Biology Exam 2

Tertiary structure

3D molecules are made, protein is functional

Triglycerides

A single glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid chains of varying length. Function- Energy storage

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

Secondary Structure

Amino acids interact with each other

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

Cholesterol

Carbons arrange in a ringlike structure. Function- cell membrane function & hormone production

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

Quaternary Structure

Different polypeptides interact with each other, forming more complex molecules.

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

Eye Color

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

Primary Structure

Linear sequence of amino acids

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

Proteins

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Fatty Acids can be:

Saturated -straight chains Unsaturated- bent chains

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by?

a single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

Variations in genes are called ________. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.

alleles

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid—protein

Select the correct association.

carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to

create cellular energy.

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.

crossing-over

Chemical Energy

energy found in bond of chemical compounds

Solar energy

energy from the sun; source of energy for all life.

Mechanical energy

energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of object before it moves (potential energy)

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Polymers are broken down into monomers through ____________ reactions.

hydrolysis

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

pepsin and hydrochloric acid

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cells

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ________ cells and carries ________ to all cells of the body.

red blood; oxygen

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.

sperm; eggs

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

Osmosis

the diffusion of water towards areas of high solute (sugar, salts, dissolved molecules) concentration.

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in

two monomers