Biology CT 2
In which phase of mitosis the DNA is the most condensed a) Metaphase b) Anaphase A c) Prometaphase d) Prophase
b) Anaphase A
What happens during necrosis a) Cell shrinking b) Disruption of plasma membrane c) Disruption of organelles membranes d) Answers b and c are correct
d) Answers b and c are correct
Where in mitochondria, are the enzymes responsible for synthesis of acetyl-coA located A. In matrix B. In inner membrane C. In outer membrane D. In intermembrane space
A. In matrix
Which side of GA is referred to as "maturing side"? A. Trans-side, turned toward the plasma membrane B. Cis-side, turned toward the plasma membrane C. Cis-side, turned toward the ER D. Trans-side, turned toward the ER
A. Trans-side, turned toward the plasma membrane
Whats the name of the extracellular matrix of the egg A. Zona pellucida B. Theca externa C. Corona radiata D. Theca interna
A. Zona pellucida
Nuclear interior consist of :
Chromatine
Which organelles are bilayered
Mitochondria and nucleus
What is the function of rough ER?
Protein synthesis
COP 1
retrograde transport from GA to ER
What is the name of the protein that forms a helix around the neck of a nascent vesicle causing its separation from plasma membrane A. Dynamin B. Clathrin C. Caveolin D. Dynein
A. Dynamin
In which phase of the cell cycle is the cyclin b synthesized A. G2 phase B. G1 phase C. S phase D. M phase
A. G2 phase
COP 2
anterograde transport from ER to GA
Mane functions of peroxisomes
- synthesis of bile acids - lipid biosynthesis - contain enzymes required for the synthesis of plasmalogens - detoxify alcohol and other harmful components ( in the liver) - break down of wary long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation
What is characteristic for the prophase of the heterotypic meiotic division A. Crossing-over B. Decondensation of the chromatin C. Disassembly of the plasma membrane D. All previous answers are correct
A. Crossing-over
What is characteristic for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis A. Changes in mitochondrial membrane B. Binding to TNF and Fas ligand to transmembrane receptors C. Deactivation of caspases D. Answers a and c are correct
A. Changes in mitochondrial membrane
What is characteristic for the prophase of mitosis A. Condensation of chromatin B. Movement of chromosomes to the equatorial plane C. Movement of chromosome to the poles D. Disassembly of the plasma membrane
A. Condensation of chromatin (During prophase two parts of centrioles migrate to the opposite ends of the cell. The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the diffused chromatin begins to condense.)
During spermatogenesis, the primary spermatocytes enter A. First meiotc division B. Mitosis C. Amitosis D. Second meiotic division
A. First meiotc division
Whats the name of a structure that is involved in formation of cilia A. Centrosome B. Basal body C. Centriole D. Primary cillum
B. Basal body During the interphase (G1 phase ) the main role of centrioles is formation of the basal bodies to produce cilia and flagella.
Non-sister chromatids are A. Chromatids of one chromosome B. Chromatidsof two homologous chromosomes C. Chromatids of two non-homologous chromosomes D. B and c are correct
B. Chromatidsof two homologous chromosomes
Which of the following substances can cause the formation of DNA cross-linking and triggers apoptosis A. Cytochalasin B B. Cisplatin C. Vinblastine D. Streptomycin
B. Cisplatin
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and synthesis of RNAa ____ A. G0 phase B. G2 phase C. M phase D. S phase
B. G2 phase
How low pH of lysosomes is the consequence of A. Low concentration of H+ ions B. High concentration of H+ ions C. High concentration of Ca2+ ions D. Low concentration of Ca2+ ions
B. High concentration of H+ ions
In which phase of meiosis do the chromosomes consist of two chromatids A. Telophase 2 B. Metaphase 2 C. Anaphase 2 D. All are correct
B. Metaphase 2
Which of the following structures are found inside the nucleus A. Perinuclear space B. Nucleoplasm C. Ribosomes D. None are correct
B. Nucleoplasm
What is characteristic for the second meiotic division A. A reduction of the number of chromosomes, it is called homeotypic B. Number of chromosomes is not reduced, it is called homeotypic C. Number of chromosomes is not reduced, called heterotypic D. Number of chromosomes reduced, called heterotypic
B. Number of chromosomes is not reduced, it is called homeotypic - not reduced = alveg eins
