building substances) from whom or what

their cell walls contain cellulose and they are motile

why aren't funguslike Protists not classified in the Kingdom Fungi?

barbs, barbules, and hooks

why bird feathers (contour feathers) can be "reattached"

edible fungi (such as truffles, yeasts, and certain mushrooms), molds that produce antibiotics, and the decomposer organisms.

why fungi can be beneficial

damages food, trees, and crops and causes diseases

why fungi can be destructive

because it is a dead language, it is known by scholars, and it is highly descriptive

why is the binomial nomenclature in Latin?

they are nonmotile, have cell walls, and have rootlike structures (rhizoids)

why were fungi first considered plants?

horny wings

wings of beetles, thick shields that cover not only the membranous wings but also most of the dorsal surface of the insect

scale-covered wings

wings of butterflies and moths are covered with delicate, beautifully colored scales that rub off easily

smell

worst sense in birds

Charles Darwin

wrote The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection and The Descent of Man. came up with Descent with modification (common ancestor) and the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest.

carotenoids

yellow orange pigments

day in Hebrew

yom

Lizards

•Usually have two pairs of limbs while snakes have none. •Have external ear openings, enabling them to sense airborne sounds to which snakes are deaf. •Have eyelids and can close their eyes; snakes' eyes are permanently open and covered by a protective membrane. •Belly is covered with scales similar to those on the rest of its body; the large scutes across the snake's belly assist in crawling.