Biology Exam #1 Practice, Chapters 1-8
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. A. The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. B. The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell. C. The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm
A. The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
Use the following figure to answer the following question. The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. Which of the following describes a difference between the two molecules? A. arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms B. types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms C. number of oxygen atoms joined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds D. number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
A. arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Which of the following are effects of ocean acidification? Which of the following are compounds? A. carbonate ion concentrations in the ocean decreases B. carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions C. corals have a harder time forming their shells D. the increase in HCO3- destroys the shells of marine organisms
A. carbonate ion concentrations in the ocean decreases C. corals have a harder time forming their shells
Which of the following structures is independent of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells? A. chloroplast B. nuclear envelope C. Golgi apparatus D. plasma membrane
A. chloroplast
Which of the following properties of water is responsible for the formation of raindrops? A. cohesion property B. adhesion property C. high kinetic energy D. high thermal energy
A. cohesion property
No amino acid molecule by itself can speed up or catalyze reactions between other molecules. However, when amino acids are joined together to make a protein with catalytic properties, the new structure (enzymatic protein) can speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction. What does this illustrate? A. emergent properties B. energy flow, processing, and utilization C. the complexity/simplicity paradox D. polymer duality E. the summation theory
A. emergent properties
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through which of the following structures? A. gap junctions B. tight junctions C. desmosomes D. plasmodesmata
A. gap junctions
Which of the following can be considered a solution to the challenge of responding to the environment? Choose the one BEST answer! A. humans evolving a nervous system B. humans having a nose C. an ant crawling towards sugar D. a bird being attracted to red flowers
A. humans evolving a nervous system
An individual experiences abdominal discomfort after consuming a drink containing milk. A loss of function of which enzyme is most likely responsible for the symptoms? A. lactase that breaks down the bond between galactose and glucose B. lactose that breaks down the bond between two glucose molecules C. maltase that breaks down the bond between galactose and glucose D. maltose that breaks down the bond between two glucose molecules
A. lactase that breaks down the bond between galactose and glucose
Researchers investigating the mechanism of vesicle transport assembled a cell-free system that included microtubules, vesicles, and ATP. However, they observed no movement of transport of vesicles because the mixture was missing which of the following components? A. motor proteins B. mitochondria C. contractile microfilaments D. Golgi apparatus
A. motor proteins
A covalent bond is likely to be polar under which of the following conditions? A. one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom B. carbon is one of the two atoms sharing electrons C. the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative D. the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same elements
A. one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom
Which of the following structures are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? A. ribosomes B. chloroplasts C. lysosomes D. mitochondria
A. ribosomes
A newly synthesized protein destined for secretion from a eukaryotic cell will generally follow which of the pathways listed below? A. rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane B. rough ER →→ lysosome →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane C. Golgi →→ rough ER →→ lysosome →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane D. rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ nucleus
A. rough ER →→ Golgi →→ transport vesicle →→ plasma membrane
Passive leakage of partially digested material from the small intestine into the human abdominal cavity may result from defects in which of the following type of intercellular junction? A. tight junctions B. gap junctions C. desmosomes D. plasmodesmata
A. tight junctions
How many amino acids differ between the gibbon and the human sequences? A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 8
B. 2
Which of the following are possible base compositions for double-stranded DNA?%A %G %C %T %U A. 35 15 35 15 0 B. 5 45 45 5 0 C. 20 20 20 20 20 D. All of the above
B. 5 45 45 5 0
What percent of monkey β-globin amino acids are identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percent identity between the monkey and human β-globin sequences.) A. 5.48% B. 94.5% C. 95.9% D. 98.6%
B. 94.5%
What does the phylogenetic tree below depict? Think of the purpose of a phylogenetic tree. A. The history of Galapagos finches over time. B. A hypothesis regarding the evolutionary relationships between Galapagos finches. C. The evolutionary relationships between Galapagos finches. D. The different types of beaks of Galapagos finches
B. A hypothesis regarding the evolutionary relationships between Galapagos finches.
Which of the following unique feature of carbon allows it to support life on Earth? A. Carbon is the most electronegative element in the periodic table. B. Carbon can form a variety of bonds in nature. C. Carbon is the most abundant element on earth. D. Carbon is hydrophobic in nature.
