Biology Exam 1

Bionominal Nomenclature

Always italicized and the second word must be lowercase.

Isotopes

An element which has the same amount of protons, but a different amount of neutrons. It is radioactive because it is unstable.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acid molecules that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain.

Triglyceride

Neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Metabolism

he chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Isotopes

heir uses in our everyday lives both useful and harmful.

Transmission Electron Microscope:

passes beams of electrons through a specimen. (Up to 200,000x)

Orbitals

rings of electrons outside the nucleus of an element. There will be two electrons on the first orbital, and eight on each one after that.

Compound

union of two or more different elements.

Compound Light Microscope

uses a system of multiple lenses to increase the magnifying power.

Proteins

Compose of Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Adaptation

Natural selection process that makes modification.

pH scale

0-14. Acids have an excess of Hydrogen Ions, while Bases have excess in Hydroxide Ions.

All the postulates of cell theory

A Cell is a basic unit of life. All living things are made up of cells. New Cells Arise from only preexisting cells.

Ionic Bond

A bond in which ions are formed. Basically an element steals or gives away electrons to satisfy the octet rule. (NaCl)

Polar Covalent Bond -

A bond in which there is a bigger element that has a stronger side to the sharing, and kind of hogs it, they still share though (H20, CO3)

Covalent Bond

A bond in which they all share the same amount of electrons to eachother.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A bond in which two elements share electrons equally. (H2, O2, etc.)

Proteins

Actin, myosin, chicken, etc.

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of cells, and new cells only come from preexisting cells.

Ecosystem Theory:

All organisms are members of populations that interact with each other and with the physical environment within a particular locale.

Gene Theory:

All organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior.

Evolution Theory:

All organisms have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life.

Homeostasis Theory:

All organisms have an internal environment that must stay reltatively constant within a range protect of life.

Ecosystems

Biological community together with the associate abiotic environment; characterized by energy flow and chemical cycling.

Taxonomy

Branch of biology concerned with identifying, describing, and naming organisms.

Role of carbon and its uniqueness.

Carbon is essential to life. It helps things react, it is versatile.

Six types of atoms that are basic to life.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Dehydration

Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond and the loss of a water molecule.

Domain Eukarya

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species.

Three Domains:

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Lipids

Fats (solids) and oils (liquid)

Saturated Fatty Acid

Fatty acid molecule that lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain.

properties of water

H20, polar, etc.

Why is water unique to life on this planet?

It has surface tension. It is a solvent, so it can break down things. It is both cohesive and adhesive. Adhesion helps water stick to things and cohesion helps things stick together within itself.

Polymer

Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids.

Lipids

Made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Nucleic Acids

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus.

Carbohydrates

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen atoms.

Carbohydrates

Mainly used for energy.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms. Basically, it is keeping the balance and normality within your bodily functions. (If you overheat, you sweat. If you're bleeding, cells come together to clot the bleeding.)

Scientific Theory

Making Observations: Formulating a Hypothesis: Performing Experiments and Making Observations: Coming to a Conclusion: Scientific Theory:

Two Parts:

Meaning of Binomial Nomenclature is to have a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name consisting of two parts.

Fatty Acids

Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group.

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecules formula but different structure and different shape.

Elements

Natural occurring substance with established atomic number.

Atomic Number

Number of protons within the nucleus (also electrons).

Autotroph

Organism that can capture energy and synthesize organic nutrients from inorganic nutrients. (producers)

Heterotrophy

Organisms that cannot synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients and therefore must take in organic nutrients (food). (consumers)

Prokaryote

Organisms that lacks the membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes.

Photosynthesis

Process occurring usually within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll-containing organelles trap solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. Or a process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy of organic nutriets.

Proteins

Protein folding makes a structure show how it works and functions. Once a protein is folded it cannot go back to linear state.

Four kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:

Protozoa, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi.

Carbohydrates

Simple and complex sugars, bread, etc.

Monomer

Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer - e.g., glucose is a monomer of starch.

Ecosystem

Solar Energy > Producers (Plants) > Consumers (Herbivores/Omnivores > Carnivores) > Decomposers (Bacteria/Fungi) > Producers

Hydrolysis

Splitting of a compound by addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other.

octet rule

States that an atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it has eight electrons in its outer shell; an atom that already has eight electrons in its outer shell does not react and is inert

Compounds

Substance having two ore more different elements, united chemically in fixed ratio.

Nucleic Acids

They store hereditary information within RNA and DNA

Proteins

Tons of uses: regulation of cell processes, rate of reactions, some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease.

Binomial Nomenclature for scientific names

Two Parts: Genus and Species

Eukaryote

Type of cell that has a membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles.

Peptide Bond

Type of covalent bond that joins two amino acids.

Hydrophobic -

Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpola

Hydrophilic

Type of water that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Molecule

Union of two or more atoms of the same element. Also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.

Gene

Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited - one from each parent.

Lipids

Used for energy storage

Hydrogen Bond

Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom or one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another or between parts of the same molecule.

Natural Selection

brings about adaptation to the environment, "survival of the fittest

carbon

has 4 in its valence shell, it is always covalent.

Scanning Electron Microscope

does not pass a beam through a specimen, it collects and focuses electrons that are scattered from the specimen's surface and generates an image with a distinctive 3D appearance.

Electron Microscope

fires beams of electrons at specimen, lenses are made of electromagnets instead of glass

We can use isotopes

for carbon dating, medicinal uses, etc. but it can also be cancerous and also can be very toxic.

pH scale

hydrogen-ion concentration.

Neutron

in the nucleus - no charge.

Proton

in the nucleus - positive charge.

Buffer

is basically something to help acid stay an acid or help base stay a base

Valence Shell

it is the outermost orbital with a certain amount of electrons.

Group #:

ives the number of valence electrons, or whatever the amount of electrons there are on the outermost shells.

Atomic Symbol

letter representation of an element.

Atomic Mass

mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus.

Molecule

molecule is union of two or more of the same elements

Proteins

monomer is amino acid

Lipids

monomer is glycerol with three fatty acids.

Carbohydrates

monomer is monosaccharide (glucose,fructose,etc.), disaccharides are two monosaccharide put together.

Nucleic Acids

monomer is nucleotide.

Electron

outside floating around in orbitals - negative charge.

Functional Group

specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way.

Period #

t shows how many valence shells there are, or how many orbitals are within that element.

Atoms

the basic unit of an element.