BIOLOGY EXAM 2!!!!
Which of the following characteristics are associated with a gene being inheritable? Select all that apply.
A trait must be encoded in the genes of our DNA A copy of the trait must be able to pass from one generation to another One copy for every gene in an organism is inherited from each of their parents
Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.
All of the answer choices are correct
DNA is packaged into chromosomes to
All of the answer choices are correct.
Secondary Structure
Amino acids interact with each other
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
C6H12O6
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.
What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?
DNA polymerase
Quaternary Structure
Different polypeptides interact with each other, forming more complex molecules.
Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?
Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.
Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?
Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.
Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?
Eye Color
are the basic unit of inheritance that can be passed on from one generation to the next.
Genes
Once upon a time, there was a king and a queen. The king wanted to have a male successor. The queen, however, gave birth to a daughter. So the king exiled the queen. Based on your biology knowledge, the king's action is
It's not the queen's fault, the Y chromosome carried by the sperm determines the sex of the child
The F1 generation results from the fertilization of __________.
P gametes
Fatty Acids can be:
Saturated -straight chains Unsaturated- bent chains
What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?
They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.
During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in
a diploid zygote.
The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to
create cellular energy.
Solar energy
energy from the sun; source of energy for all life.
Mechanical energy
energy of motion (kinetic energy) or position of object before it moves (potential energy)
To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.
false
Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?
genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA
Erwin Chargaff's research determined the percentage of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that
the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.
Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in
two monomers
Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.
Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?
enzymatic activity
PCR is a technique used in the laboratory to __
make millions of copies of a gene of interest.
Tertiary structure
3D molecules are made, protein is functional
Which of the following statements concerning gene is/are true? Select all that apply.
A gene is a segment of DNA that determines a certain trait. AND An allele is a variation of a given gene. AND Genes contain information that codes only for proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.
Which of the following characteristics are associated with a gene being inheritable? Select all that apply.
A trait must be encoded in the genes of our DNA and A copy of the trait must be able to pass from one generation to another and One copy for every gene in an organism is inherited from each of their parents
Which of the following statements best describes ATP?
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question D
After the bonds are broken between the two strands, each of the strands acts as a specific template nonspecific original for the construction of a new daughter strand.
What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following statements concerning chromosomes is/are true? Select all that apply
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and packaging proteins called histones so they may fit tightly into the nucleus of a cell. Located on each chromosome are segments of DNA known as genes or units of inheritance that code for functional products.Located DNA replication occurs prior to the cell cycle, in which copies of each homologous chromosomes are made and each of these copies are called sister chromatids. After replication, sister chromatids, which are identical copies of a chromosome, contain identical allele combinations.
The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.
DNA sequencing
Linear DNA in the human genome is packaged at several levels. Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to most packaged?
DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes
Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?
Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA
Review the following statements about genome editing. Which of the statements is false?
Genome editing does not have the potential to impact other parts of the body. It only affects the cells targeted by the genome editing mechanism.
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?
Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?
Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.
______ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations.
Homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids
Select all the characteristics that make sickle-cell disease a good candidate to study genetic diseases. (Check all that apply.)
It is easily identifiable by a physical characteristic. and It results from a single change in a single gene.
Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.
From the list provided, select all techniques that are used to analyze DNA for mutations. (Check all that apply.)
PCR and Gene cloning and Karotypes and Microarray
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with
Proteins
Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?
Red blood cells
Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?
Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.
Which of the following are examples of genetic diseases? Select all that apply.
Sickle-cell disease
Which of the following are examples of genetic diseases? Select all that apply.
Sickle-cell disease Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes?
Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype.
Which of the following is the overall goal of PCR?
To create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube
Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell?
Translation
Select all of the following statements that describe the structure of a molecule of DNA. (Check all that apply.)
Twisted double helix and Contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine and Contains deoxyribose sugar
Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
absorb nutrients
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
absorption of water
Variations in genes are called ________. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.
alleles
Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?
amino acid—protein
The nucleotides along one side of a DNA molecule are connected to each other by __________ between phosphate groups and sugar molecules
covalent bonds
Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis results in
four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
Red blood cells are responsible for __________.
gas exchange throughout the body.
The process of __________ is when the information contained within the nucleotides of a DNA molecule is expressed as functional product called a protein.
gene expression
Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes
have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.
When performing an examination of human blood, Dr. Zoey noted that there are different components of blood and each vary in their abilities to carry oxygen. First, the liquid portion of human blood is unable to absorb large quantities of oxygen and cannot meet the body's oxygen demands. Secondly, __________, the protein inside red blood cells, is responsible for transporting most of the oxygen in human blood.
hemoglobin
In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.
meiosis; mitosis
Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.
promoter
In gene expression, the goal of translation is to
read codons and incorporate corresponding amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain.
For the expression of a recessive trait, a person needs to inherit a
recessive allele from both of their parents.
Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ________ cells and carries ________ to all cells of the body.
red blood; oxygen
In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.
sperm; eggs
During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
tRNA
Osmosis
the diffusion of water towards areas of high solute (sugar, salts, dissolved molecules) concentration.
