Biology FINAL
How many alleles for a single genetic locus are present in each animal cell.
2
How many copies of one particular gene does the cell of an individual human have
2
what is the max number of atoms to which a single carbon can bind
4
A human female has _____ chromosomes in each skin cell and ___ chromosomes in each egg
46;23
This is not needed for gene expression
DNA polymerase
What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
Most of our body's ____ is stored in the skeleton.
calcium
autotrphs
can carry out photosynthesis in the dark
what is the carbon source used in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
if you dissect a plant into smaller and smaller units, the smallest until that will still be considered alive is the
cells
ABO blood type inheritance is an example of
codominance
translation is a process that occurs in the _____ and uses _____ to produce _____
cytoplasm; mRNA; proteins
the "coding" region of dna is the dna sequence that
encodes a specific protein sequence
if the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis, you have ______ the hypothesis
falsified
gene expression consists of two processes
gene transcription and translation
GMOs are versions of organisms that have
genetically altered organism
Fowling mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are
genetically idential to one another
what is the carbon source used in respiration
glucose
the inputs for aerobic respiration are
glucose and oxygen
20 amino acids...forms into how many proteins
hundreds of proteins
Bases holding two single strands of DNA together into a double strand of DNA interact through ___________ bonds.
hydrogen
which of the following is an example of an everyday, non scientific theory
if you forget your umbrella , it is sure to rain
how is the limiting membrane of the cell similar to a sandwich
it has charged groups at the cell surface, phospholipids tails in the middle, and charged groups facing the inside
a phenotypic trait that disappeared in the F1 generation can reappear in the F2 because
it was carried by a recessive allele and it reappeared when its effect wasn't covered by a dominant allele
what happens to a fertilized egg if the sperm or the egg had the wrong number of chromosomes
it will still develop if it has a trisomy at chromosome 22 it will still develop if it is still lacking one of the sex chromosomes
The letters for blood types represent
markers on the surface of blood cells
in cells which organelles release CO2 and consume O2
mitochondria
the subunits of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides
Bacteria are able to get through the cell cycle more rapidly than eukaryotic cells. This part because their machinery for DNA proofreading is not as elaborate as in the eukaryotic cells. This also makes it more likely that.....
mutations will occur during replication
which structure is found only in eukaryotes
nucleus
the scientific process from beginning to end can be outlined as:
observations, hypothesis, do experiments, analyze, and conclude
dna replication is called "semiconservative" because
one strand is synthesized from substrates, and the other comes directly from the chromosome
PCR stands for
polymerase chain reaction
nucleic acids are not considered macronutrients unlike
polysaccharides, fats, and polypeptides
the founder effect describes a .....
population that has arisen from an ancestor with a mutated allele.
atoms are made up of
positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons and neutral neutrons
according to the cell theory, all cells come from
pre-existing cells
Cell division is needed for all of the following processes except
production of hormones
Chromosomes fist coil up and become condensed during
prophase
in order for element to have no charge, which must be equivalent in number
protons and electrons
A hypothesis can be everything except
proven true
Red blood cells go through some special modification as they mature. As a final step, the cells lose their nulecus. Why?
red blood cells have less dna than other cells
Mutations in DNA sequences are most likely to occur during the process of
replication
What best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
represents a population that is not evolving
What is tRNA?
rna molecules that match the codon to be translated to the right amino acid
What is a gene?
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Proteins do all of the following except:
serves as the information warehouse
STRs are
short tandem repeats
When chromosomes duplicate, they form
sister chromatids
when making salt water, the salt is the _______ and the water is that______
solute; solvent
Which of the following family histories most strongly suggests a risk of inherited breast or ovarian cancer due to BRCA1 or BRCA1 mutations
some females relatives were diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer at an early age
Population genetics is a field that includes....
study of the genetic material study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time study of how populations are affected by the genetic drift study of introgression of a gene through gene flow
properties of living things include
the ability to sense and respond to external stimuli and the ability to maintain a stable internal environments
Cytokinesis occurs in animal cells when
the cell membrane pinches to form a cleavage furrow which cuts off the daughter cell
23rd pair of chromosomes determines the ______.
the persons sex
the age of different cells in your body can vary widely, and
the process of replacing them requires new cells made by mitotic division. the process of replacing them depends on the existence of stem cells. some die off whin weeks, like skin cells, while others are never repaired
Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skill cells has
the same genome, i.e. a copy of the same genetic material a different pattern of gene expression
alleles are alternate versions of ______ genes that have _______ nucleotide sequences.
the same; some difference in their
an allele is
a variant of a gene that has consequences for the progeny of the organism
During which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated from each other.
Anaphase
Which one is true? A. all mutations cause cancer B.all cancers are caused by mutations in proto-oncogenes C. any mutation in a proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor gene can predispose a person to get cancer
C
___________ is essential in order to replace damaged or worm out cells.
Cell divison
For most cells, they spend most of their lifetime in
G1 phase
Which list represents the cell cycle
G1, S, G2,mitosis, cytokinesis
the O2 released during photosynthesis comes from splitting
H2O2
Which statement is false?
Mitosis hardly ever occurs in out adult bodies
Penicillin weakens bacteria by
Preventing them from making cell walls
How could you distinguish between two different genes and two alleles of the same gene
Sequence their DNA; the DNA sequences of two different alleles would be more similar to each other than the sequence of two different genes
Chromosomes are duplicated during
The S phase
which of the following chromosomes cannot undergo crossing over during meiosis in human males
Y chromosome
what is an example of a mutation in an allele
a base change in the gene coding sequence a substitution leading to a stop codon in the gene coding sequence a deletion of a base within a gene an insertion of a base within a gene
MRSA is caused by....
a drug resistant form of Staphylococcus aureus
a scientific theory is
a hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and never been disproven
which of the following would most likely increase an individual's risk of cancer.
a mutation in a gene for a dna repairing enzyme
which is the central idea of the Lamarckism hypothesis of evolution?
acquisition of adaptations
the term autosome refers to
all chromosomes, except the X, and Y
nutrons
all neurons are found in the valence shell of the atom all neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom
what might a change in its amino acid sequence lead to a change in the way a protein functions
amino acids determine a proteins shape. The wrong shape may not function normally
in the process of digestion, enzymes break down proteins into ___, while carbohydrates are brown down into ____.
amino acids; sugars
What is a transgenic organism?
an organism that contains DNA from another species
mitochondria are found in
animal and plant cells
What is a codon?
transa sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
an example of an incomplete dominance is
wavy hair
An enzyme
works in very small amounts
