Biology exam 3
How many chromosomes are in the middle cell?
1
The Calvin cycle reactions are located where in the chloroplast?
A
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
What is the correct chromosomal condition for a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?
B
A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?
It is stored in NADH and FADH2
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is true?
It makes A T P through substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following events occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), subsequent analysis will show that 18O is absent from which of the following molecules produced by the algae?
O2
What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction?Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → Lactate + NAD+
Pyruvate
In the Calvin Cycle, RuBP is the C O2 acceptor. If light is cut off, then
RuBP will decrease, and phosphoglycerate will increase
If you saw a cell with chromosomes separating but not yet at the poles, you would know that the cell was in
anaphase.
As a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction the oxidizing agent
gains electrons and gains potential energy
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
glycolysis
Where are the motor proteins that move chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle located?
on the kinetochores
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the electron transport chain?
0%
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?
100%
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.
Beginning with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
32
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?
4
What are the products of linear electron flow?
ATP and NADPH
Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of
ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
Where might you find oxygen-producing, chlorophyll-based photosynthesis?
All answers are correct an ocean shore where seaweeds grow a pond full of cyanobacteria a farm field full of lettuce plant a chloroplast
When studying a plant that, based on oxygen production, is actively photosynthesizing, you find very little glucose. Where did it all go?
All of the answers are correct cell walls starch grains to make other sugars for cellular respiration
The light reactions, which use the very hydrophobic molecule called chlorophyll, are located where in the chloroplast?
B
Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of
DNA and proteins
What is the correct chromosomal condition for a nucleus in G1 of the cell division cycle?
E
Which image displays the chromosomal composition of one daughter nucleus at telophase of mitosis?
E
Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase?
Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH.
Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle?
G1
Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells but not in animal cells?
Golgi-derived vesicles
The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the
H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase.
Which statement about glycolysis is true?
It occurs in the cytoplasm.
At what part of the cell cycle would you see a chromosome that looks like this?
M
Which compound, if found in an aerobically respiring mitochondrion, would be an amazing discovery?
N A D P H
What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
NAD+
Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level?
NADH
What compound provides the reducing power for the Calvin cycle reactions?
NADPH
What would be unusual about this process: a photosynthetic system in which G T P and N A D H were produced after chlorophyll absorbed red and blue light in the thylakoid membranes?
Photosynthesis produces A T P and N A D P H
Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct?
The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.
A flask of duckweed in water sits under grow lights on a 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle, next to a control flask containing only water. Which flask will have the lowest dissolved oxygen (D O) concentration, and at what time?
The flask with duckweed will have the lowest D O at the end of the dark cycle and the highest D O at the end of the light cycle.
Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct?
The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.
How are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle connected?
The light reactions provide A T P and N A D P H to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns A D P, phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, i, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct?
The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane
What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?
They are inversely related
Which of the following is true of kinetochores?
They are sites at which microtubules attach to chromosomes.
Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?
They have a large number of electrons associated with hydrogen.
Why do neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently?
They have been shunted into G0.
Which of the following is true of benign tumors but not malignant tumors?
They remain confined to their original site
A spaceship designed to support human life for a multiyear voyage to the outer planets of the solar system will include plants to provide oxygen and consume carbon dioxide. Because the spaceship will have limited exposure to the sun for extensive periods, an artificial light source will be needed to support photosynthesis. What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum expenditure of energy?
a combination of blue and red light
A reduction in the amount of NADP+ available in plant cells in the light will ultimately result in
a decrease in the rate of linear electron flow.
What is a cleavage furrow?
a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei
An energized electron removed from a molecule during cellular respiration is stripped of its energy to
actively transport H+ into the intermembrane space
If you completely dried out a tree trunk, most of what remained would have come from the Fill in the blank.
air
At what time will the chromosome shown be split into two chromosomes, each the same as the other?
anaphase
At which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids become daughter chromosomes?
anaphase
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment?
blue and violet
Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during
cellular respiration only.
Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in animal cells?
centrosome
If you added a chemical to block the second step in the citric acid cycle, what would accumulate the most?
citrate
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
In animal cells, glycolysis occurs in the
cytosol
In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + i to ATP?
energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
The beginning of anaphase is indicated by which of the following?
enzymatic cleavage of cohesin
What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?
glucose
The complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration occurs through which of the following sequence of metabolic reactions?
glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Which of the following occur(s) in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis and fermentation
Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized?
inner membrane
In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent
loses electrons and loses potential energy.
If you saw a cell with condensed chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell, you would know that the cell was in
metaphase.
If you were working on cells performing cellular respiration and you detected cytochromes, what part of the cell would you be examining?
mitochondria
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
mitochondrial inner membrane
What is the source of the oxygen used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration?
molecular oxygen (O2)
Compared to most prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells typically have
more DNA molecules and larger genomes
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during
neither photosynthesis nor respiration.
If you were touring some research labs, which word overheard in a conversation would make you think that the lab was working on the citric acid cycle?
oxaloacetate
The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy) result in which of the following?
oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
oxygen
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide
If the nuclear envelope has disappeared but the condensed chromosomes are not yet lined up, the cell is in
prometaphase.
During mitosis in animal cells, at which phase do centrioles begin to move apart?
prophase
If you saw a cell with chromosomes condensing, you would know that the cell was in
prophase
If you examined a container in which you were told that glycolysis was being performed in a cell-free extract, you could confirm this by testing for the presence of lots of Fill in the blank.
pyruvate
The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle comes from
reactions initiated in photosystem I.
Which of the following is directly associated with photosystem I?
receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
What color(s) of light will drive photosynthesis by green plants most efficiently?
red and blue
The energy used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space is derived from
redox reactions in the electron transport chain
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the NAD+ molecule becomes
reduced
If the cell whose nuclear material is shown in the figure continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?
segregation of daughter chromosomes toward the poles
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents
shortening of microtubules.
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of
splitting water molecules.
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
The ATP produced in glycolysis is generated by
substrate-level phosphorylation
The ATP produced in the citric acid cycle is generated by
substrate-level phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration can be most completely described as Fill in the blank.
taking electrons from food and giving them to oxygen, with the energy released going into A T P
If you saw a cell reversing the changes to chromosomes seen in prophase, you would know that the cell was in
telophase.
Reactions that consume CO2 take place in
the Calvin cycle only.
Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
the citric acid cycle
In mitochondria, the electron transport chain pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, the electron transport chain pumps protons from
the stroma to the thylakoid space.
In a plant cell, where are ATP synthase complexes located?
thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membranes
Humans produce skin cells by mitosis and gametes by meiosis. The nuclei of skin cells produced by mitosis will have
twice as much DNA as the nuclei of gametes produced by meiosis.
The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?
water