Which of following processes take place in the peroxisomes A. Removal of oxygen from organic substrates resulting in formation of h2o2 B. Utilisation of H2O2 in oxidation of organic substrates C. Conversion of h2o og h2o2 D. All answers are correct
B. Utilisation of H2O2 in oxidation of organic substrates
What is the residual body? A. Vesicle formed after phagocytosis inside the cell B. Vesicle formed after digestion of phagosome by lysosomes C. Vesicle formed by fusion of ingested material with sorting vesicle D. Vesicle formed by fusion of lysosome with celluar sutructure
B. Vesicle formed after digestion of phagosome by lysosomes
Which intermediate filaments are expressed in endothelial cells of the blood vessels A. Desmins B. Vimentins C. Cytokeratins D. Keratins
B. Vimentins
Mark the true statement A. According to the number of chromosomes, the spermatids are diploid B. According to the number of chromosomes, the spermatogonia are haploid C. According to the number of chromosomes, the secondary spermatocytes are haploid D. According to the number of chromosomes, the primary spermatocytes are haploid
C. According to the number of chromosomes, the secondary spermatocytes are haploid
What is the name of the molecule entering citric acid cycle A. Glucose B. NADH C. Acetyl-CoA D. Pyruate
C. Acetyl-CoA
Whats the name of the molecule entering citric acid cycle A. Glucose B. NADH C. Acetyl-CoA D. Pyruvate
C. Acetyl-CoA (acetyl CoA that was formed in the last two steps in glycolysis enters the citric acid cycle (sítrónusýru hringurinn))
Which proteins form the coat of vesicles moving from ER to Golgi apparatus A. SNARE proteins B. Coatomer protein 1 C. Coatomer protein 2 D. Caveolins
C. Coatomer protein 2
Which hormone can stimulate the production of the lutenizing hormone A. Testosterone B. Progesterone C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone
C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Which coenzyme is the source of electrons for electron-transport chain in mitochondria A. ATP B. Acetyl-CoA C. NADH D. Pyruvate
C. NADH
Which coenzyme is the source of electrons for electron-transportation?? A. ATP B. Acetyl-CoA C. NADH D. Pyruvate
C. NADH
Which blood cells belong to granulocytes A. Erythrocytes B. Monocytes C. Neutrophils D. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
Whats the name of the space between outer and inner nuclear membrane A. Karyoplasm B. Paranuclear space C. Perinuclear space D. Periplasm
C. Perinuclear space
Which mechanism is used by a cell for ingestion of large particles, such as microorganisms A. Endocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Exocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
Which of the following substances can stimulate the cell division A. Streptomycin B. Colchicine C. Phytohemaglutinin D. Answers a and c are correct
C. Phytohemaglutinin
What is characteristic for the metaphase of the homeotypic meiotic division? A. Segregation of chromosomes B. Crossing-over C. The pairs of chromosomes become arranged in the equatorial plane D. None of the previous answers are correct
C. The pairs of chromosomes become arranged in the equatorial plane
Insulin is transported from pancreas to tissues by the process called A. Non-specific pinocytosis B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Transcytosis D. Macropinocytosis
C. Transcytosis (Transcytosis is receptor dependent transcellular transport)
What is characteristic for the telophase of heterotypic division A. Two daughter cells with the haploid number of single-chromatid chromosomes are formed in the original diploid cell B. Four daughter cells with the haploid number of double-chromatid chromosomes are formed in the original diploid cell C. Two daughter cells with the haploid number of double-chromatid chromosomes are formed in the original diploid cell D. Four daughter cells with the haploid number of single-chromatid chromosomes are formed in the original diploid cell
C. Two daughter cells with the haploid number of double-chromatid chromosomes are formed in the original diploid cell
Which protein is an integral part of LDL particle A. Dynamin B. Dynein C. Chathrin D. Apo-b-protein
D. Apo-b-protein
How many chromatids does each chromosome contain in anaphase of mitosis A. 23 B. 46 C. 2 D. 1
D. 1
How many chromosomes are in the human cell entering the meiosis 2 A. 2 B. 92 C. 46 D. 23
D. 23
The plus end of microtubule A. Can depolymerize more rapidly than the minus end B. Can polymerize more rapidly than the minus end C. Is often oriented toward the MTOC D. A and b are correct
D. A and b are correct
