Biology Final

In most organisms the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

true or false: The role of NAD+ in cellular respiration is to move high-energy neutrons during the breakdown of glucose.

False, NAD+ moves electrons to the ETC

In a normal cell, topoisomerase

Helps unwind DNA during DNA replication.

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain

A biome is defined by its

average temperature and precipatation

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

detoxifies blood by filtering poisonous substances

At the cellular level enzymes work by

lowering the activation energy of the Rx

Which of the following best describes proteins

proteins can be in the form of enzymes used in cellular reactions

In the Calvin Cycle reaction, how would you describe CO2 reduction?

6 ATP molecules are dephosphorylated and 6 NADPH molecules are oxidized, which results in 6 BPG molecules

What two products of the light reactions are used up in the calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Cells have checkpoints to regulate cell division. The G1 checkpoint

All of the answer choices are correct: may delay division, allows the cell to move into s phase, is regulated by growth hormones

Which of the following vitamins are water soluble

B

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells?

B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces., B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies, B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow.

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 1 of breast cancer?

Cancer is found in few lymph nodes

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 0 of breast cancer?

Cancer is localized and less than 2 cm

If you added the following vitamins to a glass of water, which one would float to the top and not dissolve?

D

True or false: If a mutation occurs that results in the change of an amino acid, this will not alter the shape of the protein, and the protein will function the same

False

During an influenza infection, most of the symptoms felt are caused by the virus destroying the host cells.

False, majority of the symptoms fell are a result of the immune system

which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

Fats

Which checks for DNA damage?

G1

Which checks for DNA replication?

G2

if the codon CCA, what is the anticodon and what animo acid is inserted

GGU, proline

which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile in the digestion of fats?

Gallbladder

energy nutrients can be found in a variety of foods, from the list below select the foods that would provide the most protein

Meat and beans

glucose molecules are linked together through dehydration synthesis to form a starch. Based on this description glucose is a __________, and starch is a _________

Monomer; polymer

_______ are the major structural components of the plasma membrane. They consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Phospholipids

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is a key feature in glycolysis?

Splitting glucose into two pyruvate

In which stage of breast cancer would a physician most likely use radiation and chemotherapy to treat a cancer patient?

Stage 4

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

The H spikes

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

They form boundaries between the body tissue and internal environments

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end

Physician Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox, a harmless pathogen related to the dangerous smallpox virus, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. Today a similiar method is used with the influenza vaccine. This is an example of __________.

adaptive immunity, vaccines are an example of active immunity which occurs when an individual produces a supply of antibodies

In a chemical reaction, the energy in ATP is provided by splitting the ATP molecule between the

adenosine diphosphate and phosphate

In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ________ to block the biochemical pathway

allosteric site of the first enzyme

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

antigenic drift as it involves the accumulation of small mutations

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, the protein will

be incomplete

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in

checking for DNA damage during the cell cycle

At the cellular level, solar energy is harvested in the

chloroplast

Cellular respiration is a process that

harvests the potential energy found in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substance

Radiation can damage

healthy cells and cancer cells

________ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, _______ contain identical allele combinations

homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids

Polymers are formed by

hydrolytic reaction of monomers.

at the end of gene expression, the amino acids are in a ________ structure. This is also the _______ structure of a protein

liner; primary

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ______ in reserve.

memory B cells

in normal cells, tumor suppressor genes

monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for damage before being passed on to daughter cells.

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time.

population

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

production of memory T cells

enzymes are

proteins

Ribosomes are located on the

rough ER

Which of the following extreme weather events are strongly linked to human-caused climate change?

severe drought, extreme precipitation events, costal flooding, heat waves

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

Which part of solar energy is important in photosynthesis?

the visible spectrum of light

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand had adenine the other has _____, and if one strand has guanine the other has

thymine, cytosine

hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, result in

two monomers

The purpose of translation is to

use mRNA codes to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

From the list provided, select all characteristics of the influenza envelope. (Check all that apply.)

It contains parts of the host cell's plasma membrane., it contains RNA, it separates the genetic material and capsid, it contains N and H spikes

Which B vitamins are used to manufacture coenzymes?

Niacin and riboflavin

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

The law of independent assortment

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory

They have their own genomes

A(An) ______ represents the interactions of biological communities and the abiotic factors within the inhabited location.

ecosystem

You are asked to label all the accessory organs. Which of the following would you label?

esophagus, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, liver

a carbon atom can form up to ______ single covalent bonds

four

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

the atmosphere, fossile fuels deep underground, oceans

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

There are many strains, it takes months to develop vaccination, and influenza evolves rapidly

which of the following monomer is correctly matched with its polymer

amino acid- protein

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular waste across the cell membrane?

exocytosis

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed

lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they

will not combine with water

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cells. what process whole be used to move a non charged molecule across the membrane?

diffusion

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

direction selection because one extreme is being favored, so the population will shift in that direction

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

energy can be changed from one form to another

which of the following is a passive mechanism use to move materials into and out of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

True or False: The role of NAD+ in cellular respiration is to move high-energy neutrons during the breakdown of glucose

false

True or false: the closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutation to occur

false