B. Carbon can form a variety of bonds in nature.
In what way do membranes vary among eukaryotic cells? A. Only certain membranes are constructed from amphipathic molecules. B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane. C. Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm, while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm. D. Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable. E. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes.
B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
Suppose you are a research assistant in a lab studying DNA-binding proteins. You have been given the amino acid sequences of all the proteins encoded by the genome of a certain species and have been asked to find candidate proteins that could bind DNA. What type of amino acids would you expect to see in the DNA-binding regions of such proteins? A. DNA has two strands that wind around an imaginary axis, forming a long double helix. Therefore, you might expect a DNA-binding protein to be fibrous to fit into and bind to a DNA molecule. B. DNA has many phosphate groups along the backbone of each strand, so the molecule has many negative charges. Therefore, you might expect a DNA-binding protein to have many amino acids with positively charged side chains. C. DNA has many hydroxyl groups along the backbone of each strand, so the molecule has many negative charges. Therefore, you might expect a DNA-binding protein to have many amino acids with positively charged side chains. D. DNA has many phosphate groups along the backbone of each strand, so the molecule has many positive charges. Therefore, you might expect a DNA-binding protein to have many amino acids with negatively charged side chains.
B. DNA has many phosphate groups along the backbone of each strand, so the molecule has many negative charges. Therefore, you might expect a DNA-binding protein to have many amino acids with positively charged side chains.
The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. Which of the following options describes the property of hydrogenated vegetable oil? A. It is less likely to block arteries. B. It is solid at room temperature. C. It has more double bonds in the fatty acid chains. D. It has fewer trans fatty acids.
B. It is solid at room temperature.
Use the figures to answer the following question. Which molecule shown has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone?
B. It is the one with 3 c's in a chain in the middle, with 3 H's on the side of each C on the far left and right and an O with a double bond on the top of the middle C
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complexity of biological systems? A. An ecosystem displays complex properties of the biotic component only. B. Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system. C. Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell. D. An understanding of the interactions between different components within a living system is an approach towards understanding reductionism.
B. Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insights into the structure and organization of the living system.
Only about 35% of the global population is lactase persistent because A. Lactase persistence probably evolved multiple times in human evolution B. Lactase persistence was adaptive in some regions, but not others C. There is natural variability in the human population D. Lactase persistence was present in the ancestor of humans, but was selected against
B. Lactase persistence was adaptive in some regions, but not others C. There is natural variability in the human population
Which example illustrates a property that emerges at the community level? A. Nitrogen cycling is the process by which nitrogen from the atmosphere and decomposed organic material are converted by soil bacteria to compounds that can be assimilated by plants. B. Metabolic cooperation among many species of prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and wastes. Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay. C. Photosynthesis takes place only when pigment molecules are arranged in a specific way in an intact chloroplast.
B. Metabolic cooperation among many species of prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and wastes. Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay.
What enables our brain cells to "understand" the message of drugs such as morphine? A. Morphine reduces pain B. Morphine mimics a substance that our bodies produce C. Morphine is derived from a natural substance made by poppies D. Morphine's structure fits into receptors on brain cells
B. Morphine mimics a substance that our bodies produce
Identify the correct statement about differences between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A. Smooth ER is part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell, and rough ER is not. B. The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes. C. Rough ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae, whereas smooth ER is less complex.