What is characteristic for apoptosis A. Cell shrinking B. Condensation of DNA C. Extensive DNA hydrolysis D. A and b are correct
D. A and b are correct
Which of the tubulin monomers forms the microtubules A. A-tubulin B. B-tubulin C. Y-tubulin D. A and b are correct
D. A and b are correct
What is characteristic for the first anaphase of meiosis? A. The chromatids are separated B. The number of chromosomes is reduced C. The chromatids move toward the opposite poles of the cell D. All previous answers are correct
D. All previous answers are correct
Characteristic for necrosis A. Chromatin digestion B. Breakdown of organelles C. Vacuolation of endoplasmic reticulum D. All previous are correct
D. All previous are correct
Which of following structures is formed by nine outer pairs and one central pair of microtubules A. Cilia B. Flagellum C. Microvilli D. Answers a and b are correct
D. Answers a and b are correct
Which of following proteins is the integral component of membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A. Troponin B. SRP receptor C. Phosphatase D. Ca2+-ATPase
D. Ca2+-ATPase
Which type of necrosis in caused by protein denaturation in low-oxygen environments A. Fibrinoid B. Caseous C. Liquefactive D. Coagulative
D. Coagulative
Characteristic for m phase of cell cycle A. Main check point B. Cell growth C. Replication of DNA D. Cytokinesis
D. Cytokinesis
Which steps are involved in the primary block of polyspermy A. Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the sperm cells cytoplasm B. Depolarization of the nuclear membrane of the egg C. Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the eggs cytoplasm D. Depolarization of the plasma membrane in the egg
D. Depolarization of the plasma membrane in the egg
What is characteristic for the process of autophagy A. Digestion of cellular parts by hydrolytic enzymes of neighboring cells B. Formation of isolation membranes C. Formation of autophagosomes bounded by a single membrane D. Digestion of damaged organelle by phagocytosis
D. Digestion of damaged organelle by phagocytosis
In which phase of meiosis does the crossing-over occur A. In zygotene B. In diplotene C. In metaphase D. In pachytene
D. In pachytene
Which eukaryotic cell organelles are surrounded by single membrane A. Nucleus and endoplasmic retikulum B. Nucleolus and ribosomes C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts D. Lysosomes and Golgi Apparatus
D. Lysosomes and Golgi Apparatus
What is characteristic for the anaphase B of mitosis? A. Decondensation of chromatin B. Separation of chromatids C. Movement of chromosomes to equatorial plane D. Movement of the centrosomes apart
D. Movement of the centrosomes apart
Proteins of peroxisomal membrane are synthesized A. Directly within the peroxisomes B. In rough ER C. In smooth ER D. On free ribosomes in cytoplasm
D. On free ribosomes in cytoplasm
What is the name of the process in which the chromatin is condensed into compact patches during___ A. Karyorrhexisn B. Efferocytosis C. Autolysis D. Pyknosis
D. Pyknosis
What is the name of the process, in which the chromatin in condensed into compact patches during apoptosis A. Karyorrhexis B. Efferocytosis C. Autolysis D. Pyknosis
D. Pyknosis
How do we call the cells that are produced by the first meiotic division A. Spermatids B. Primary spermatocytes C. Spermatogonia D. Secondary spermatocytes
D. Secondary spermatocytes
In which phase of mitosis is the new nuclear membrane formed A. Anaphase A B. S phase C. Prometaphase D. Telophase
D. Telophase
Function of myosin A. To carry the cargo from plus to minus end of microfilaments B. To carry the cargo from minus to plus end of microtubules C. To carry the cargo from plus to minus end of microtubules D. To carry the cargo from minus to plus end of microfilaments
D. To carry the cargo from minus to plus end of microfilaments
Where does the first glycosilation
ER
Smooth ER main functions
Form lipids and cholesterol
In which phase of meiosis does the crossing-over occur? A. In zygotene B. In diplotene C. In metaphase D. In pachytene
In pachytene
What is the name of a netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of nucleus :
Nuclear lamina.
Which nuclear component is similar to cytoplasm ?
Perinuclear space and the space between inner and outer nuclear membrane
Floppases
Proteins that catalyse the translocation of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic (outer) to the lumenal (inner) half of the SER bilayer.
Enzymes for peroxisomes are created in
Rough ER
which of these molecules in muscle cells has binding sites for calcium ions?
