Biology exam 1

A cladogram or phylogeny tree...

1) is a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among a group of taxa 2) is diagram in which the sequence of branching illustrates the historical chronology of evolutionary events. 3) reflects the hierarchical classification of taxonomic groups nested within more inclusive group

Methanogens

A group of archaebacteria that produce methane as a by product of their metabolism.

The strongest evidence of the endosymbiotic origin of eurkaryotic organelles is the similarity between today's prokaryotic.. a) nuclei and mitochondria b) mitochondria and chloroplasts c) cilia and mitochondria d) ribosomes and mitochondria e) mitochondria and endopasmic retuculum

a) nuclei and mitochondria

the wings of a birds and the wings of a butterfly are...

analogous structures

Analogies

are similar anatomical features in different species that do not have a known common ancestor.

an organism found in high quantity in yogurt is a member of the domain...

bacteria

which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by Penicillin? mycoplasmas bacteria archaea protista fungi

bacteria

Linnaeus's concept of taxonomy is that the more closely two organisms resemble each other, the more close they are in a classification scheme. In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two organisms are... a) the more similar their habitats are b) the less similar their DNA sequence are c) the more recently they share a common ancestor d) the less likely they are to be related to fossil forms

c) the more recently they share a common ancestor

monphyletic group

consists of an ancestor and all its descendents

the many morphological similarities between Eurphorbs in Africa and Cati in America is an example of...

convergent evolution

An event that occurred earliest in the history of Earth

formation of oxygen

in bacteria conjugation....

genetic material is transferred in a unidirectional fashion via a sex pilus ( mating bridge)

The two parts of a species' binomial name are its specific epithet and... a) family b) class c) genus d) order e) phylum

genus

how does homology relate to the theory of evolution?

homology refers to traits that are that are structurally similar in different organisms, like bat wings and human arms, because they each were inherited from a shared common ancestor with those traits; the theory of evolution provides a mechanism for those observation.

in animal cells, DNA is found in which location:

mitochondria

in plant cells, DNA is found in which location

mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplast

if a clade has known common ancestor and includes all of its descendant, it is called

monophyletic

Bacteria walls contain

peptidoglycan

the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via virus is called

transformation

Phyletic groups are:

● *Monophyletic* are a group of organisms that consist of an ancestral species and all its descendants. ● *Paraphyletic* are a group of organisms that consist of an ancestral species and some but not all descendants. ● *Polyphyletic* are a group of organisms that descend from more than one common ancestor.

the sequence of earliest to most recent in the evolution of life on earth

1. origin of cyanobacteria 2. origin of mitochondria 3. origin of chloroplast

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that have complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan but with lipopolysaccharides. Very toxic and hard to treat.

Archaea and Bacteria

The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are