B. The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.
Which of the following is not analogous to a biological polymer? A. a train B. a truck C. an iron chain D. a pearl strand necklace
B. a truck
Active and passive transport of solutes across a membrane typically differ in which of the following ways? A. active transport is used for ions, whereas passive transport is used for uncharged solutes. B. active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy C. active transport is always faster than passive transport D. active transport is usually down the concentration gradient of the solute, whereas passive transport is always against the concentration gradient of the solute E. active transport uses protein carriers, whereas passive transport uses carbohydrate carriers
B. active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy
Which of the following functional groups is present in acetic acid? A. carbonyl group B. carboxyl group C. sulfhydryl group D. hydroxyl group
B. carboxyl group
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A. hydrogen B. covalent C. carbon is an inert element D. ionic
B. covalent
An early step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved which of the following events? A. endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic archaeal cell in a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic archaea evolved into chloroplasts B. endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria C. evolution of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into chloroplasts
B. endosymbiosis of an oxygen-using bacterium in a larger bacterial host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
Which of the following is the primary function of RNA molecule? A. transmit genetic information to offspring B. function in the synthesis of proteins C. make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity D. act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA
B. function in the synthesis of proteins
When your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. Evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. This is an example of ________. A. emergent properties B. negative feedback regulation C. positive feedback regulation D. chemical cycling
B. negative feedback regulation
Ovalbumin, the egg white protein is denatured in scrambled egg. Which of the following is not affected? A. quaternary structure of ovalbumin B. primary structure of ovalbumin C. tertiary structure of ovalbumin D. secondary structure of ovalbumin
B. primary structure of ovalbumin
When carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves with the raindrops, what is the expected change in pH of the raindrops? A. slightly basic B. slightly acidic C. depends on the altitude where rain drops are formed D. same as pure water
B. slightly acidic
A solution of pH 7 is ________ than a solution of pH 8. A. twice as acidic B. ten times as acidic C. 100% less acidic D. 100% more acidic
B. ten times as acidic
Which of the following characteristics is responsible for the complexity and variety of organic molecules? A. the diverse bonding patterns of nitrogen B. the chemical versatility of carbon atoms C. their interaction with water D. the variety of rare elements in organic molecules
B. the chemical versatility of carbon atoms
The reactivity of an atom arises from A. the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells. B. the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell. C. the average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus. D. the potential energy of the valence shell.
B. the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? A. they differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners B. they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds C. they are mirror images of each other D. they are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms E. they have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures
B. they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds
Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers? A. they have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures B. they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds C. they are mirror images of each other D. they differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners E. they are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms
B. they differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds
Thalidomide was sold as "racemic mixture" to pregnant women to treat morning sickness during pregnancy but the drug was found to harm fetus in the womb. It was banned in 1962. Which of the following reasons is the best explanation of the harmful effects of the drug? A. Thalidomide was under dosed. B. Racemic mixture of any compound is always toxic and should be avoided. C. (+)(R)-thalidomide is a sedative, but (-)(S)-thalidomide is a teratogen (a drug that is toxic in nature). D. Thalidomide is not isomeric in nature thus causes adverse events.
C. (+)(R)-thalidomide is a sedative, but (-)(S)-thalidomide is a teratogen (a drug that is toxic in nature).
If model cells have shapes that approximate rectangular solids, which of the following dimensions will provide the cell with the greatest ratio of surface area to volume (all units are in micrometers, µm)? A. 202020 B. 102020 C. 101010 D. 101020
C. 101010
How many amino acids differ between the monkey and the human sequences? A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10
C. 8
The following question is based on the 15 molecules illustrated in the figures. Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid? A. 1 B. 5 C. 9 D. 8
C. 9, the molecule that looks has O=C-OH on the end of 7 C's in a chain, all of which has two H's off of them (above and below) and one on the far right.
Which of the following statements is true? A. Organisms interact but do not affect their environment B. A typical human liver cell has one set of chromosomes C. All forms of life employ the same genetic code D. mRNA is the only type of RNA found in the living system
C. All forms of life employ the same genetic code
Which of the following order is correct in terms of the hierarchy of the organization? A. Biosphere → Ecosystem → Population → Community → Organism B. Ecosystem → Community → Biosphere → Population → Organism C. Biosphere → Ecosystem →Community → Population → Organism D. Ecosystem → Biosphere → Population → Community → Organism
C. Biosphere → Ecosystem →Community → Population → Organism
Which of the following best compares dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A. Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes; hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes. B. Hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers; dehydration reactions break polymers apart. C. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart. D. Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers from monomers.
C. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
Based on the β-globin alignment, identify the best hypothesis about how humans are related to monkeys and gibbons. A. Both monkeys and gibbons are equally unrelated to humans because neither monkeys nor gibbons have the exact same β-globin sequence as humans. B. Monkeys are more closely related to humans than gibbons are because monkeys' β-globin sequence has the lower percent identity with humans. C. Gibbons are more closely related to humans than monkeys are because the gibbon β-globin sequence is a closer match with the human sequence. D. Both monkeys and gibbons are equally related to humans because they both have less than a 10% difference in β-globin sequence with humans.
C. Gibbons are more closely related to humans than monkeys are because the gibbon β-globin sequence is a closer match with the human sequence.
Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for the production and modification of polysaccharides that will be secreted? A. peroxisome B. mitochondrion C. Golgi apparatus D. lysosome
C. Golgi apparatus
These figures show the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Which level of protein structure is characteristic of some, but not all, proteins? A. Tertiary level of protein structure B. Secondary level of protein structure C. Quaternary level of protein structure
C. Quaternary level of protein structure
Which of the following statements about proteins is true? A. Final folded structure can reveal the steps of protein folding. B. Denaturation is always irreversible. C. Some proteins form a complete 3-D structure only when they interact with their targets. D. Denaturation leads to bond disruption, and the molecule turns into liquid.
C. Some proteins form a complete 3-D structure only when they interact with their targets.
Which of the following reasons explains why a steam burn is more severe than a hot water burn? A. water evaporates and leaves the surface faster and helps in cooling. B. Steam can penetrate the skin. C. Steam contains more energy than water. D. Burns caused by liquids are always milder.
C. Steam contains more energy than water.
Comment on the following statement, referring to Figure 1.20 (below). Woodpecker finches descended from Vegetarian finches. A. Vegetarian and Woodpecker finches have the same most recent ancestor. B. The opposite is true, Vegetarian finches descended from Woodpecker finches. C. Woodpecker and Vegetarian finches descended from the same distant common ancestor D. This statement is correct.
C. Woodpecker and Vegetarian finches descended from the same distant common ancestor
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter. Which of the following elements account for most of the remaining 4% of an organism's mass? A. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen B. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen C. calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur D. oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen
C. calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur
An animal cell that lacks carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which of the following functions? A. establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules B. transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient C. cell-cell recognition D. attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton
C. cell-cell recognition
Which of the following is least likely to be important in holding the components of a biological membrane together? A. hydrophobic interactions among the fatty acid tails of phospholipids on the same side of the membrane B. polar interactions among the phospholipid head groups on the same surface of the membrane C. covalent interactions between the phospholipid and protein components of the membrane D. hydrophobic interactions among the fatty acid tails of phospholipids on opposite sides of the membrane E. hydrophobic interactions between the phospholipid tails and the surface of integral membrane proteins buried in the membrane
C. covalent interactions between the phospholipid and protein components of the membrane
Based on the figure below, which of these experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell? A. decreasing cytoplasmic pH B. adding a substance that makes the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions C. decreasing extracellular pH D. decreasing extracellular sucrose concentration E. adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP
C. decreasing extracellular pH
Which of the following best describes glycogen? A. is formed by the hydrolysis of glucose molecules. B. a storage polysaccharide found in plants C. has alpha 1-6 glyosidic bonds. D. a fibrous protein that helps in maintaining cellular structure
C. has alpha 1-6 glyosidic bonds.
ATP is necessary for life because ________. A. it is soluble in water B. it speeds up the biological processes C. it is the principle energy carrying molecule in a cell D. it tastes good
C. it is the principle energy carrying molecule in a cell
A young child who suffers from a metabolic disease is always tired and fatigued. Which of the following organelles is most likely malfunctioning in this disease? A. lysosomes B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. mitochondria D. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
Which of these provides evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A. structure of cilia B. structure of the nucleus C. near universality of the genetic code D. structure of chloroplasts
C. near universality of the genetic code
Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur? A. females must choose among possible mates B. organisms are naturally antagonistic C. organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited D. males must defend their territories E. all of the listed responses are correct
C. organisms typically produce too many offspring and resources are limited
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? A. bacterial cell B. nerve cell C. phagocytic white blood cell D. muscle cell
C. phagocytic white blood cell
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the A. secondary level. B. quaternary level. C. primary level. D. tertiary level.