Troponin
The COPII proteins a) ER to GA anterograde b) GA to ER anterograde c) ER to GA retrograde d) GA to ER retrograde
a) ER to GA anterograde
What is the name of process, in which the chromatin is condensed into compact patches during apoptosis? a) karyorrhexis b) efferocytosis c) autolysis d) pyknosis
d) pyknosis
Which molecular motor can carry the cargo from minus to plus end of microtubules a) N-kinesim b) Myosin c) M-kinesim d) Dynein
a) N-kinesim
Which part of the nucleus is continuous with the lamen of endoplasmic reticulum ? a) Perinuclear space b) Inner nuclear membrane c) Outer nuclear membrane d) Nuclear interior
a) Perinuclear space
The nulceolus is : a) The part of the nucleus most active during interphase of the cell b) The part of the nucleus where the DNA is intensively transcribed to mRNA - c) The part of nucleus surrounded by very thin single membrane -
a) The part of the nucleus most active during interphase of the cell
Gangrene not caused by bacterial infection a) dry b) wet c) gas
a) dry
Proteins from ER enter GA through: a) forming face (cis) b) maturing face (cis) c) forming face (trans) d) maturing face (trans)
a) forming face (cis)
Lysosomal enzymes a) hydrolases b) catalases
a) hydrolases (All lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases)
Nucleolus a) most active centre of nucleus during interphase of cell cycle b) has very thin membrane c) dna to mrna inside d) a,b,c are correct
a) most active centre of nucleus during interphase of cell cycle
Detoxify alcohol and other harmful components a) peroxisomes b) lysosomes
a) peroxisomes (and break down very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation og gera svo mikið fleira)
Octagonal pattern of proteins is situated in specific structure of nucleus called : a)Nuclear pore b)Nucleolus c)Inner nuclear membrane d)Outer nuclear membrane
a)Nuclear pore
Which part of the nucleus is continuous with the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum : a)Outer nuclear membrane b)Inner nuclear membrane c)Perinuclear space d)Nuclear interior
a)Outer nuclear membrane
Where are situated the nuclear pores ? a)They pass through both nuclear membranes b)Only in inner nuclear membrane c)Only in outer nuclear membrane d)Some of them are in inner, others in outer.
a)They pass through both nuclear membranes
What phase is characteristic for growth and protein synthesis a) G0 b) G2 c) S d) M
b) G2
In mitochondria, the enzymes of citric cycle are situated in: a) Intermembrane space b) Matrix c) Inner membrane d) Outer membrane
b) Matrix
Which structure of cytoskeleton are involved in membrane rebuilding during phagocytosis a) Microtubules b) microfilaments c) intermediate filaments d) answeres a and b are correct
b) microfilaments
Which intermediate filaments are expressed in endothelial cells of the blood vessels a) desmins b) vimentins c) cytokeratins d) keratins
b) vimentins
Perinuclear space : a)The area of cytoplasm surrounded the cell nucleus b)The space between inner and outer nuclear membrane c)The area of nuclear matric situated very close to nuclear membrane d)Inner space of nucleus
b)The space between inner and outer nuclear membrane
What is the function of nuclear pores ? a) Transport of histones from cytoplasm into the nucleus b) Transport of DNA-polymerase from nucleus into cytoplasm c) Transport of ribosomal proteins from endoplasmic reticulum into nucleus d) A and C are correct
d) A and C are correct
Plus end of microtubule a) Can depolymerize more rapidly than minus end b) Can polymerize more rapidly than minus end c) Is often turned to MTOC d) Answers a and b are correct
d) Answers a and b are correct
Mark the true statement a) In mitotic spindle, the plus ends of polar microtubules are oriented toward the centrosome b) In mitotic spindle, the plus ends of kinetochore microtubules are oriented toward the centrosome c) In mitotic spindle, the plus ends of astral microtubules are oriented toward the centrosome d) None of the previous answers are correct
d) None of the previous answers are correct
Basal bodies are in: a) cilia b) flagella c) microtubules d) a and b are correct
d) a and b are correct
Which of the following are present in nuclear interior ? a)Parinuclear space b)Nucleoplasm and ribosomes c)Chromatine and cytoskeleton d)No one from previous is correct.
d)No one from previous is correct.
What is the main role of golgi stack?
glycosilation
Outer membrane of mitochondria
has great aqueous channels
Mitochondria what "creates" acetyl-coa and where
lipids (beta oxidation) and in the matrix mitochondria
BiP chaperone
unfolds improperly folded proteins