In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, and the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. The synthesis of the lagging strand relies on the formation of Okasaki fragments.
true
In genome editing the mutated gene is either replaced with the correct gene or completely removed.
true
Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the body to the respiratory and circulatory systems.
true
For traits to be transmitted and expressed in the next generation
will depend on the characteristic of the inherited alleles being dominant or recessive.
What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication?
It links the gaps between Okasaki fragments in the lagging strand.
Which of the following statements concerning the basic characteristics of a gene is false?
The majority of genes contain information to code for physical traits.
You are given an assignment to identify a pair of human sex chromosomes from a karotype. How would you differentiate the sex chromosomes from the autosomal chromosomes?
The sex chromosomes will be labeled XX or XY.
Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of the two strands of DNA?
The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.
Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?
To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question C
To make a copy of the genetic material in the be destroyed nitrogen nucleus golgi apparatus , replication of genetic diseases DNA nitrogen nucleus cannot begin until lipids nonspecific nitrogen hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken.
Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.
X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes
the overall goal of gene expression is to make
a structural protein that can be used by the cell.
Select the correct association.
carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy
When two alleles for the same trait are equally expressed and neither allele can mask the expression of the other allele, this is an example of __________.
codominance
Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when
homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.
Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the __________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.
nucleotide
Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?
nucleotides forming DNA
If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?
pepsin and hydrochloric acid
The hemoglobin molecule is a __________.
protein
In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.
sperm; eggs
Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that
the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.
Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?
Eye color
Review the following statements about hemoglobin. Which of the statements is true?
Hemoglobin, a globular protein with an embedded heme group, efficiently binds to oxygen from the lungs and releases it near cells that are performing cellular respiration.
Review the following statements about mutations. Which of the statements concerning mutations is false?
Due to multiple mutations in the hemoglobin gene, these changes prevent the complex hemoglobin protein to fold correctly, resulting in the sickle cell shape of the red blood cells.
If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?
GGU, proline
Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?
The law of independent assortment
Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell?
To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus.
When bases of DNA bind to the complementary strand, A always pairs with (Click to select) T or thymine C or cytosine and (Click to select) T or thymine C or cytosine always pairs with G.
When bases of DNA bind to the complementary strand, A always pairs with T or thymine and C or cytosine always pairs with G.
DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?
Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question A
When examining an adult human body, there are estimates that the body is composed of 30 million nonspecific 30 trillion divide cells, and each cell has a specific original nonspecific nucleus role and function.
DNA is a double helix consisting of two strands orientated in an __________ configuration meaning the 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to direction of the other strand.
antiparallel
Chemical Energy
energy found in bond of chemical compounds
A(n) __________ disease is one that is caused by a change in the DNA sequence of an individual. If the abnormality occurs within the gametes, the abnormality can be passed on from one generation to the next.
genetic
Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?
red blood cells
Select all of the following that are components of DNA. (Check all that apply.)
A deoxyribose sugar A phosphate group The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine
From the list provided, select all the functions of the circulatory system. (Check all that apply.)
Delivery of oxgen to all cells of the body AND Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body
The process of __________ is when the information contained within the nucleotides of a DNA molecule is expressed as functional product called a protein.
Translation
Cholesterol
Carbons arrange in a ringlike structure. Function- cell membrane function & hormone production
Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?
It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.
Review the following pedigree. The pattern for sickle-cell disease indicates it is a(n) (Click to select) incomplete codominance recessive dominant genetic disease because (Click to select) One Two Three Four copies of the allele must be present in an individual for them to express the disease.
Review the following pedigree. The pattern for sickle-cell disease indicates it is a(n) recessive Correctgenetic disease because Two Correctcopies of the allele must be present in an individual for them to express the disease.
Which of the following statements concerning DNA replication is/are true? Select all that apply.
Starting off as a single cell with a combination of genetic information from both parents, copies of DNA are passed on from cell to cell in the bodies of multicellular organisms. Each of the parental strands of DNA acts as a template for the construction of a new daughter strand. There is complementary base pairing between the DNA strands: a cytosine on one strand is paired to guanine on the other side, resulting in daughter strands that are complementary to the template strand. The appropriate adjective to describe DNA replication is semiconservative since after replication, each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
The nucleotides along one side of a DNA molecule are connected to each other by __________ between phosphate groups and sugar molecules.
covalent bonds
DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.
thymine; cytosine
converts the genetic information into an intermediary RNA molecule called messenger RNA. interprets the genetic information, from the mRNA, into the structure of a protein.
transcription translation
Put the following steps of DNA replication in order.
3. Primase lays down a segment of nucleotides. 4. DNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand. 1. DNA helicase binds to the origin of replication. 2. Single-stranded binding proteins keep the double helix separated.
What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?
DNA polymerase
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of amino acids
Which of the following statements are true concerning genes? Select all that apply.
When a gene codes for a protein product, that gene is involved in the expression of a trait. Genes code genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits. It is rare for a gene to function by itself. Instead, complex interactions and environmental influences determine how the information in a gene is actually expressed as a trait.
Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis
results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
Complete the following paragraph to describe gene expression. Not all answer choices will be used.