C. primary level.
Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that the cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules? A. lipids B. nucleic acids C. proteins D. polysaccharides
C. proteins
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are __________. A. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, and proteins B. RNA, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates C. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids D. proteins, DNA, RNA, and steroids E. monosaccharides, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins
C. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
A cell with a predominance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is most likely specialized to carry out which of the following processes? A. active secretion of large quantities of protein B. storage of large quantities of water C. synthesis of large quantities of lipids D. import and export large quantities of protein
C. synthesis of large quantities of lipids
What percent of gibbon β-globin amino acids are identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percent identity between the gibbon and human β-globin sequences.) A. 1.37% B. 94.5% C. 95.9% D. 98.6%
D. 98.6%
Which of the following is not one of Charles Darwin's observations? A. Individuals in a population vary in their traits. B. Species generally are adapted to their environments. C. Many of the traits in an individual are heritable. D. A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own.
D. A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own.
You have just sequenced a new protein isolated from mice and observe that sulfur-containing cysteine residues occur at regular intervals. "This finding is most consistent with which of the following claims about the protein? A. Cysteine residues are required for the formation of α helices and β pleated sheets. B. It will be important to include cysteine in the diet of the mice. C. Cysteine causes bends, or angles, to occur in the tertiary structure of proteins. D. Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help form tertiary structure.
D. Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help form tertiary structure.
Right before a predicted overnight freeze, farmers spray water on crops to protect the plants. Use the properties of water to explain how this method works. Be sure to identify why hydrogen bonds are responsible for this phenomenon. A. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has high specific heat. When water is cooled, many of these bonds are broken down, which releases a significant amount of heat. This can provide some protection against freezing of the plants' leaves, thus protecting the cells from damage. B. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has low specific heat. When water is cooled, many of these bonds are formed, which releases a significant amount of heat. This can provide some protection against freezing of the plants' leaves, thus protecting the cells from damage. C. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has low specific heat. When water is cooled, many of these bonds are formed, which releases a significant amount of heat. This can provide some protection against freezing of the plants' leaves, but no protection to cells from damage. D. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has high specific heat. When water is cooled, many of these bonds are formed, which releases a significant amount of heat. This can provide some protection against freezing of the plants' leaves, thus protecting the cells from damage.
D. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds, water has high specific heat. When water is cooled, many of these bonds are formed, which releases a significant amount of heat. This can provide some protection against freezing of the plants' leaves, thus protecting the cells from damage.
What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion content of about 0.9%, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water? A. The cell will remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic. B. The cell will shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. C. The cell will shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. D. The cell will swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.
D. The cell will swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.
All the organisms on your campus make up A. an experimental group. B. an ecosystem. C. a population. D. a community. E. a taxonomic domain.
D. a community.
How are the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules? A. by sharing of electrons between two water molecules B. by sharing protons between two water molecules C. by the transfer of electrons from one water molecule to the other D. by the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule with the negative end of the other
D. by the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule with the negative end of the other
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should _____. A. look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins B. test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive C. test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate D. determine if hair length is heritable
D. determine if hair length is heritable
The enzyme amylase can break glyosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the αα form. Which of the following could amylase break down? A. cellulose and chitin B. glycogen and cellulose C. starch, chitin, and cellulose D. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
D. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
Use the following figure to answer the question. The phylogenetic tree ________. A. depicts that Eukarya is closer to Bacteria than Archaea B. depicts that Archaea is closer to Bacteria than Eukarya C. includes unicellular and some forms of multicellular life, but not complex animals and plants D. includes every single life form on this earth
D. includes every single life form on this earth
In the above diagram, what kind of bond is most likely to form between V and Z? A. van der Waals B. covalent C. hydrogen D. ionic
D. ionic
Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each type of atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called __________. A. hydrocarbons B. functional groups C. isotopes D. isomers E. enantiomers
D. isomers
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are __________. A. proteins, DNA, RNA, and steroids B. monosaccharides, lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins C. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, and proteins D. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids E. RNA, DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates
D. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What type(s) of covalent bonds is it capable of forming with oxygen? A. double bonds only B. it cannot form covalent bonds with oxygen C. single bonds only D. single and double bonds
D. single and double bonds
An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming? A. single bonds only B. double bonds only C. single and double only D. single, double, or triple
D. single, double, or triple
Which pair of elements is most likely to react if bought together? A. hydrogen and argon B. hydrogen and lithium C. nitrogen and oxygen D. sodium and chlorine
D. sodium and chlorine
What other evidence could you use to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans? A. the β-globin amino acid sequence from gorillas B. the amount of habitat overlap among gibbons, monkeys, and humans C. the frequency of albinism (mutants that lack hair and skin pigment) in populations of gibbons, monkeys, and humans D. the amino acid sequences of other proteins from gibbons, monkeys, and humans
D. the amino acid sequences of other proteins from gibbons, monkeys, and humans
Which of the following statements is correct for organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms? A. only a linear carbon skeleton is possible for the molecule B. different positions of double bonds between carbon atoms is not possible C. only carbon number 1 and 2 can form a double bond between them D. the molecule cannot have enantiomers
D. the molecule cannot have enantiomers
The permeability of a biological membrane to a specific polar solute may depend on which of the following? A. the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane B. the phospholipid composition of the membrane C. the amount of cholesterol in the membrane D. the types of transport proteins in the membrane E. the types of polysaccharides present in the membrane
D. the types of transport proteins in the membrane
Under which of the following conditions will an atom be the most stable? A. when they have the fewest possible valence electrons B. when all electrons are paired C. when they have the maximum number of unpaired electrons D. when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled
D. when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled
Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?
The one that is flipped over, including the CH3 being turned around entirely to become H3C
Can you match these prefixes, suffixes, and word roots with their definitions?
giga- G 10^9 = 1,000,000,000 mega- M 10^6 = 1,000,000 kilo- k 10^3 = 1,000 hecto- h 10^2 = 100 deca- da 10^1 = 10 10^0 = 1 deci- d 10^-1 = 0.1 centi-c 10^-2 = 0.01 milli- m 10^-3 = 0.001 micro- μ 10^-6 = 0.000001
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms. B. All life requires the same essential elements. C. A patient suffering from a goiter should not consume seafood. D. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and calcium are the most abundant elements of living matter.
A. Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms.
Use the following figure to answer the question. Describe groups labeled A and B. A. A is the common ancestor of all life whereas B is the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya B. A is the common ancestor of all life whereas B is the common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea C. A is the most recent species to evolve on Earth whereas B is an ancestor of group "A" D. A is the most recent species to evolve on Earth whereas B is the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
A. A is the common ancestor of all life whereas B is the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
Which molecule is a nucleotide? A. ATP B. Deoxyribose C. the amino acid glycine
A. ATP
Which of the following is one of Charles Darwin's observations? A. Many of the traits in an individual are heritable. B. Individuals in a population are similar in their traits. C. A population avoids competition by producing only as many offspring as can successfully reproduce on their own. D. Species generally are not adapted to their environments.
A. Many of the traits in an individual are heritable.
Which of the following is an example of genetic variation? A. One sibling has brown eyes, the other has green B. One of the twins has a scar the other does not C. One sibling is vegan, the other eats meat D. Two brothers who are twins
A. One sibling has brown eyes, the other has green
Select the correct statement describing cellular structure or function. A. Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell. C. Only plant cells contain chloroplasts, and only animal cells contain mitochondria.
A. Plant and animal cells both carry out cellular respiration, producing ATP.
There are four levels of protein structure. These figures show primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure. Which level(s) of protein structure may be stabilized by covalent bonds? A. Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure B. Secondary level of protein structure C. None of the levels of protein structure is stabilized by covalent bonds.
A. Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure
Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function? A. Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus. B. Secretory proteins in transit from one part of the cell to another are carried in lysosomes. C. The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is continuous with the cell nucleus.
A. Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus.
Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This folding is called __________, and the coils or folds are held in place by __________. A. tertiary structure, covalent bonds B. primary structure, covalent bonds C. secondary structure, peptide bonds D. tertiary structure, hydrogen bonds E. secondary structure, hydrogen bonds
E. secondary structure, hydrogen bonds