Genes, which are segments of DNA, contain the instructions needed to make functional products such as proteins or RNA molecules that regulate protein production. The series of events from gene to protein is complex and highly regulated within each cell. It consists of two major steps, transcription and translation, to overcome several challenges that need to be addressed before a trait can be expressed. Together, these steps are known as gene expression.
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?
It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next.
__________, a four-polypeptide chain protein found in the red blood cells of the circulatory system, plays a crucial role in making sure cells in the body have oxygen they need to perform their functions.
hemoglobin
The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by __________ bonds between the complementary base pairs between nucleotides of opposing strands.
hydrogen bonds
DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
Polymers are broken down into monomers through ____________ reactions.
hydrolysis
Based on the structure and arrangements of nucleotides in the __________ molecule, the molecule is an information molecule. It stores instructions and is read to produce proteins that direct cellular reproduction, produce new cellular components, and initiate cellular reproduction.
DNA
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?
Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.
Which of the following statements concerning DNA replication is/are true? Select all that apply.
Starting off as a single cell with a combination of genetic information from both parents, copies of DNA are passed on from cell to cell in the bodies of multicellular organisms. AND Each of the parental strands of DNA acts as a template for the construction of a new daughter strand. AND Cells make copies of the genetic information while they are dividing and pass on a single strand of DNA to the new daughter cells AND The appropriate adjective to describe DNA replication is semiconservative since after replication, each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Human skin color is an example of __________ since sunlight can cause special cells in the skin called melanocytes to produce melanin, a protective pigment against UV radiation.
the environment influencing the phenotype
There are two different forms of gene therapy depending on where the genetic material is actually introduced into the cells. gene therapy occurs outside the body, and gene therapy occurs inside the body.
There are two different forms of gene therapy depending on where the genetic material is actually introduced into the cells. gene therapy occurs outside the body, and gene therapy occurs inside the body.
No matter how simple or complex the life form, the genetic code found in DNA: __________. Select all that apply.
a.provides the instructions to build new cellular components AND b. provides the instructions to carry out cellular metabolism AND d. Initiates cell reproduction and the transfer of information from one generation to the next AND e. dictates cellular behavior
he nucleotides along one side of a DNA molecule are connected to each other by __________ between phosphate groups and sugar molecules.
covalent bonds
During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.
crossing-over
There are two main forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. In ______, as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. In ______, as observed in AB blood type, two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype.
incomplete dominance; codominance
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question F
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that utilizes the principles of DNA replication to produce many copies of a specific segment of DNA.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question B
To continue to maintain the cell number, the cells in the body have to three template original divide. In order to do so, they need to make a copy original specific divide of the genetic information, the instructions for everything.
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by?
a single mutation on a single gene.
Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?
facilitated diffusion
CRISPR may work to treat sickle-cell disease by targeting
faulty portions of the hemoglobin gene within the genome of cells and removing and replacing those portions with normal sequences of nucleotides.
Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called __________.
karyotypes
Mendel's experiments led him to the conclusion that individuals have two factors for each trait, which that separate during gamete formation, resulting in gametes with one factor for each trait. In addition, fertilization results in a new individual with two factors for each trait again. He referred to this as the __________.
law of segregation
PCR is a technique used in the laboratory to ___.
make millions of copies of a gene of interest.
During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by the DNA polymerase to provide the new ______ strand of DNA.
template; daughter.
Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means
two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
Triglycerides
A single glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid chains of varying length. Function- Energy storage
A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?
A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.
Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells. Select the following traits depending on what type of gamete. a. 23 chromosomes b. End result is one viable gamete c. Produced in the testis d. End result is four viable gametes e. Female gametes f. Haploid nucleus g. Begins while the individual is a fetus h. Created by meiosis i. Production begins at puberty j. Male gametes k. Produced in the ovaries
A.BOTH B.EGG CELLS C. SPERM CELLS D. SPERM CELLS E. EGG CELLS F.BOTH G.EGG CELLS H.SPERM CELLS I . SPERM CELLS J .SPERM CELLS K.EGG CELLS
PCR is important because it allows scientists to
All of the answer choices are correct.
The information contained in genes is expressed
All of these are required for gene expression to be complete.
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
Which of the following statements best describes how a mutation changes the shape of a protein?
If a mutation occurs during DNA replication, the affected gene may produce a protein that is misfolded.
Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.
Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question G
PCR has many research and practical applications. It is routinely used in testing for genetic diseases , as well as in the fields of forensics, studies of ancestry, and paternal testing.
DNA replication paragraph (Keyboard Navigable Alternate Version) question E
The end result of DNA replication are two sets of identical DNA.
Which of the following statements concerning transcription is/are true? Select all that apply.
The process of transcription is the first step of gene expression. AND The genetic information, stored in a gene's DNA, is exposed by the enzyme DNA polymerase and copied into a similar molecule called RNA in the cell nucleus. AND The specific type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. AND Transcription addresses the problem of location by making a copy of the section of the DNA that contains the gene of interest and transporting the information to the protein synthesis machinery located in a different area of the cell. AND Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different properties. For example, RNA molecule uses uracil in place of thymine.
Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.
red blood; oxygen
During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
tRNA
